Role of JNK in neurodegenerative diseases

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are members of the MAPK family and can be activated by different stimuli such as cellular stress, heat shock and ultra-violet irradiation. JNKs have different physiological functions and they have been linked to apoptosis in different cell types. Therefore, the JNK signalling pathway is an important target to prevent cell death. In the present chapter, the role of JNKs in neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed, as well as the pharmacological compounds that inhibit this signalling pathway as therapeutic intervention to prevent neuronal death.

Role of JNK in neurodegenerative diseases

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are members of the MAPK family and can be activated by different stimuli such as cellular stress, heat shock and ultra-violet irradiation. JNKs have different physiological functions and they have been linked to apoptosis in different cell types. Therefore, the JNK signalling pathway is an important target to prevent cell death. In the present chapter, the role of JNKs in neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed, as well as the pharmacological compounds that inhibit this signalling pathway as therapeutic intervention to prevent neuronal death.

Stable C and N isotope concentration in several tissues of the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta from the western Mediterranean and dietary implications

The isotopic concentrations of carapace scutes, skin, muscle and blood of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Balearic Archipelago were analysed to investigate the pattern of variation between tissues and to assess the position of this species in the trophic webs of the Algerian Basin. Skin showed higher δ13C values than muscle or carapace scutes and these showed higher values than blood. Conversely, muscle showed higher δ15N values than skin, skin showed higher values than blood and blood showed higher values than carapace scutes. Dead and live sea turtles from the same habitat did not differ in the concentration of stable isotopes. However, some of the tissues of the turtles caught in drifting longlines in the oceanic realm showed higher δ13C values than those from the turtles caught by hand or in trammel nets over the continental shelf, although they did not differ in the δ15N. Comparison of the concentration of stable isotopes in the turtles with that of other species from several areas of the Algerian Basin revealed that they consumed planktonic prey and that the trophic level of the sea turtles was higher than that of carnivorous cnidarians but lower than that of zooplanktophagous fish and crustaceans.

Investigación de la reincidencia delictiva en los agresores de pareja : el impacto diferencial de la prisión y de las penas alternativas

La reincidencia delictiva es uno de los principales temas de estudio de la Criminología. Una alta tasa de reincidencia es una muestra de que el actual modelo de tratamiento hacia los delincuentes no está dando buenos resultados. Adem��s, podría implicar el fracaso de la prevención especial y del modelo rehabilitador como finalidad principal de la pena, ya que una sociedad que emplea grandes recursos en reinsertar a sus criminales, exige mejores resultados.La aplicación de medidas penales alternativas (en adelante MPA) por parte de los jueces ha aumentado mucho en los últimos años, sobre todo a partir de 2003 (Contreras, 2010). Centrándome en concreto en la pena de trabajos en beneficio de la comunidad (en adelante TBC) y en la suspensión de la pena de prisión (en adelante suspensión), un tema que considero muy interesante investigar es si la aplicación de estas medidas alternativas aportan mejores resultados en términos de reincidencia delictiva que el ingreso en prisión.En esta investigación cuantitativa, la metodología que he utilizado es un diseño cuasi experimental, para comparar el impacto que tienen las MPA como tratamiento en la reincidencia delictiva, utilizando el análisis estadístico de una base de datos de delincuentes condenados por un delito de violencia ocasional contra la pareja. Concretamente, las técnicas utilizadas son el cruce de una serie de variables y el análisis de supervivencia.Partiendo de la hipótesis principal de que las MPA registran menores tasas de reincidencia que la prisión, estudio también la influencia de otras variables como la edad, la nacionalidad y los antecedentes delictivos en el impacto detectado.Los resultados confirman la hipótesis central, pero me llevan rechazar las hipótesis referentes a las dem��s variables. No obstante, gracias al análisis de esas variables se ha puesto demanifiesto que la variable “antecedentes” tiene una gran validez predictiva de la reincidencia futura y, pese a los problemas y limitaciones reconocidas en la investigación, permiten extraerconclusiones muy interesantes para futuras investigaciones sobre la reincidencia. La conclusión m��s importante es la evidencia de que las MPA son un tratamiento reductor de la reincidencia a medio y largo plazo, lo cual hace recomendable seguir ampliando y mejorandosu aplicación.

Mortality rates in by-caught loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta in the Mediterranean Sea and implications for the Atlantic populations

Reliable estimates of the post-release mortality probability of marine turtles after incidental by-catch are essential for assessing the impact of longline fishing on these species.Large numbers of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta from rookeries in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean have been by-caught annually in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea since the 1980s, but nothing is known about their post-release mortality probability under natural conditions. Pop-up archival transmitting tags were attached to 26 loggerhead turtles following incidental capture by Spanish longliners. Hooks were not removed, and 40 cm of line was left in place. The post-release mortality probability during the 90 d following release ranged from 0.308 to 0.365, and was independent of hook location. When the post-release mortality probability was combined with previously reported estimates of the mortality probability before hauling, the aggregated by-catch mortality probability ranged from 0.321 to 0.378. Assuming a total annual by-catch of 10656 loggerhead turtles by the Spanish longline fleet operating in the southwestern Mediterranean, by-catch results in 3421 to 4028 turtle deaths annually. This range is equivalent to 8.5−10.1% of the approximately 40000 turtles inhabiting the fishing grounds used by Spanish longliners, most of them from rookeries in the northwestern Atlantic. As a consequence, the accumulated mortality during the oceanic stage is expected to be larger for those loggerhead turtles of Atlantic origin that spend several years in the Mediterranean Sea than for turtles of the same cohort that remain in the Atlantic. For this reason, the Mediterranean can be considered a dead end for loggerhead turtle populations nesting in the Atlantic, although the actual demographic relevance of by-catch mortality of loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean remains unknown.

Desarrollo de Aplicación Catalogo TIC de la Dirección General de Tecnologías de Información de la Generalitat Valenciana

En este proyecto vamos a ver el proceso de transformación de una aplicación que ejercía de pequeño inventario de una organización, hasta convertirse en el componente central de la Base de Datos de Gestión de la Configuración (CMDB) de activos software de dicha organización.Para el desarrollo del proyecto, veremos no sólo como se utilizan herramientas del mundo del software libre, sino como se aplica su modelo de desarrollo colaborativo. La herramienta principal sobre la que se desarrolla el proyecto es el framework libre de la Generalitat Valenciana gvHIDRA. Veremos una pequeña introducción al mismo y realizaremos un análisis de la forja de desarrollo que actualmente se ofrece a los desarrolladores.A través de las diferentes fases del ciclo de vida, podremos realizar una recopilación de los trabajos realizados para, finalmente, observar los resultados en las fases finales y evaluar el grado de éxito obtenido.

Desarrollo de aplicación catálogo TIC de la Dirección General de Tecnologías de Información de la Generalitat Valenciana

En este proyecto vamos a ver el proceso de transformación de una aplicación que ejercía de pequeño inventario de una organización hasta convertirse en el componente central de la Base de Datos de Gestión de la Configuración (CMDB) de activos software de dicha organización. Para el desarrollo del proyecto veremos, no sólo como se utilizan herramientas del mundo del software libre, sino cómo se aplica su modelo de desarrollo colaborativo. La herramienta principal sobre la que se desarrolla el proyecto es el framework libre de la Generalitat Valenciana gvHIDRA. Veremos una pequeña introducción al mismo y realizaremos un análisis de la forja de desarrollo que actualmente se ofrece a los desarrolladores.

Role of JNK in neurodegenerative diseases

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are members of the MAPK family and can be activated by different stimuli such as cellular stress, heat shock and ultra-violet irradiation. JNKs have different physiological functions and they have been linked to apoptosis in different cell types. Therefore, the JNK signalling pathway is an important target to prevent cell death. In the present chapter, the role of JNKs in neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed, as well as the pharmacological compounds that inhibit this signalling pathway as therapeutic intervention to prevent neuronal death.

Role of JNK in neurodegenerative diseases

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are members of the MAPK family and can be activated by different stimuli such as cellular stress, heat shock and ultra-violet irradiation. JNKs have different physiological functions and they have been linked to apoptosis in different cell types. Therefore, the JNK signalling pathway is an important target to prevent cell death. In the present chapter, the role of JNKs in neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed, as well as the pharmacological compounds that inhibit this signalling pathway as therapeutic intervention to prevent neuronal death.

Fluctuation relation for weakly ergodic aging systems

A fluctuation relation for aging systems is introduced and verified by extensive numerical simulations. It is based on the hypothesis of partial equilibration over phase-space regions in a scenario of entropy-driven relaxation. The relation provides a simple alternative method, amenable of experimental implementation, to measure replica symmetry breaking parameters in aging systems. The connection with the effective temperatures obtained from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is discussed

Stereoselective Acetate Aldol Reactions From Metal Enolates

This review deals with metal enolate-mediated stereoselective acetate aldol reactions. It summarizes recent advances on aldol additions of unsubstituted metal enolates from chiral auxiliaries, stoichiometric and catalytic Lewis acids, or acting in substrate- controlled reactions, which provide stereocontrolled aldol transformations that allow the efficient synthesis of structurally complex natural products.

Novedades sobre el mundo funerario en la Ribera d’Ebre

La excavación de las necrópolis de incineración de Santa Madrona (Riba-roja d’Ebre) y Sebes (Flix) aportan nuevos datos sobre el estudio del mundo funerario en esta zona. Ambas presentan una fase de utilización durante la Primera Edad del Hierro (siglos vii-vi a.C.), caracterizada por un predominio de estructuras tumulares, junto a las que se documentan otras variantes (urnas funerarias sin túmulo, deposiciones de huesos sin urna, ofrendas funerarias, estructuras empedradas sin urna, etc.). En ambas necrópolis, los estudios antropológicos muestran que todos los grupos de edad estaban representados. Los materiales cerámicos y ajuares presentan gran similitud entre las diferentes sepulturas, lo que sugiere una cierta igualdad en el tratamiento de los difuntos. La existencia, en ambos casos, de dos áreas diferenciadas, podría indicar una separación en función de grupos familiares.

Elastic properties and secondary structure formation of single-stranded DNA at monovalent and divalent salt conditions

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) plays a major role in several biological processes. It is therefore of fundamental interest to understand how the elastic response and the formation of secondary structures are modulated by the interplay between base pairing and electrostatic interactions. Here we measure force-extension curves (FECs) of ssDNA molecules in optical tweezers set up over two orders of magnitude of monovalent and divalent salt conditions, and obtain its elastic parameters by fitting the FECs to semiflexible models of polymers. For both monovalent and divalent salts, we find that the electrostatic contribution to the persistence length is proportional to the Debye screening length, varying as the inverse of the square root of cation concentration. The intrinsic persistence length is equal to 0.7 nm for both types of salts, and the effectivity of divalent cations in screening electrostatic interactions appears to be 100-fold as compared with monovalent salt, in line with what has been recently reported for single-stranded RNA. Finally, we propose an analysis of the FECs using a model that accounts for the effective thickness of the filament at low salt condition and a simple phenomenological description that quantifies the formation of non-specific secondary structure at low forces.