Reparar y sustituir cosas en la compraventa : evolución y últimas tendencias

International texts recognise the buyer's right to the repair or replacement if the goods do not conform with the contract, and at the same time, establish exceptions to their application and certain rules of protection for the seller (Art. 46 CISG, Art. 7.2.3 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Art.9:102 PECL and Arts. 4:202 y 4:204 (1) PEL S). This approach is a result of a compromise between civil law systems and the common law and it has been widely extended to the regulation of consumer sales over the last decade (Art. 3.3 of the Directive 1999/44/CE, Art. III.-3:302 DCFR, Art. 26 of the proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights). These norms regulate the different ways of requiring the fulfilment of a contractual obligation from a new paradigm which has little to do with a need to protect the weak consumer which governed the origins of consumer policy in the European Community. Now the idea of the consumer who shall behave economically efficiently prevails in Art. 3.3 of the Directive 1999/44/CE, a norm which is clearly influenced by the international texts and whose transposing into the national legislation of Member States has created important problems for traditional dogmas. In this sense there are still some unclear issues, such as the possibility of replacing in sales of goods of specific nature or second-hand goods, some aspects on the exercise of repair and replacement, and, even, their use as primary remedies rather than a reduction in price or a rescission of the contract. With regard to this, in England the possibility of offering the consumer free choice between these measures if the goods do not conform with the contract has been raised. This is far from the principle of pacta sunt servanda and is clearly contrary to the economic approach of the proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights. Up to now Spain has limited itself to implementing Art. 3.3 Directive 1999/44/CE into its legal system in almost literal terms and the case law on the issue has completely turned out to be insufficient. By contrast with Germany, the Spanish legislator has not extended the application of the rules of repair and replacement of Directive 1999/44/CE to nonconsumer sales, even though two draft bill proposals along these lines presented by the General Commission for Codifying (“Comisión General de Codificación”), the last one being in January, 2009

Espacio público: universidad, censura y política. Un ensayo visual

Lisbon, October 27, 2014, Dr. Jose Luis Cardoso director of the Institute of Social Sciences (ICS) at the University of Lisbon, has suspended the publication of the number 212 of the prestigious journal Análise Social. The reason: the number contains a visual essay produced by Ricardo Campos that is qualified to use a 'strong language'. While the online edition of the magazine was available (not try to find it at the site of the ICS) the printed edition was in printing machines. Now, the hard copies will be destroyed.

La Violència contra les dones: una realitat política = La violencia contra las mujeres: una realidad política

Aquest any al seminari que organitzem al Centre de Recerca en Estudis de les Dones Duoda de la Universitat de Barcelona, ens hem proposat interrogar-nos, una vegada més, sobre una de les realitats humanes i polítiques mes crues en què es concreta el desordre que causa en alguns homes, en el present, el que anomenem el "final del patriarcat": la violència contra les dones. Aquesta violència, que ha existit des que va sorgir el patriarcat per a intentar apoderar-se de la paraula i del sentit del ser dona en el món, és ja expressable per a moltes dones a Occident i també a Orient

Evolución de las diferencias salariales por razón de sexo

El artículo examina los determinantes del diferencial salarial por razón de sexo y de sus cambios entre 1995 y 2002 mediante una extensión de la metodología propuesta por Juhn et al. (1991, 1993) adaptada a los microdatos emparejados empresa-trabajador de la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial. La evidencia obtenida muestra que el origen fundamental del diferencial radica en la influencia del establecimiento de filiación de los trabajadores y de factores inobservables. Se constata también que la exigua reducción del diferencial con el transcurso del tiempo se debe a que la intensificación de la segregación de las mujeres en establecimientos que pagan salarios comparativamente bajos (caracterizados fundamentalmente por una elevada feminización de su fuerza laboral) contrarresta en buena medida el efecto que en sentido contrario ejercen diversos factores, especialmente la mejora de las cualificaciones relativas de las mujeres. La intensificación de este tipo de segregación es más pronunciada en el caso de las mujeres de mayor cualificación, hasta el punto de que esta circunstancia da lugar, de forma diferenciada para este colectivo, a una ampliación de la brecha salarial frente a hombres de características equivalentes.