The p38/MK2/Hsp25 pathway is required for BMP-2-induced cell migration.

Background: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been shown to participate in the patterning and specification of several tissues and organs during development and to regulate cell growth, differentiation and migration in different cell types. BMP-mediated cell migration requires activation of the small GTPase Cdc42 and LIMK1 activities. In our earlier report we showed that activation of LIMK1 also requires the activation of PAKs through Cdc42 and PI3K. However, the requirement of additional signaling is not clearly known. Methodology/Principal Findings: Activation of p38 MAPK has been shown to be relevant for a number of BMP-2¿s physiological effects. We report here that BMP-2 regulation of cell migration and actin cytoskeleton remodelling are dependent on p38 activity. BMP-2 treatment of mesenchymal cells results in activation of the p38/MK2/Hsp25 signaling pathway downstream from the BMP receptors. Moreover, chemical inhibition of p38 signaling or genetic ablation of either p38¿ or MK2 blocks the ability to activate the downstream effectors of the pathway and abolishes BMP-2-induction of cell migration. These signaling effects on p38/MK2/Hsp25 do not require the activity of either Cdc42 or PAK, whereas p38/MK2 activities do not significantly modify the BMP-2-dependent activation of LIMK1, measured by either kinase activity or with an antibody raised against phospho-threonine 508 at its activation loop. Finally, phosphorylated Hsp25 colocalizes with the BMP receptor complexes in lamellipodia and overexpression of a phosphorylation mutant form of Hsp25 is able to abolish the migration of cells in response to BMP-2. Conclusions: These results indicate that Cdc42/PAK/LIMK1 and p38/MK2/Hsp25 pathways, acting in parallel and modulating specific actin regulatory proteins, play a critical role in integrating responses during BMP-induced actin reorganization and cell migration.

Relacion entre zonas y contextos de interaccion en el futbol de alto rendimiento:una aplicacion multivariante

El estudio del deporte en sus diferentes facetas ha sido motivo de muchos trabajos con perspectivas tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas. Este trabajo presenta un estudio sobre el fútbol desde una visión descriptiva sobre la relación entre los contextos de interacción y las zonas, marcadas por la posición del balón. El diseño observacional es nomotético, continuo y multidimensional. Como instrumento de observación se ha utilizado SOF-5 y como instrumento de registro el Match Visio Studio. Finalmente, como técnica de análisis se planteó un modelo log-lineal para estudiar con precisión el tipo de relaciones que se establecen entre los Contextos de Interacción y las zonas. Para la interpretación del modelo se ha optado por una representación gráfica obtenida a través de un Análisis de Correspondencias. Se ha observado que existe una relación significativa entre las zonas y los contextos de interacción a lo largo de todo el partido, aportando una información relevante para conocer las estructuras de juego que se establecen de forma dinámica. Palabras clave: fútbol, contextos de interacción, observación directa, Log-lineal, Análisis de Correspondencias

Les personificacions instrumentals locals: estat de la qüestió

En la primera part d"aquest article s"analitza el fenomen de les personificacions instrumentals locals (PIL), tant de les funcionals (organismes autònoms, entitats públiques empresarials i societats mercantils locals), com de les cooperatives (mancomunitats, consorcis i societats mercantils constituïdes per diversos ens locals). L"estudi inclou dues dimensions: la quantitativa, que centra el seu objectiu en determinar el nombre de personificacions existents i classificar-les; i la qualitativa, en la qual l"anàlisi persegueix descriure i caracteritzar el fenomen i explicar els seus problemes i dificultats de funcionament, com també els criteris de funcionalitat i les alternatives a la seva constitució. La segona part del treball revela com s"ha invertit la tendència al creixement que havia caracteritzat el fenomen de les PIL. L"estudi dels projectes de llei aprovats el mes de juliol de 2013 pels governs estatal (de Racionalidad y Sostenibilidad de la Administración Local) i català (de governs locals de Catalunya) mostra que les propostes normatives contenen limitacions severes a la creació d"aquestes personificacions i d"altres ens vinculats a les entitats locals, així com un conjunt de mesures restrictives tendents al redimensionament del sector públic local, que, si s"aproven finalment, constituiran una manifestació més del declinar de l"auge de les PIL.

Otros espacios euclídeos

Se presentan dos casos, R+ y el símplex Sn, en que subconjuntos de un espacio euclídeo real se dotan de una estructura euclídea propia. Ambos casos corresponden a situaciones con aplicaciones prácticas en múltiples campos de las ciencias experimentales, ya que R+ corresponde a observaciones positivas y el símplex Sn a datos composicionales, como por ejemplo porcentajes o tantos por uno. El mérito de estas estructuras euclídeas reside en que las operaciones y la métrica propuestas son interpretables en la práctica

Athlete endorsement as a marketing strategy: a case study of Nike and Michael Jordan

Les empreses intenten obrir mercats nous constantment, aconseguint atraure nous clients objectiu i augmentar el reconeixement de la marca. Aquest treball investiga el cóm i per què el patrocini d'atletes, per a que aquests representin els productes d'una empresa, ja que és una eina cada vegada més àmplia i popular en el màrqueting mix de les empreses. Michael Jordan, un estel retirada de bàsquet, ha rebut molta atenció dels mitjans publicitaris i ha representat sota patrocini a diversos productes. Especialment el seu contracte de patrocini amb Nike, Inc. s'ha convertit en un excel·lent cas d'estudi per analitzar la tendència actual que suposa patrocinar atletes en el mercat internacional. Els resultats d'aquest cas d'estudi ajuden a entendre els factors que poden influir en èxit de les empreses quan decideixen patrocinar a un atleta com a part de la seva estratègia de màrqueting.

Deposition and characterization of lines printed through laser-induced forward transfer

The possibility of printing two-dimensional micropatterns of biomolecule solutions is of great interest in many fields of research in biomedicine, from cell-growth and development studies to the investigation of the mechanisms of communication between cells. Although laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) has been extensively used to print micrometric droplets of biological solutions, the fabrication of complex patterns depends on the feasibility of the technique to print micron-sized lines of aqueous solutions. In this study we investigate such a possibility through the analysis of the influence of droplet spacing of a water and glycerol solution on the morphology of the features printed by LIFT. We prove that it is indeed possible to print long and uniform continuous lines by controlling the overlap between adjacent droplets. We show how, depending on droplet spacing, several printed morphologies are generated, and we offer, in addition, a simple explanation of the observed behavior based on the jetting dynamics characteristic of the LIFT of liquids.

Evaluación del acceso a la dirección escolar en los centros públicos del País Vasco

The article summarises a piece of research carried out in the Basque Country involving headmasters and headmistresses who are going to apply for a management position in the 2009-2010 academic year. This study aims to analyse the process to access management in state schools in this region. The results from the research indicate that, depending on the candidates, the suitable management acces procedure involves School Council selection, by process of elimination, depending on the Management Project presented and the academic merits accredited by the candidate to a lesser extent.

Functional EF-hands in neuronal calcium sensor GCAP2 determine its phosphorylation state and subcellular distribution in vivo, and are essential for photoreceptor cell integrity

The neuronal calcium sensor proteins GCAPs (guanylate cyclase activating proteins) switch between Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound conformational states and confer calcium sensitivity to guanylate cyclase at retinal photoreceptor cells. They play a fundamental role in light adaptation by coupling the rate of cGMP synthesis to the intracellular concentration of calcium. Mutations in GCAPs lead to blindness. The importance of functional EF-hands in GCAP1 for photoreceptor cell integrity has been well established. Mutations in GCAP1 that diminish its Ca2+ binding affinity lead to cell damage by causing unabated cGMP synthesis and accumulation of toxic levels of free cGMP and Ca2+. We here investigate the relevance of GCAP2 functional EF-hands for photoreceptor cell integrity. By characterizing transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of GCAP2 with all EF-hands inactivated (EF(-)GCAP2), we show that GCAP2 locked in its Ca2+-free conformation leads to a rapid retinal degeneration that is not due to unabated cGMP synthesis. We unveil that when locked in its Ca2+-free conformation in vivo, GCAP2 is phosphorylated at Ser201 and results in phospho-dependent binding to the chaperone 14-3-3 and retention at the inner segment and proximal cell compartments. Accumulation of phosphorylated EF(-)GCAP2 at the inner segment results in severe toxicity. We show that in wildtype mice under physiological conditions, 50% of GCAP2 is phosphorylated correlating with the 50% of the protein being retained at the inner segment. Raising mice under constant light exposure, however, drastically increases the retention of GCAP2 in its Ca2+-free form at the inner segment. This study identifies a new mechanism governing GCAP2 subcellular distribution in vivo, closely related to disease. It also identifies a pathway by which a sustained reduction in intracellular free Ca2+ could result in photoreceptor damage, relevant for light damage and for those genetic disorders resulting in 'equivalent-light'' scenarios.

Identification and conservation of remnant genetic resources of brown trout in relict populations from Western Mediterranean streams

Brown trout is a cold-adapted freshwater species with restricted distribution to headwater streams in rivers of the South European peninsulas, where populations are highly vulnerable because Mediterranean regions are highly sensitive to the global climatic warming. Moreover, these populations are endangered due to the introgressive hybridization with cultured stocks. Individuals from six remnant populations in Western Mediterranean rivers were sequenced for the complete mitochondrial DNA control region and genotyped for 11 nuclear markers. Three different brown trout lineages were present in the studied region. Significant genetic divergence was observed among locations and a strong effect of genetic drift was suggested. An important stocking impact (close to 25%) was detected in the zone. Significant correlations between mitochondrial-based rates of hatchery introgression and water flow variation suggested a higher impact of stocked females in unstable habitats. In spite of hatchery introgression, all populations remained highly differentiated, suggesting that native genetic resources are still abundant. However, climatic predictions indicated that suitable habitats for the species in these rivers will be reduced and hence trout populations are highly endangered and vulnerable. Thus, management policies should take into account these predictions to design upstream refuge areas to protect remnant native trout in the region

Caracterització del temps de vol en relació amb variables biomecàniques de l’estirada en l’arrencada d’halterofília

L’objecte del present estudi és caracteritzar el temps de vol (Tv) de la fase aèria en l’exercici d’arrencada en halterofília. Es descriu el seu comportament en funció de l’increment progressiu de la càrrega i en relació a variables biomecàniques de l’estirada, així com la seva evolució en un cicle d’entrenament. Es va fer un test màxim de càrregues progressives amb set halterofilistes (n = 7) de competició. Mitjançant els sistemes de valoració Musclelab i Chronojump es van registrar els valors de: força (F), potència (P), velocitat (V), pic de velocitat (pV) i alçada relativa (Hrel ) de la barra en l’estirada, al costat del Tv del desplaçament dels peus de l’aixecador a l’entrada sota la barra. Es va observar una moderada correlació negativa (r = –0,561; p < 0,01) entre el Tv i la càrrega màxima del test (%1RMT). No es van trobar correlacions significatives per al Tv respecte a la resta de variables analitzades. El Tv disminuïa amb l’increment de la càrrega en rangs submàxims, i era de natura aleatòria amb l’ocupació de càrregues màximes. En un subgrup de la mostra (n = 4) es van valorar les mateixes variables passades vuit setmanes. El Tv, la Pmàx i el pV suggereixen ser variables suficientment sensibles per monitoritzar els canvis generats per l’entrenament en vuit setmanes, encara que la reduïda dimensió mostral no va permetre aconseguir diferències significatives. Aquests resultats destaquen la possibilitat de considerar el Tv i la P com a mesures de control en l’entrenament d’halterofilistes, preferentment en l’ús de càrregues submàximes.

The Role of Canyons in Strata Formation

This paper provides a spatial and temporal multi-scale approach of European submarine canyons. We fi rst present the long-term geologic view of European margins as related to controls on submarine canyon development. Then we discuss the extent to which submarine canyon systems resemble river systems because both essentially form drainage networks. Finally, we deal with the hortest-term, highestresolution scale to get a fl avor of the current functioning and health of modern submarine canyons in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Submarine canyons are unique features of the seafl oor whose existence was known by European fi shermen centuries ago, especially for those canyons that have their heads at short distance from shoreline. Popular names given to specifi c canyons in the different languages spoken in European coastal communities refer to the concepts of a"deep" or"trench." In the old times it was also common thinking that submarine canyons where so deep that nobody could measure their depth or even that they had no bottom. Submarine canyons are just one of the seven different types of seafl oor valleys identifi ed by Shepard (1973) in his pioneering morphogenetic classifi cation. Shepard (1973) defined submarine canyons as"steep-walled, sinuous valleys, with V-shaped cross sections, and relief comparable even to the largest of land canyons; tributaries are found in most of the canyons and rock outcrops abound on their walls." Canyons are features typical of continental slopes with their upper reaches and heads cut into the continental shelf.

Projecte representants comercials

El treball que es presenta vol ser una ajuda, tant pels representants comercials com per a l'empresa per a la qual treballen, a l'hora de gestionar les comandes que els primers recullen dels clients en els seus establiments, per passar-los a la central administrativa i comercial.

LearnMyLanguage

El trabajo fin de grado 'LearnMyLanguage' es una web, estilo red social, para ayudar a los usuarios a aprender y enseñar idiomas. Consiste en una red social en la que personas con intereses comunes puedan aprender un determinado idioma a la vez que puedan enseñar su idioma a otros usuarios.

Implantación de un WMS

Implantación de un sistema WMS en un entorno industrial.

Editorial del número 3 de la Revista Observar

Algunos clásicos mantenían la idea de un ojo activo que se abalanzaba sobre los objetos. En muchos casos, la diferencia en las diversas formulaciones de esta teoría estribaba en el papel desempeñado por el medio interpuesto. Y no era cosa de poca monta: de su intromisión dependía que la acción del rayo ocular se produjese con mayor o menor fortuna; que llegase a la superficie del objeto o que alcanzase sólo las masas de aire circundantes, con todas las consecuencias en materia epistemológica que un hecho como éste acarreaba. Es curioso que, cuando los antiguos reflexionaban sobre el funcionamiento del ojo, lo hiciesen pensando en el sentido humano. Y la verdad es que, una vez extraída la presunta ingenuidad de su teoría del rayo ocular, sigue vigente lo fundamental: el ojo humano no sólo ve; también mira. El mirar es antes que nada dirigir el ojo hacia un objeto; casi ponerlo el ojo allí. Bien mirado, se trata de una transacción entre lo que se toma (de la cosa) y lo que se pone (en la misma). Pero esa avenencia es desigual: se pone más; por eso, el mirar es proyectar, un lanzamiento ocular de un plan de acción que sólo cobra cuerpo en el objeto.