An AdS/QCD model from tachyon condensation: II

A simple holographic model is presented and analyzed that describes chiral symmetry breaking and the physics of the meson sector in QCD. This is a bottom-up model that incorporates string theory ingredients like tachyon condensation which is expected to be the main manifestation of chiral symmetry breaking in the holographic context. As a model for glue the Kuperstein-Sonnenschein background is used. The structure of the flavor vacuum is analyzed in the quenched approximation. Chiral symmetry breaking is shown at zero temperature. Above the deconfinement transition chiral symmetry is restored. A complete holographic renormalization is performed and the chiral condensate is calculated for different quark masses both at zero and non-zero temperatures. The 0++, 0¿+, 1++, 1¿¿ meson trajectories are analyzed and their masses and decay constants are computed. The asymptotic trajectories are linear. The model has one phenomenological parameter beyond those of QCD that affects the 1++, 0¿+ sectors. Fitting this parameter we obtain very good agreement with data. The model improves in several ways the popular hard-wall and soft wall bottom-up models.

Estudi sociològic del lleure al món rural de Catalunya i Guatemala. L'oci a la població de 50 a 70 anys de Malla i San Juan la Laguna, semblances i diferències

L’estudi que es presenta a continuació té l’objectiu de comprendre quina és la realitat ociosa de les persones de 50 a 70 anys als municipis de Malla (Catalunya, Espanya) i de San Juan la Laguna (Sololá, Guatemala) des de la perspectiva humanista en termes de concepció i pràctica, i veure quina és la influència i la força que prenen les característiques de la societat en la qual es desenvolupa. Per tal de dur-ho a terme, primerament s’ha realitzat un procés d’aproximació respecte el concepte de l’oci, i una recerca concreta vers l’oci humanista. A partir d’aquí, s’ha fet l’estudi amb una mostra formada per deu persones del municipi de Malla i deu membres de San Juan la Laguna que es troben entre els 50 i 70 anys, i amb unes condicions econòmiques i uns estils de vida diferents. Per tal de realitzar la recerca i l’anàlisi de l’oci humanista en els contexts de Malla i San Juan la Laguna s’ha emprat una metodologia qualitativa, i s’ha utilitzat l’instrument corresponent a l’entrevista. Aquesta ha estat elaborada prenent com a marc de referència la metodologia de la Grounded Theory (Glaser y Strauss, 1967). El projecte també compte amb una vessant d’etnografia. Els resultats que s’han obtingut demostren que hi ha una presència significativa de l’oci humanista en els contexts analitzats, però que en el cas de San Juan la Laguna aquest esdevé un element en construcció.

Initialisation of Nonlinearities for PNL and Wiener systems Inversion

This paper proposes a very fast method for blindly initial- izing a nonlinear mapping which transforms a sum of random variables. The method provides a surprisingly good approximation even when the basic assumption is not fully satis¯ed. The method can been used success- fully for initializing nonlinearity in post-nonlinear mixtures or in Wiener system inversion, for improving algorithm speed and convergence.

Simulando una vía de comunicación: el tramo de la vía romana entre el Coll de Panissars y Girona

Mediante programa informático es posible simular las vías de comunicación existentes entre asentamientos humanos, siendo muchos los trabajos publicados y varias las formas de aproximación al problema. El objetivo del trabajo que nos ocupa ha consistido en la generación de un nuevo modelo a partir del cual fuera posible simular una vía de comunicación, con la salvedad de que en este caso ya existía una idea aproximada de cual sería su trayectoria a partir de trabajos de otros autores. Esta vía de comunicación es la vía Augusta, en el tramo que une el Coll de Panissars y la ciudad de Girona.

From caging to rouse dynamics in polymer melts with intramolecular barriers: a critical test of the mode coupling theory

By means of computer simulations and solution of the equations of the mode coupling theory (MCT),we investigate the role of the intramolecular barriers on several dynamic aspects of nonentangled polymers. The investigated dynamic range extends from the caging regime characteristic of glass-formers to the relaxation of the chain Rouse modes. We review our recent work on this question,provide new results, and critically discuss the limitations of the theory. Solutions of the MCT for the structural relaxation reproduce qualitative trends of simulations for weak and moderate barriers. However, a progressive discrepancy is revealed as the limit of stiff chains is approached. This dis-agreement does not seem related with dynamic heterogeneities, which indeed are not enhanced by increasing barrier strength. It is not connected either with the breakdown of the convolution approximation for three-point static correlations, which retains its validity for stiff chains. These findings suggest the need of an improvement of the MCT equations for polymer melts. Concerning the relaxation of the chain degrees of freedom, MCT provides a microscopic basis for time scales from chain reorientation down to the caging regime. It rationalizes, from first principles, the observed deviations from the Rouse model on increasing the barrier strength. These include anomalous scaling of relaxation times, long-time plateaux, and nonmonotonous wavelength dependence of the mode correlators.

Fronts from integrodifference equations and persistence effects on the Neolithic transition

We extend a previous model of the Neolithic transition in Europe [J. Fort and V. Méndez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 867 (1999)] by taking two effects into account: (i) we do not use the diffusion approximation (which corresponds to second-order Taylor expansions), and (ii) we take proper care of the fact that parents do not migrate away from their children (we refer to this as a time-order effect, in the sense that it implies that children grow up with their parents, before they become adults and can survive and migrate). We also derive a time-ordered, second-order equation, which we call the sequential reaction-diffusion equation, and use it to show that effect (ii) is the most important one, and that both of them should in general be taken into account to derive accurate results. As an example, we consider the Neolithic transition: the model predictions agree with the observed front speed, and the corrections relative to previous models are important (up to 70%)

Is It Possible to Predict the Manual Web Accessibility Result Using the Automatic Result?

The most adequate approach for benchmarking web accessibility is manual expert evaluation supplemented by automatic analysis tools. But manual evaluation has a high cost and is impractical to be applied on large websites. In reality, there is no choice but to rely on automated tools when reviewing large web sites for accessibility. The question is: to what extent the results from automatic evaluation of a web site and individual web pages can be used as an approximation for manual results? This paper presents the initial results of an investigation aimed at answering this question. He have performed both manual and automatic evaluations of the accessibility of web pages of two sites and we have compared the results. In our data set automatically retrieved results could most definitely be used as an approximation manual evaluation results.

Sea state effect on the sea surface emissivity at L-band

In May 1999, the European Space Agency (ESA) selected the Earth Explorer Opportunity Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission to obtain global and frequent soil moisture and ocean salinity maps. SMOS' single payload is the Microwave Imaging Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS), an L-band two-dimensional aperture synthesis radiometer with multiangular observation capabilities. At L-band, the brightness temperature sensitivity to the sea surface salinity (SSS) is low, approximately 0.5 K/psu at 20/spl deg/C, decreasing to 0.25 K/psu at 0/spl deg/C, comparable to that to the wind speed /spl sim/0.2 K/(m/s) at nadir. However, at a given time, the sea state does not depend only on local winds, but on the local wind history and the presence of waves traveling from far distances. The Wind and Salinity Experiment (WISE) 2000 and 2001 campaigns were sponsored by ESA to determine the impact of oceanographic and atmospheric variables on the L-band brightness temperature at vertical and horizontal polarizations. This paper presents the results of the analysis of three nonstationary sea state conditions: growing and decreasing sea, and the presence of swell. Measured sea surface spectra are compared with the theoretical ones, computed using the instantaneous wind speed. Differences can be minimized using an "effective wind speed" that makes the theoretical spectrum best match the measured one. The impact on the predicted brightness temperatures is then assessed using the small slope approximation/small perturbation method (SSA/SPM).

A performance lower bound for quadratic timing recovery accounting for the symbol transition density

The symbol transition density in a digitally modulated signal affects the performance of practical synchronization schemes designed for timing recovery. This paper focuses on the derivation of simple performance limits for the estimation of the time delay of a noisy linearly modulated signal in the presence of various degrees of symbol correlation produced by the varioustransition densities in the symbol streams. The paper develops high- and low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximations of the so-called (Gaussian) unconditional Cramér–Rao bound (UCRB),as well as general expressions that are applicable in all ranges of SNR. The derived bounds are valid only for the class of quadratic, non-data-aided (NDA) timing recovery schemes. To illustrate the validity of the derived bounds, they are compared with the actual performance achieved by some well-known quadratic NDA timing recovery schemes. The impact of the symbol transitiondensity on the classical threshold effect present in NDA timing recovery schemes is also analyzed. Previous work on performancebounds for timing recovery from various authors is generalized and unified in this contribution.

ML approaches to channel estimation for pilot-aided multi-rate DS/CDMA systems

This paper analyzes the asymptotic performance of maximum likelihood (ML) channel estimation algorithms in wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) scenarios. We concentrate on systems with periodic spreading sequences (period larger than or equal to the symbol span) where the transmitted signal contains a code division multiplexed pilot for channel estimation purposes. First, the asymptotic covariances of the training-only, semi-blind conditional maximum likelihood (CML) and semi-blind Gaussian maximum likelihood (GML) channelestimators are derived. Then, these formulas are further simplified assuming randomized spreading and training sequences under the approximation of high spreading factors and high number of codes. The results provide a useful tool to describe the performance of the channel estimators as a function of basicsystem parameters such as number of codes, spreading factors, or traffic to training power ratio.

Second-order parameter estimation

This work provides a general framework for the design of second-order blind estimators without adopting anyapproximation about the observation statistics or the a prioridistribution of the parameters. The proposed solution is obtainedminimizing the estimator variance subject to some constraints onthe estimator bias. The resulting optimal estimator is found todepend on the observation fourth-order moments that can be calculatedanalytically from the known signal model. Unfortunately,in most cases, the performance of this estimator is severely limitedby the residual bias inherent to nonlinear estimation problems.To overcome this limitation, the second-order minimum varianceunbiased estimator is deduced from the general solution by assumingaccurate prior information on the vector of parameters.This small-error approximation is adopted to design iterativeestimators or trackers. It is shown that the associated varianceconstitutes the lower bound for the variance of any unbiasedestimator based on the sample covariance matrix.The paper formulation is then applied to track the angle-of-arrival(AoA) of multiple digitally-modulated sources by means ofa uniform linear array. The optimal second-order tracker is comparedwith the classical maximum likelihood (ML) blind methodsthat are shown to be quadratic in the observed data as well. Simulationshave confirmed that the discrete nature of the transmittedsymbols can be exploited to improve considerably the discriminationof near sources in medium-to-high SNR scenarios.

Manipulació geomètrica dels blocs d'AutoCAD

Aquest text és un recull de procediments per inserir els blocs d'AutoCAD de forma més eficient, en la resolució de problemes prèviament tipificats: la PRIMERA PART descriu protocols d'actuació que l'usuari haurà d'aplicar manualment, mentre que la SEGONA PART ofereix rutines programades en AutoLISP i VisualLISP que l'eximiran d'aquesta obligació.Si ho deixéssim aquí, però, podria semblar que els mateixos mètodes manuals presentats en primer lloc són després els que AutoLISP automatitza; per això convé aclarir que la problemàtica de la PRIMERA PART, tot i que pròxima a la de la SEGONA, és diferent i reprodueix el contingut d'una monografia (BLOCS I GEOMETRIA: 5 EXERCICIS COMENTATS) que forma part del material de suport a l'assignatura ELEMENTS DE CAD, impartida per l'autor en l'ETS d'Enginyeria de Telecomunicació de Barcelona i que té per objecte cobrir el buit bibliogràfic que es detectava en el vessant geomètric de la inserció de blocs, a diferència del que s'ocupa de l'estructura de dades més adient en cada context (incrustació de dibuixos amb INSERT versus vinculació mitjançant REFX), més profusament tractat, proposant una sistematització tipològica dels casos on l'escala és funció lineal d'una distància.La SEGONA PART va més enllà i amplia el repertori d'AutoCAD amb les ordres GINSERT, RATREDIT, INSERTOK, INS2D, INS3D, BLOQUEOK, DESCOMPOK, DEF-TRANSF, APL-TRANSF-V i APL-TRANSF-N, de les quals INS2D i INS3D (INSERTOK és una versió simplificada de INS2D, per a blocs sense atributs) són l'aportació més innovadora i que més lluny porta les potencialitats de la inserció de blocs: resumint-ho en una frase, es tracta d’aconseguir que la inserció d’un bloc (que pot ser l’original, un bloc constituït per una inserció de l’original o un de constituït per la inserció del precedent) s’encabeixi en un marc prèviament establert, a semblança de les ordres ESCALA o GIRA, que mitjançant l'opció Referencia apliquen als objectes seleccionats la transformació d'escalat o de rotació necessària per tal que un element de referència assoleixi una determinada grandària o posició. Tot i que, per identificar amb encert el nucli del problema, serà inevitable introduir una reflexió: quan s’ha tingut la precaució de referir un bloc 2D a un quadrat unitari ortogonal, inserir-lo de manera que s’adapti a qualsevol marc rectangular establert en el dibuix és immediat, però ja no ho és tant concatenar insercions de manera que, a més d’una combinació simple de escalat, gir i translació, l’operació dugui implícita una transformació de cisallament. Perquè és clar que si inserim el bloc girat i convertim la inserció en un bloc que al seu torn tornem a inserir, ara però amb escalat no uniforme, el transformat del quadrat de referència primitiu serà un paral·lelogram, però el problema és: dibuixat un marc romboïdal concret, ¿quin gir caldrà donar a la primera inserció, i quin gir i factors d’escala caldrà aplicar a la segona perquè el quadrat de referència s’adapti al marc? El problema es complica si, a més, volem aprofitar el resultat de la primera inserció per a d’altres paral·lelograms, organitzant un sistema no redundant de insercions intermèdies. Doncs bé: INS2D i INS3D donen satisfacció a aquestes qüestions (la segona ja no contempla l'encaix en un paral·lelogram, sinó en un paral·lelepípede) i són aplicables a blocs proveïts d’atributs, no només de tipus convencional (els continguts en el pla de base del bloc, únics de funcionament garantit amb l’ordre INSERT), sinó també dels situats i orientats lliurement.

La voluntad del retorno: correspondencia desde el exilio catalán

[cat] El presente artículo ofrece una aproximación al complejo fenómeno del exilio provocado por la Guerra Civil española desde un punto de vista poco analizado hasta este momento: el estudio a través de los epistolarios existentes de los sentimientos personales que hizo aflorar este abandono forzado del país (miedos, deseos, esperanzas, incertidumbres, preocupaciones e inquietudes, ánimos, etc.). Para conseguir esta visión más personal hemos basado nuestra investigación en el análisis de unas fuentes que consideramos poco trabajadas hasta el momento como son los epistolarios. El estudio de éstos, ya sean fuentes primarias depositadas en fondos de archivos diversos de Catalunya como los epistolarios editados, nos ha permitido obtener un testimonio personal y de primera mano de un fenómeno, el del exilio, tratado principalmente hasta ahora desde un punto de vista colectivo. El análisis, centrado básicamente en personajes catalanes y en el periodo comprendido entre 1939 y 1946 (cuando se desvanece definitivamente la esperanza que la victoria aliada provoque el fin del régimen) pone de manifiesto una voluntad común: el ansia del retorno.

Identifying quantitative operation principles in metabolic pathways: a systematic method for searching feasible enzyme activity patterns leading to cellular adaptive responses

Background: Optimization methods allow designing changes in a system so that specific goals are attained. These techniques are fundamental for metabolic engineering. However, they are not directly applicable for investigating the evolution of metabolic adaptation to environmental changes. Although biological systems have evolved by natural selection and result in well-adapted systems, we can hardly expect that actual metabolic processes are at the theoretical optimum that could result from an optimization analysis. More likely, natural systems are to be found in a feasible region compatible with global physiological requirements. Results: We first present a new method for globally optimizing nonlinear models of metabolic pathways that are based on the Generalized Mass Action (GMA) representation. The optimization task is posed as a nonconvex nonlinear programming (NLP) problem that is solved by an outer- approximation algorithm. This method relies on solving iteratively reduced NLP slave subproblems and mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) master problems that provide valid upper and lower bounds, respectively, on the global solution to the original NLP. The capabilities of this method are illustrated through its application to the anaerobic fermentation pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We next introduce a method to identify the feasibility parametric regions that allow a system to meet a set of physiological constraints that can be represented in mathematical terms through algebraic equations. This technique is based on applying the outer-approximation based algorithm iteratively over a reduced search space in order to identify regions that contain feasible solutions to the problem and discard others in which no feasible solution exists. As an example, we characterize the feasible enzyme activity changes that are compatible with an appropriate adaptive response of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to heat shock Conclusion: Our results show the utility of the suggested approach for investigating the evolution of adaptive responses to environmental changes. The proposed method can be used in other important applications such as the evaluation of parameter changes that are compatible with health and disease states.

On the origin of the inertia: the modified Newtonian dynamics theory

The sameness between the inertial mass and the gravitational mass is an assumption and not a consequence of the equivalent principle is shown. In the context of the Sciama’s inertia theory, the sameness between the inertial mass and the gravitational mass is discussed and a certain condition which must be experimentally satisfied is given. The inertial force proposed by Sciama, in a simple case, is derived from the Assis’ inertia theory based in the introduction of a Weber type force. The origin of the inertial force is totally justified taking into account that the Weber force is, in fact, an approximation of a simple retarded potential, see [18, 19]. The way how the inertial forces are also derived from some solutions of the general relativistic equations is presented. We wonder if the theory of inertia of Assis is included in the framework of the General Relativity. In the context of the inertia developed in the present paper we establish the relation between the constant acceleration a0 , that appears in the classical Modified Newtonian Dynamics (M0ND) theory, with the Hubble constant H0 , i.e. a0 ≈ cH0 .