Modelización Gravimétrica 3D del diapiro de Cardona, Cuenca del Ebro (NE de España)

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados derivados de la interpretacón de 320 estaciones gravimétricas realizadas sobre el diapiro de Cardona con el objetivo de obtener información sobre su geometría tridimensional. Para obtener una distribución tridimensional de la masa salina que explique las anomalías observadas se ha aplicado un método iterativo de ajustes sucesivos basado en un algoritmo de inversión automática. Esta metodología ha mostrado ser muy rápida, fácil de usar y con suficiente poder de resolución para perfilar no sólo la geometría del cuerpo salino, sino también la de estructuras similares. El diapiro salino de Cardona presenta un mínimo gravimétrico relacionado con el anticlinal de Pins-Cardona que se prolonga hacia el SW. El análisis cualitativo de la anomalía residual permite apreciar que el diapiro muestra una cierta vergencia hacia sur con un flanco sureste subvertical y un flanco noroeste con pendientes más suaves.

3D solutions in transmission electron (Cryo) -microscopy in biology

One of the main problems in transmission electron microscopy in thebiological field is the tri-dimensionality. This article explains the technicalprocedures and requirements to prepare biological specimens preserving themclosest to their native state to perform 3D reconstruction of the macromolecularcomplexes and cellular structures in their natural environment.

Spanish E-Consumer Segmentation and Positioning in Virtual Supermarkets Sector

This article analyses different factors that influence the purchasing behaviour of online supermarket customers. These factors are related to both the appearance of the website as well as the processes that take place when making the purchase. Based on these analyses, the various groups of consumers with homogenous behaviour are studied and positioned according to their attitudes. The analysis also allows the quality of the service offered by this kind of establishment to be defined, as well as the main dimensions in which it develops. In the conclusions, factors which should influence the manager of an online supermarket to improve the quality of its service are given

Restitución 3D de la topografía de la antigua ciudad de Tarraco en un entorno SIG: propuestas metodológicas y primeros resultados

Durante los últimos años el Institut Català d’Arquelogia Clàssica, el Museu d’Història de Tarragona, contando con la colaboración de la Generalitat de Catalunya, han desarrallado el proyecto Planimetría Arqueológica de Tárraco, destinado a la elaboración de una planta arqueológica global en la cual se recogieran intervenciones y noticias referentes a los hallazgos arqueológicos existentes. Este trabajo fue publicado utilizando como plataforma de trabajo un SIG construido para tal fin (Macias et al. 2007). Sin embargo, un problema de difícil solución arqueológica venía dado por las transformaciones urbanísticas de la ciudad, sufridas en su mayor parte a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX. Éstas habían provocado la pérdida irremediable de gran parte de la elevación que acogiera la ciudad romana, cambiando substancialmente su aspecto original. Ante esta situación y como proyecto paralelo a la realización de la Planimetría Arqueológica de Tarragona se plantearon formas de cubrir este vacío. Se presenta en esta comunicación una propuesta metodológica para la reconstrucción de los grandes «vacíos topográficos » originados por la evolución urbanística de Tarragona mediante la obtención e integración en un SIG de diversos tipos de información documental. En estas zonas rebajadas no resulta posible la obtención de información estratigráfica y arqueológica, por lo que es imprescindible la definición de vías metodológicas alternativas basadas en la extrapolación de datos extraídos de la cartografía histórica, panorámicas del XVI o fotografías tomadas en los siglos XIX y XX. Esta técnica permite aplicar los resultados obtenidos en los nuevos análisis interpretativos, complementando así la interpretación arqueológica de la topografía urbana de la ciudad romana. A partir de esta información, y aplicando funciones y técnicas de interpolación propias de un GIS, se propone aquí un modelo de relieve de la ciudad de Tarraco.

A segmentation analysis and segments profile of budget air travelers

Many Spanish destinations are now considering low cost airlines (LCA) important for attracting tourists. However, there is little evidence on the characteristics travelers using low cost airlines and their flight preferences. Typical segmentation of air travelers are business versus leisure travelers and business versus tourist fares. The aim of this paper is to obtain a deeper understanding of the demand of LCA through a segmentation analysis, based on 808 foreign travelers who used Girona airport, that focuses on low cost travelers’ valuations of different flight attributes and trip related characteristics

The Application of 3D Reconstruction Techniques in the Analysis of Ancient Tarraco’s Urban Topography

The widespread implementation of GIS-based 3D topographical models has been a great aid in the development and testing of archaeological hypotheses. In this paper, a topographical reconstruction of the ancient city of Tarraco, the Roman capital of the Tarraconensis province, is presented. This model is based on topographical data obtained through archaeological excavations, old photographic documentation, georeferenced archive maps depicting the pre-modern city topography, modern detailed topographical maps and differential GPS measurements. The addition of the Roman urban architectural features to the model offers the possibility to test hypotheses concerning the ideological background manifested in the city shape. This is accomplished mainly through the use of 3D views from the main city accesses. These techniques ultimately demonstrate the ‘theatre-shaped’ layout of the city (to quote Vitrubius) as well as its southwest oriented architecture, whose monumental character was conceived to present a striking aspect to visitors, particularly those arriving from the sea.

Forecasting coal resources and reserves in heterogeneous coal zones using 3D facies models (As Pontes Basin, NW Spain)

Forecasting coal resources and reserves is critical for coal mine development. Thickness maps are commonly used for assessing coal resources and reserves; however they are limited for capturing coal splitting effects in thick and heterogeneous coal zones. As an alternative, three-dimensional geostatistical methods are used to populate facies distributionwithin a densely drilled heterogeneous coal zone in the As Pontes Basin (NWSpain). Coal distribution in this zone is mainly characterized by coal-dominated areas in the central parts of the basin interfingering with terrigenous-dominated alluvial fan zones at the margins. The three-dimensional models obtained are applied to forecast coal resources and reserves. Predictions using subsets of the entire dataset are also generated to understand the performance of methods under limited data constraints. Three-dimensional facies interpolation methods tend to overestimate coal resources and reserves due to interpolation smoothing. Facies simulation methods yield similar resource predictions than conventional thickness map approximations. Reserves predicted by facies simulation methods are mainly influenced by: a) the specific coal proportion threshold used to determine if a block can be recovered or not, and b) the capability of the modelling strategy to reproduce areal trends in coal proportions and splitting between coal-dominated and terrigenousdominated areas of the basin. Reserves predictions differ between the simulation methods, even with dense conditioning datasets. Simulation methods can be ranked according to the correlation of their outputs with predictions from the directly interpolated coal proportion maps: a) with low-density datasets sequential indicator simulation with trends yields the best correlation, b) with high-density datasets sequential indicator simulation with post-processing yields the best correlation, because the areal trends are provided implicitly by the dense conditioning data.

Integration of a 3D rendering engine with a physics simulator

The goal of this project is the integration of a set of technologies (graphics, physical simulation, input), with the azm of assembling an application framework in phyton. In this research, a set of key introductory concepts are presented in adoption of a deep study of the state of the art of 3D applications. Phyton is selected an justified as the programing language due to the features and advantages that it offers in front of other languages. Finally the design and implementation of the framework is presented in the last chapter with some client application examples.

Characterisation of the LMS200 laser beam under the influence of blockage surfaces. Influence on 3D scanning of tree orchards

The geometric characterisation of tree orchards is a high-precision activity comprising the accurate measurement and knowledge of the geometry and structure of the trees. Different types of sensors can be used to perform this characterisation. In this work a terrestrial LIDAR sensor (SICK LMS200) whose emission source was a 905-nm pulsed laser diode was used. Given the known dimensions of the laser beam cross-section (with diameters ranging from 12 mm at the point of emission to 47.2 mm at a distance of 8 m), and the known dimensions of the elements that make up the crops under study (flowers, leaves, fruits, branches, trunks), it was anticipated that, for much of the time, the laser beam would only partially hit a foreground target/object, with the consequent problem of mixed pixels or edge effects. Understanding what happens in such situations was the principal objective of this work. With this in mind, a series of tests were set up to determine the geometry of the emitted beam and to determine the response of the sensor to different beam blockage scenarios. The main conclusions that were drawn from the results obtained were: (i) in a partial beam blockage scenario, the distance value given by the sensor depends more on the blocked radiant power than on the blocked surface area; (ii) there is an area that influences the measurements obtained that is dependent on the percentage of blockage and which ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 m with respect to the foreground target/object. If the laser beam impacts on a second target/object located within this range, this will affect the measurement given by the sensor. To interpret the information obtained from the point clouds provided by the LIDAR sensors, such as the volume occupied and the enclosing area, it is necessary to know the resolution and the process for obtaining this mesh of points and also to be aware of the problem associated with mixed pixels.

Innovative LIDAR 3D dynamic measurement system to estimate fruit-tree leaf area

In this work, a LIDAR-based 3D Dynamic Measurement System is presented and evaluated for the geometric characterization of tree crops. Using this measurement system, trees were scanned from two opposing sides to obtain two three-dimensional point clouds. After registration of the point clouds, a simple and easily obtainable parameter is the number of impacts received by the scanned vegetation. The work in this study is based on the hypothesis of the existence of a linear relationship between the number of impacts of the LIDAR sensor laser beam on the vegetation and the tree leaf area. Tests performed under laboratory conditions using an ornamental tree and, subsequently, in a pear tree orchard demonstrate the correct operation of the measurement system presented in this paper. The results from both the laboratory and field tests confirm the initial hypothesis and the 3D Dynamic Measurement System is validated in field operation. This opens the door to new lines of research centred on the geometric characterization of tree crops in the field of agriculture and, more specifically, in precision fruit growing.

An embedded real-time red peach detection system based on an OV7670 camera, ARM Cortex-M4 processor and 3D Look-Up Tables

This work proposes the development of an embedded real-time fruit detection system for future automatic fruit harvesting. The proposed embedded system is based on an ARM Cortex-M4 (STM32F407VGT6) processor and an Omnivision OV7670 color camera. The future goal of this embedded vision system will be to control a robotized arm to automatically select and pick some fruit directly from the tree. The complete embedded system has been designed to be placed directly in the gripper tool of the future robotized harvesting arm. The embedded system will be able to perform real-time fruit detection and tracking by using a three-dimensional look-up-table (LUT) defined in the RGB color space and optimized for fruit picking. Additionally, two different methodologies for creating optimized 3D LUTs based on existing linear color models and fruit histograms were implemented in this work and compared for the case of red peaches. The resulting system is able to acquire general and zoomed orchard images and to update the relative tracking information of a red peach in the tree ten times per second.

Standardized evaluation methodology and reference database for evaluating IVUS image segmentation

This paper describes an evaluation framework that allows a standardized and quantitative comparison of IVUS lumen and media segmentation algorithms. This framework has been introduced at the MICCAI 2011 Computing and Visualization for (Intra)Vascular Imaging (CVII) workshop, comparing the results of eight teams that participated. We describe the available data-base comprising of multi-center, multi-vendor and multi-frequency IVUS datasets, their acquisition, the creation of the reference standard and the evaluation measures. The approaches address segmentation of the lumen, the media, or both borders; semi- or fully-automatic operation; and 2-D vs. 3-D methodology. Three performance measures for quantitative analysis have been proposed. The results of the evaluation indicate that segmentation of the vessel lumen and media is possible with an accuracy that is comparable to manual annotation when semi-automatic methods are used, as well as encouraging results can be obtained also in case of fully-automatic segmentation. The analysis performed in this paper also highlights the challenges in IVUS segmentation that remains to be solved.

El Cascanueces en 3D', versión libre de la adaptación del cuento de Hoffmann

Las navidades pasadas se presentó en las salas de cine El Cascanueces en 3D. Se trata de una adaptación libre del cuento de hadas de Navidad El Cascanueces y el rey de los ratones,2 creado por un escritor, músico, pintor, dramaturgo y jurista alemán llamado Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann3 (1776-1822). Hoffmann, gran admirador de Mozart, cambió su tercer nombre por el del músico austriaco y durante muchos años se ganó la vida como crítico musical,compositor y director de orquesta

Diapiro de Salinas de AÑana: ¿Un diapiro con un overhang? Modelo 3D gravimetrico

Se presenta el mapa gravimétrico de la Cubeta Alavesa, donde se pueden localizar de forma clara los diapiros salinos aflorantes en la misma, y también otras estructuras también diapíricas situadas a mayor profundidad. Se ha modelizado en 3D, mediante dos técnicas gravimétricas diferentes, el diapiro de Salinas de Añana. El cual presenta una gran extensión en superficie pero que en cambio no se proyecta de la misma manera en profundidad, habiéndose detectado la presencia de una extensión lateral u overghang hacia el SW.

Resultados preliminares en la caracterización geométrica 3D de un litosoma arenoso de progradación deltaica mediante Georadar (GPR) (Fm. Arenisca de Roda, Eoceno, Cuenca de Graus-Tremp).

A set of GPR profiles have been recorded in order to determine the 3D geometry of a prograding delta-front sandbody (Roda sandstone formation, Eocene, Graus-Tremp basin). Common Mid Points (CMP) also have been recorded to obtain the velocity of the electromagnetic wave in ground. In order to build the topsurface of a 3D prism a set of topographic points have been acquired. Most of the GPR profiles are oriented parallel to the progradation direction (NNE-SSW) and show the expected geometries. The 3D prism has been built from the individual profiles, which shows the three dimensional geometry of the sandy lithosome.