Analytical investigation of the atmospheric radiation limits in semigray atmospheres in radiative equilibrium

We model the wavelength-dependent absorption of atmospheric gases by assuming constant mass absorption coefficients in finite-width spectral bands. Such a semigray atmosphere is analytically solved by a discrete ordinate method. The general solution is analyzed for a water vapor saturated atmosphere that also contains a carbon dioxide-like absorbing gas in the infrared. A multiple stable equilibrium with a relative upper limit in the outgoing long-wave radiation is found. Differing from previous radiative–convective models, we find that the amount of carbon dioxide strongly modifies the value of this relative upper limit. This result is also obtained in a gray (i.e., equal absorption of radiation at all infrared wavelengths) water vapor saturated atmosphere. The destabilizing effect of carbon dioxide implies that massive carbon dioxide atmospheres are more likely to reach a runaway greenhouse state than thin carbon dioxide ones

Mujeres en el mundo. Historia, retos y movimientos, Mary Nash

Mary Nash consigue perturbar las conciencias de mujeres y, sobre todo, de hombres del siglo XXI con la historia de las mujeres. No porque exponga el complejo, no lineal y contradictorio movimiento de las mujeres, sino porque esta historia nos desvela en lo profundo de la conciencia la enormidad de tiempo y sufrimiento que llevó a nuestras bisabuelas, abuelas, madres conseguir que algunas de nosotras podamos hoy tener un reconocimiento como sujetos, más o menos autónomos, de nuestras acciones, saberes, voces; para que hoy podamos reconocer, aceptar, tolerar y amar las diferencias entre form