El compromis ��tic en la investigaci�� etnogr��fica

En aquest article explorarem alguns aspectes ��tics que ens semblen rellevants de considerar quan estem implicats en una recerca etnogr��fica. Com se sap, una investigaci�� d'aquest tipus t�� la finalitat de descriure, comprendre i interpretar la vida d'una persona, d'un col-lectiu, d'una instituci��, etc.; ��s a dir, s'interessa pel que les persones fan, diuen, pensen, creuen ... El que s'intenta comprendre ��s com interactuen, com es comporten, quines creences i quins valors orienten les seves accions i els seus punts de vista. I tracta de fer-ho des de "dins" considerant les perspectives de totes les persones implicades. Tot aix�� requereix a qui investiga ser en els escenaris on les persones actuen, observar els seus comportaments i descriure el que passa, el que es diu, com es diu, les expressions, els signes, els gestos, etc. Alhora, tamb�� exigeix con��ixer els significats i les interpretacions que donen de la seva actuaci��. Per tant, qui investiga haura de realitzar entrevistes amb les persones implicades per comprendre els seus punts de vista. I tamb�� requerira analitzar la documentaci�� que produeixin les persones a qui es vol comprendre en relaci�� amb el que es vol investigar.

Moderata Fonte y Mar��a Zambrano: por cuenta propia

In this paper, Rosa Rius thinks about feminine identity and its history, based on the expressions of freedom of two authors living four centuries apart: the Venetian humanist Moderata Fonte (1555-1592) and the Malagan philosopher Mar��a Zambrano (1904-1991). The fact that these women��s freedom is taken as one of their main identifying elements, and straining the historical action of this freedom, unforeseen by the establishment, does not at all imply that the undeniable discrimination inflicted upon women throughout centuries is forgotten or goes on without protest.

Keep on moving from English to Catalan : El determinisme ling����stic en la traducci�� del moviment

El prop��sit d'aquest treball ��s fixar, basant-nos en l'an��lisi tipol��gica, les difer��ncies ling����stiques en la construcci�� de les expressions de moviment de l'angl��s i el catal��. Partim de la hip��tesi que en funci�� de l'origen de la llengua, s'apliquen solucions diferents a determinats problemes ling����stics que apareixen a l'hora de traduir un discurs. Analitzarem, doncs, el grau de fidelitat de la traducci�� quant a l'expressi�� del trajecte i de la manera. Per conseg��ent, estudiarem si hi ha cap p��rdua d'informaci��, de qualitat o de genu��nitat en relaci�� amb el text original servint-nos de la comparaci�� d'ambd��s estils narratius.

Short-time dynamics of colloidal suspensions in confined geometries

We analyze the short-time dynamical behavior of a colloidal suspension in a confined geometry. We analyze the relevant dynamical response of the solvent, and derive the temporal behavior of the velocity autocorrelation function, which exhibits an asymptotic negative algebraic decay. We are able to compare quantitatively with theoretical expressions, and analyze the effects of confinement on the diffusive behavior of the suspension.

La traducci��n del manga al espa��ol: Cuestiones ling����sticas, metodol��gicas y t��cnicas.

El trabajo trata la traducci��n del manga al castellano (cuestiones ling����sticas, metodol��gicas y t��cnicas): las caracter��sticas principales del japon��s, el proceso de traducci��n, los m��todos y las opciones de adaptaci��n empleados por las editoriales espa��olas, y la compatibilidad de escritura en equipos espa��oles. Finalmente, incluye un ejemplo real de traducci��n.

El doblatge d���una com��dia brit��nica: The Vicar of Dibley

Aquest treball analitza els problemes de doblatge de l���angl��s al catal�� que presenta una s��rie c��mica, The Vicar of Dibley. L���objectiu es estudiar tant problemes generals com espec��fics per tal de demostrar la viabilitat del doblatge d���aquesta com��dia. Es proposen possibles solucions per a tots els problemes analitzats.

Interpretaciones de la atenuaci��n en art��culos de revisi��n de Odontolog��a

Este trabajo analiza c��mo interpretan la atenuaci��n 25 estudiantes universitarios venezolanos de Odontolog��a, de nuevo ingreso, al responder a dos cuestionarios luego de leer un art��culo de revisi��n. En el primero, con preguntas abiertas, deb��an interpretar algunas expresiones atenuadas preseleccionadas; en el segundo, deb��an elegir entre varias interpretaciones cerradas de los mismos fragmentos. Clasificamos sus respuestas en las siguientes categor��as: reconocimiento, supresi��n y aumento de la atenuaci��n, en el primer cuestionario; identificaci��n de aproximadores, escudos, de��cticos y construcciones impersonales, en el segundo. En los resultados predomina la identificaci��n de atenuadores asociados a la dimensi��n sem��ntica: el 30% reconoci�� la atenuaci��n tal como fue usada en el original, el 30% aument�� su valor y el 40% no la logr�� identificar. Los estudiantes identificaron con mayor frecuencia los aproximadores, a diferencia de los escudos, las construcciones impersonales y los de��cticos temporales. Estos resultados sugieren que es necesario formar a losestudiantes en el uso especializado de las dimensiones pragm��tica y sociocognitiva de la atenuaci��n, en cursos de lectura y escritura acad��mica. Solo este conocimiento espec��fico permitir�� que los estudiantes dominen el discurso cient��fico protot��pico de la Odontolog��a.

La atenuaci��n en art��culos de revisi��n odontol��gicos en espa��ol: estudio exploratorio

Describimos el uso de estrategias de atenuaci��n en 40 art��culos de revisi��n (AR), publicados en espa��ol en revistas iberoamericanas entre 1994 y 2004. Identificamos las estrategias empleadas en las secciones ret��ricas por medio de un an��lisis contextual de g��nero y clasificamos los atenuantes en cinco categor��as: construcciones impersonales, de��cticos temporales, aproximadores, escudos y atenuantes compuestos. Los resultados muestran que hay abundantes y variadas estrategias de atenuaci��n en las tres secciones ret��ricas del AR, aunque son m��s frecuentes en el desarrollo y en la introducci��n. Predomina el modal epist��mico ���poder���, los adverbios y los adjetivos de posibilidad y probabilidad, y los verbos epist��micos. Registramos varias construcciones impersonales empleadas para atenuar. Los aproximadores se usan para expresar honestidad y varios niveles de certidumbre en las proposiciones; los de��cticos temporales, para expresar provisionalidad y sugerir varias interpretaciones. Concluimos que la atenuaci��n puede estar relacionada con la posici��n de los autores en la comunidad cient��fica y con las caracter��sticas del AR como g��nero discursivo. Asimismo, el nivel de expectativa en la escritura de este g��nero podr��a condicionar c��mo se presentan las proposiciones.

Algebraic decay of velocity fluctuations near a wall

Computer simulations of the dynamics of a colloidal particle suspended in a fluid confined by an interface show that the asymptotic decay of the velocity correlation functions is algebraic. The exponents of the long-time tails depend on the direction of motion of the particle relative to the surface, as well as on the specific nature of the boundary conditions. In particular, we find that for the angular velocity correlation function, the decay in the presence of a slip surface is faster than the one corresponding to a stick one. An intuitive picture is introduced to explain the various long-time tails, and the simulations are compared with theoretical expressions where available.

A performance lower bound for quadratic timing recovery accounting for the symbol transition density

The symbol transition density in a digitally modulated signal affects the performance of practical synchronization schemes designed for timing recovery. This paper focuses on the derivation of simple performance limits for the estimation of the time delay of a noisy linearly modulated signal in the presence of various degrees of symbol correlation produced by the varioustransition densities in the symbol streams. The paper develops high- and low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximations of the so-called (Gaussian) unconditional Cram��r���Rao bound (UCRB),as well as general expressions that are applicable in all ranges of SNR. The derived bounds are valid only for the class of quadratic, non-data-aided (NDA) timing recovery schemes. To illustrate the validity of the derived bounds, they are compared with the actual performance achieved by some well-known quadratic NDA timing recovery schemes. The impact of the symbol transitiondensity on the classical threshold effect present in NDA timing recovery schemes is also analyzed. Previous work on performancebounds for timing recovery from various authors is generalized and unified in this contribution.

Potential Accessibility of Web-based mathematical information resources

This paper presents a research concerning the conversion of non-accessible web pages containing mathematical formulae into accessible versions through an OCR (Optical Character Recognition) tool. The objective of this research is twofold. First, to establish criteria for evaluating the potential accessibility of mathematical web sites, i.e. the feasibility of converting non-accessible (non-MathML) math sites into accessible ones (Math-ML). Second, to propose a data model and a mechanism to publish evaluation results, making them available to the educational community who may use them as a quality measurement for selecting learning material.Results show that the conversion using OCR tools is not viable for math web pages mainly due to two reasons: many of these pages are designed to be interactive, making difficult, if not almost impossible, a correct conversion; formula (either images or text) have been written without taking into account standards of math writing, as a consequence OCR tools do not properly recognize math symbols and expressions. In spite of these results, we think the proposed methodology to create and publish evaluation reports may be rather useful in other accessibility assessment scenarios.

An��lisis de la comunicaci��n verbal y no verbal de Josep Guardiola y su influencia p��blica

El treball que es presenta a continuaci�� ��s una an��lisi sobre la comunicaci�� del ex entrenador del FC Barcelona, Josep Guardiola, i la forma en com s'expressa i utilitza el seu discurs per impactar a tots els seus p��blics. Partint del seu discurs comunicatiu com a base del treball, analitzarem tamb�� el qu�� i el com de la seva comunicaci��, la seva actitud amagada darrere les seves paraules, com interactua amb els seus interlocutors o el reflex de les seves expressions corporals. Descobrirem per qu�� ��s actualment un dels m��xims referents quan parlem de comunicaci�� i influ��ncia en el mon del esport. Comprovarem per qu�� la figura del t��cnic ha aconseguit la notorietat que t�� i ha arribat al referent comunicatiu actual.

��Turnos o demanda? En el proyecto de redes de distribuci��n de riego a presi��n

Actualmente vuelve a ser viable la organizaci��n mediante turnos de redes de distribuci��n de riego a presi��n gracias al desarrollo de sistemas de autom��ticos de telegesti��n. La organizaci��n por turnos supone una disminuci��n de los caudales en la red y el consiguiente ahorro econ��mico. En la comunicaci��n se presentan diversas expresiones sencillas para calcular la disminuci��n relativa de caudales conseguida mediante la organizaci��n por turnos respecto a la demanda. Dicha disminuci��n depende del n��mero de hidrantes abastecidos por un tramo y de la probabilidad de que los hidrantes est��n abiertos. Se ha contrastado los resultados de las expresiones propuestas con datos de proyecto y se consiguen buenos ajustes. El ahorro econ��mico obtenido con la organizaci��n por turnos respecto a la demanda se puede estimar entre un 26 y un 49 % el ahorro medio de caudales.

Conditional equilibrium constants in multicomponent heterogeneous adsorption: The conditional affinity spectrum

The concept of conditional stability constant is extended to the competitive binding of small molecules to heterogeneous surfaces or macromolecules via the introduction of the conditional affinity spectrum (CAS). The CAS describes the distribution of effective binding energies experienced by one complexing agent at a fixed concentration of the rest. We show that, when the multicomponent system can be described in terms of an underlying affinity spectrum [integral equation (IE) approach], the system can always be characterized by means of a CAS. The thermodynamic properties of the CAS and its dependence on the concentration of the rest of components are discussed. In the context of metal/proton competition, analytical expressions for the mean (conditional average affinity) and the variance (conditional heterogeneity) of the CAS as functions of pH are reported and their physical interpretation discussed. Furthermore, we show that the dependence of the CAS variance on pH allows for the analytical determination of the correlation coefficient between the binding energies of the metal and the proton. Nonideal competitive adsorption isotherm and Frumkin isotherms are used to illustrate the results of this work. Finally, the possibility of using CAS when the IE approach does not apply (for instance, when multidentate binding is present) is explored. �� 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Affinity distribution functions in multicomponent heterogeneous adsorption. Analytical inversion of isotherms to obtain affinity spectra

An analytical approach for the interpretation of multicomponent heterogeneous adsorption or complexation isotherms in terms of multidimensional affinity spectra is presented. Fourier transform, applied to analyze the corresponding integral equation, leads to an inversion formula which allows the computation of the multicomponent affinity spectrum underlying a given competitive isotherm. Although a different mathematical methodology is used, this procedure can be seen as the extension to multicomponent systems of the classical Sips���s work devoted to monocomponent systems. Furthermore, a methodology which yields analytical expressions for the main statistical properties (mean free energies of binding and covariance matrix) of multidimensional affinity spectra is reported. Thus, the level of binding correlation between the different components can be quantified. It has to be highlighted that the reported methodology does not require the knowledge of the affinity spectrum to calculate the means, variances, and covariance of the binding energies of the different components. Nonideal competitive consistent adsorption isotherm, widely used in metal/proton competitive complexation to environmental macromolecules, and Frumkin competitive isotherms are selected to illustrate the application of the reported results. Explicit analytical expressions for the affinity spectrum as well as for the matrix correlation are obtained for the NICCA case. �� 2004 American Institute of Physics.