Health intervention and decline in infant mortality rates. Milk depots in Spain (1900-1936)

The role of public health has been a central topic on the classical debate about the historical mortality decline in Europe. One of these health initiatives were the Milk Depots. Spain set up those centres from the late 19th century until the beginning of the Civil War. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of this health intervention on the infant mortality decline during this period. This study works out three kinds of sources: Statistical Yearbooks, Official documents and local records produced by the same Milk Depot. It analyses data available for all the country and one local case such as the Barcelona’s Milk Depot (1904-1935). The main methodological issue deals with the measurement of the effect of the Milk Depot activities on the pattern of changes of infant mortality. Results suggest that Milk Depots have a positive but quite moderate effect on the improving of overall levels of child survival.

Juli Cèsar, tirà i visionari? : l'esfondrament de la República romana

Aquest treball emmarca la vida de Juli Cèsar en el procés d'esfondrament de la República romana i la guerra civil. La seva vida n'és el fil conductor. També hi ha anàlisis descontextualitzades d'aquesta vida (la lluita entre optimates i populares, els mandats extraordinaris, la figura dels tribuns de la plebs i l'imperialisme romà), necessaris per a entendre aquest pas de República a Principat.

Dos Militars davant i després de l'aixecament del 19 de juliol de 1936: Antonio Alcubilla i Enrique Justo

En aquest treball s'aprofundeix en el coneixement del que va ser l' alçament del 19 de juliol de 1936 i es detalla l'actuació contraposada que protagonitzaren, en temps de guerra idel franquisme, dos militars destinats a la ciutat: el tinent coronel Alcubilla iel capità Justo

The impact of women's educational and economic resources on fertility: Spanish birth cohorts 1901-1950

In this chapter we portray the effects of female education and professional achievement on fertility decline in Spain over the period 1920-1980 (birth cohorts of 1901-1950).A longitudinal econometric approach is used to test the hypothesis that the effects of women’s education in the revaluing of their time had a very significant influence on fertility decline. Although in the historical context presented here improvements in schooling were on a modest scale, they were continuous (with the interruption of the Civil War) and had a significant impact in shaping a model of low fertility in Spain. We also stress the relevance of this result in a context such as the Spanish for which liberal values were absent, fertility control practices were forbidden, and labour force participation of women was politically and socially constrained.

Recognition and political accommodation: from regionalism to secessionism. The Catalan case

Having lived through a bloody civil war in the 1930s followed by four decades of General Franco’s dictatorship, the Spanish state carried out a transition to a democratic system at the end of the 1970s. The 1978 Constitution was the legal outcome of this transition process. Among other things, it established a territorial model – the so-called “Estado de las Autonomías” (State of Autonomous Communities) – which was designed to satisfy the historical demands for recognition and self-government of, above all, the citizens and institutions of Catalonia and the Basque Country .In recent years support for independence has increased in Catalonia. Different indicators show that pro-independence demands are endorsed by a majority of its citizens, as well as by most of the political parties and organizations that represent its civil society. This is a new phenomenon. Those in favour of independence had been in the minority throughout the 20th century. Nowadays, however, demands of a pro-autonomy and pro-federalist nature, which until recently had been dominant, have gradually lost public support in favour of demands for self-determination and secession. This paper analyses the massive increase in support for secession in Catalonia during the early years of the 21st century. After describing the different theories of secession in plurinational liberal democracies (section 1), we analyse Catalonia’s political evolution over the past decade focusing on the shortcomings with regard to constitutional recognition and accommodation displayed by the Spanish political system. The latter have been exacerbated by the reform process of Catalonia’s Statute of Autonomy (2006) and the subsequent judgement of Spain’s Constitutional Court regarding the aforementioned Statute (2010) (section 2). Finally, we present our conclusions by linking the Catalan case with theories of secession applied to plurinational contexts

Entrepreneurship, organization and economic performance among Spanish firms, 1930-1975. The case of the motor industry

Before the Civil War (1936-1939), Spain had seen the emergence offirms of complex organizational forms. However, the conflict andthe postwar years changed this pattern. The argument put forwardin this paper is based on historical experience, the efforts willbe addressed to explain the development of Spanish entrepreneurshipduring the second half of the twentieth century. To illustrate thechange in entrepreneurship and organizational patterns among theSpanish firms during the Francoist regime we will turn to the caseof the motor vehicle industry.

State and industry in the 1940s: The Spanish automobile industry

The decade of the 1940s was one of the darkest periods in the country's history, with years of famine, repression, general misery, and impoverishment of all aspects of national life ranging from culture to the economy. During those years plans were made to establish a Spanish motor industry once the Civil War had come to an end in 1939. It seemed a propitious moment for private enterprise and various foreign motor companies presented proposals for manufacturing their entire vehicle range, from cars to trucks. However, the government plans were for a State monopoly, a policy which meant that any private projects which did not contemplate the regime taking management decisions were rejected out of hand. From 1941 onwards, any new initiative was required to meet the plans set by INI. The main argument running through this paper is that one can only understand the development of the modern Spanish motor industry if one grasps the haggling between motor companies and government regarding market entry and the impact of the regime's autarchic policies in the 1940s.

Aportacions per a una bibliografia de l'exili republicà català, valencià i balear als Estats Units d'Amèrica

This article attempts to gather together the work published in the United States and Puerto Rico by Spanish Civil War exiles of Catalan, Valencia and Balearic origin. Included are books, serials, sheet music, sound recordings and domestic movie videos, which have appeared in US territory from 1936 through 2004. The objective of the bibliography is to provide both an overview and a starting point for recovering the intellectual effort carried out by these exiles because this first inventory must still be completed with the addition of journal articles, contributions to monographs, and conference proceedings. There have also been exiles for whom books, music or videos have not been found, but for whom a certain level of intellectual activity is known or suspected. Such potential work would include articles and other contributions to journals in the US or cultural and membership activities of Catalan communities in that country. Without being able to offer definitive conclusions, it appears that exile in North America was a solitary experience, and never as a cohesive group or with the ties of mutual interests as was the case in Mexico or even in France. There were neither readers nor publishers to facilitate publication and to serve for creating group cohesiveness.

Soldats perpetuats en l'oblit

L'article es pregunta i respon quin fou el tracte envers els soldats morts al camp de batalla durant la Guerra Civil espanyola (1936-1939); el sistema d'inhumació que reberen en funció de l'exèrcit al qual pertanyien tant durant la guerra com després, i constata com les fosses comunes de soldats són arreu, tant a l'Estat com a Catalunya.

Soldats perpetuats en l'oblit

L'article es pregunta i respon quin fou el tracte envers els soldats morts al camp de batalla durant la Guerra Civil espanyola (1936-1939); el sistema d'inhumació que reberen en funció de l'exèrcit al qual pertanyien tant durant la guerra com després, i constata com les fosses comunes de soldats són arreu, tant a l'Estat com a Catalunya.

Consideraciones sobre las formas de producción industrial en Cataluña 1936-1938

La gran cantidad de libros y papeles escritos alrededor de la guerra civil aspañola 1936-1939 han prestado relativamente poca atención al examen de la evolución económica de esapaña durante aquellos años y, más en particular, al desarrollo de la actividad económica y de los modos de producción industrial en Cataluña durante el mismo período, que, así pues, por un conjunto de circunstancias han quedado, en algunos aspectos, marginados de dichos estudios. [. . .]

Art i cultura a les parròquies del Bisbat de Vic (1936-1939)

Acabada la guerra civil de 1936 l"església catòlica elaborà una enquesta per totes les diòcesis espanyoles amb l"objectiu de conèixer de primera mà l"estat de les parròquies i dels bisbats. En ella s"interroga sobre els aspectes fonamentals de la seva organització. En aquest article s"analitzen els resultats referents al Bisbat de Vic i es posa especial atenció en les respostes referents a l"estat del patrimoni cultural, com ara pèrdues en obres d"art (altars, retaules, imatges, orgues i harmòniums, campanes, creus, objectes del culte, mobles, reliquiaris, pintures o tapissos

Arqueologia de la Batalla de Catalunya (1939). Excavacions d'un tram de la línea defensiva L-3 a Subirats (Alt Penedès, Barcelona)

En aquest article descrivim els resultats de la intervenció arqueològica realitzada en les restes de les estructures defensives de la Guerra Civil espanyola al poble de Sant Pau d"Ordal, Subirats (Alt Penedès, Barcelona) que van estar operatives en les darreres fases del conflicte a Catalunya (gener de 1939). Tot i l"elevat nombre d"aquestes, cap dels elements excavats proporcionà un nombre significatiu de materials de l"època. Per això, reflexionem també aquí sobre la problemàtica de l"escàs grau de protecció del patrimoni arqueològic de la Guerra Civil.

Forma Conventus Tarraconenesis I: Baetulo-Blanda. La primera carta arqueològica de la Península Ibèrica

Josep de Calasanç Serra i Ràfols va dedicar una part molt important de la seva vida professional a la topografia arqueològica, als arxius del Servei d’Investigacions Arqueològiques de l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans i a fer el seguiment de la descoberta i l’evolució dels jaciments arqueològics del país. En consonància amb aquesta labor, el 1928 va publicar la primera carta arqueològica de la península Ibèrica, una de les primeres corresponents al programa Forma Orbis Romani, de la Unió Acadèmica Internacional. Després de la Guerra Civil, proposem que fou el principal redactor de la Carta Arqueológica de España. Barcelona, que representa la tercera carta arqueològica publicada a la península Ibèrica.