On the regional impact of public capital formation in Spain

The objective of this paper is to investigate, in a methodologically consistent manner, the regional effects of public capital formation and the possible existence of regional spillover effects in Spain. The empirical results are based on VAR estimates at both the aggregate and regional levels using output, employment, and private capital, as well as different measures of public capital. Empirical results suggest that public capital affects output positively at the aggregate level as well as in all but one region. For most regions, the effects of public capital installed in the region itself are important but the spillover effects induced from public capital installed elsewhere are also very important. In fact, the spillover effects account for over half of the total effects of public capital formation in Spain. Furthermore, these spillover effects have a clear geographical pattern in that they tend to be more important in the peripheral regions of the country. We also find that relative to their share of the Spanish output, the biggest beneficiaries of public capital formation are the largest regions in the country. This suggests that public capital formation has contributed to concentration of output in these regions. Finally, in terms of the effects of public capital formation on the private inputs we find that both private capital and employment are affected positively at the aggregate level as well as for most of the regions. Nevertheless, the effects on private capital seem to be larger. Also, the spillover effects are very important for private capital but not for employment. This reflects a great degree of dynamism and mobility in the capital markets as opposed to the labor markets.

Regional decomposition of CO2 emissions in the world: a cluster analysis

The purpose of this paper is to study the possible differences among countries as CO2 emitters and to examine the underlying causes of these differences. The starting point of the analysis is the Kaya identity, which allows us to break down per capita emissions in four components: an index of carbon intensity, transformation efficiency, energy intensity and social wealth. Through a cluster analysis we have identified five groups of countries with different behavior according to these four factors. One significant finding is that these groups are stable for the period analyzed. This suggests that a study based on these components can characterize quite accurately the polluting behavior of individual countries, that is to say, the classification found in the analysis could be used in other studies which look to study the behavior of countries in terms of CO2 emissions in homogeneous groups. In this sense, it supposes an advance over the traditional regional or rich-poor countries classifications .

Relating severe poverty and chronic poverty

The severely poor are very poor since their consumption is far below the absolute poverty line, and the chronically poor are very poor since their consumption persists for long periods below the absolute poverty line. A combination of chronic poverty and severe poverty (CSP) must represent the very worst instance of poverty. Yet the exercise in this paper of asking simple questions about CSP shows large research gaps. Quantified statements on CSP at the country level can be made for just 14 countries, and at the household level in just six countries. This data suggests a positive correlation between severe poverty and chronic poverty, both at the country level and the household level. Understanding the CSP relationship – whether it is strong, where it arises, what causes it – may improve our explanation of observed cross-country variation in the elasticity between macroeconomic growth and poverty reduction, and why within countries, some households take better advantage of opportunities afforded by macroeconomic growth. Some limited data suggests similarity in socioeconomic characteristics of the severe poor and the chronic poor in terms of location, household size, gender, education and economic sector of work. Of concern is that microlongitudinal datasets drop large proportions of their base year samples, and how this affects our understanding of CSP is not well evaluated. On causal mechanisms, evidence suggests that CSP may be caused by parental CSP (i.e. an intergenerational CSP cycle) and in households not previously poor, CSP may be caused by a morbidity cycle.

Does persistence of social exclusion exist in Spain?

The aim of this paper is to analyze the causes leading to social exclusion dynamics. In particular, we wish to understand why any individual experiencing social exclusion today is much more likely to experience it again. In fact, there are two distinct processes that may generate a persistence of social exclusion: heterogeneity (individuals are heterogeneous with respect to some observed and/or unobserved adverse characteristics that are relevant for the chance of experiencing social exclusion and persistence over time) and true state of dependence (experiencing social exclusion in a specific time period, in itself, increases the probability of undergoing social exclusion in subsequent periods). Distinguishing between the two processes is crucial since the policy implications are very different.

Es Barcelona una ciudad policéntrica ?

La Región Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB) ha sido caracterizada como un sistema urbano policéntrico. Sin embargo, no existe un criterio comúnmente aceptado que haya permitido identificar con claridad los subcentros de la región. La investigación que aquí se presenta persigue un doble objetivo: en primer lugar identificar los subcentros de empleo de la RMB mediante un método objetivo y, en segundo lugar, valorar su grado de policentrismo. Para identificar los subcentros se procede siguiendo dos pasos: primero se identifican los municipios candidatos a subcentro utilizando criterios basados en la densidad de empleo y en el índice Empleos/Población, para a continuación estimar una función de densidad de población utilizando como variables explicativas, además de la distancia al CBD, la distancia a cada uno de los candidatos a subcentro. Los municipios identificados mediante este doble filtro sólo capturan un porcentaje relativamente reducido del total de puestos de trabajo debido a que elnúcleo ampliado (Barcelona más continuo urbano) concentra un porcentaje de empleos muy significativo, y a que el ratio Empleos/Población presenta unos valores muy homogéneos en todos los municipios con independencia de su tamaño.

Subjective income expectations, canonical models and income risk

Expectations are central to behaviour. Despite the existence of subjective expectations data, the standard approach is to ignore these, to hypothecate a model of behaviour and to infer expectations from realisations. In the context of income models, we reveal the informational gain obtained from using both a canonical model and subjective expectations data. We propose a test for this informational gain, and illustrate our approach with an application to the problem of measuring income risk.

Producción, empleo y eficiencia productiva de la empresa española

En este artículo se analiza la productividad de las empresas españolas, utilizando la información estadística empresarial contenida en el Sistema de Análisis de Balances Españoles (SABE). Se demuestra la validez de SABE para el estudio de las empresas españolas de más de 9 trabajadores y se analiza el comportamiento diferencial de la productividad de estas empresas teniendo en cuenta el tamaño, el sector de actividad y su vocación exportadora. Los resultados confirman la mayor productividad de la mediana empresa y del sector industrial y, se muestra que la actividad exportadora de las empresas está claramente correlacionada con mayores niveles de productividad.

Análisis de agrupaciones provinciales a partir del enfoque de desigualdad y polarización: una nota

Con motivo de analizar las fuentes de las desigualdades interprovinciales de la renta en España las provincias vienen siendo agrupadas en función de su pertenencia a las CCAA. Este criterio de tipificación, de origen administrativo, no agota, sin embargo, las posibilidades existentes en orden a dividir a las provincias en grupos pretendidamente homogéneos. Disponemos, por ejemplo, de agrupaciones informales como las NUTS 1 europeas, los ejes de desarrollo (VILLAVERDE Y PÉREZ (1996) y las áreas geoeconómicas (ALCAIDE (2002) ó formales, como las sugeridas por AGHEVLI y MEHRAN (1981) y DAVIES y SHORROCKS (1989). El principal objeto de esta nota consiste en evaluar el atractivo asociado a esta variedad de agregaciones atendiendo a dos criterios básicos: el error de agregación y el número de grupos considerado.

Polarització comarcal de rendes a Catalunya

Sovint parlem de les comarques catalanes en termes de grups més o menys homogenis. Per exemple, les segmenten en riques i pobres, en dinàmiques i estancades, en interiors o costaneres, etc. Apart de l'interès com a instrument de síntesi, el grau de formació de grups cohesionats i distants entre si pot ser un assumpte rellevant en termes de la cohesió territorial. En aquestes circumstàncies, la disponibilitat d'una mesura específica que permeti la quantificació precisa d'aquest fenomen sembla particularment útil. En aquest sentit, la literatura ens ha suggerit diverses mesures de polarització, entre les que s’haurien de destacar els Índexos de Polarització Generalitzada (Esteban, Gradín i Ray (1999)). El principal objecte d'aquest treball consisteix a aplicar aquestes mesures a la distribució comarcal de la renda a Catalunya al llarg del període 1990-2002. El principal resultat obtingut apunta cap a una creixent polarització econòmica de les comarques que, conjuntament amb l'increment observat en les desigualtats, recolzaria una actitud molt més decidida per part de l'administració en el reequilibri del territori.

Unemployment, growth and fiscal policy: new insights on the hysteresis hypothesis

We develop a growth model with unemployment due to imperfections in the labor market. In this model, wage inertia and balanced budget rules cause a complementarity between capital and employment capable of explaining the existence of multiple equilibrium paths. Hysteresis is viewed as the result of a selection between these diferent equilibrium paths. We use this model to argue that, in contrast to the US, those fiscal policies followed by most of the European countries after the shocks of the 1970’s may have played a central role in generating hysteresis.

Firm strategies in R&D: cooperation and participation in R&D programs

This paper presents empirical evidence on firms’ decisions to cooperate in R&D and the extent to which government sponsored R&D programs increase cooperation. Using a sample of firms from the Spanish innovation survey we jointly estimate the determinants of firm participation in R&D programs and of choice of cooperation partners. We find that (i) firms participating in national and European programs have different profiles, suggesting program complementarity; (ii) private-private and publicprivate cooperation are associated on average with firms with different characteristics, and (iii) national R&D programs seem to have a positive effect on all types of cooperation, but especially on public-private partnerships.

Una aproximación sectorial a la localización industrial en Cataluña

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las decisiones de localización de las actividades industriales desde una óptica sectorial. En concreto, se explica la distribución municipal en Catalunya del número de nuevas inversiones procedentes del Registro de Establecimientos Industriales, durante el período 1986-2000. Los determinantes de la localización industrial se han agrupado en tres categorías: condiciones de oferta de factores, economías de aglomeración y accesibilidad. El análisis se lleva a cabo utilizando un modelo de eventos discretos con datos de panel. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los tres conjuntos de variables introducidas son relevantes en la explicación de la localización de las empresas manufactureras y que actúan en diferente grado para los diferentes sectores.

Who participates in R&D subsidy programs? The case of spanish manufacturing firms.

Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of R&D subsidies to firms has produced mixed results so far. One possible explanation is that firms and project selection rules may be quite heterogeneous both across agencies and across industries, leading to different outcomes in terms of the induced additional private effort. Here we focus on the participation stage. Using a sample of Spanish firms, we test for differences across agencies and industries. Our results suggest that firms in the same industry face different hurdles to participate in different agencies’ programs, that participation patterns may reflect a combination of agency goals, and that patterns differ across high-tech and low-tech industries.

Sources of Competitiveness in Tourist Local Systems

At the end of the XIX Century, Marshall described the existence of some concentrations of small and medium enterprises specialised in a specific production activity in certain districts of some industrial English cities. Starting from his contribute, Italian scholars have paid particular attention to this local system of production coined by Marshall under the term industrial district. In other countries, different but related territorial models have played a central role as the milieu or the geographical industrial clusters. Recently, these models have been extended to non-industrial fields like culture, rural activities and tourism. In this text, we explore the extension of these territorial models to the study of tourist activities in Italy, using a framework that can be easily applied to other countries or regions. The paper is divided in five sections. In the first one, we propose a review of the territorial models applied to tourism industry. In the second part, we construct a tourist filiere and we apply a methodology for the identification of local systems through GIS tools. Thus, taxonomy of the Italian Tourist Local Systems is presented. In the third part, we discuss about the sources of competitiveness of these Tourist Local Systems. In the forth section, we test a spatial econometrics model regarding different kinds of Italian Tourist Local Systems (rural systems, arts cities, tourist districts) in order to measure external economies and territorial networks. Finally, conclusions and policy implications are exposed.

Social exclusion mobility in Spain, 1994-2000

Social exclusion can be defined as a process leading to a state of multiple functioning deprivations. Cross-sectional headcount ratios of social exclusion may overstate the extent of the problem if most individuals do not remain in the same state in successive years. To address this issue, we need to focus on mobility. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse changes in the individual levels of social exclusion focusing on the extent to which individuals change place in social exclusion distribution.