Tractament digital de la imatge com a suport per a la recerca

La investigació actual necessita recórrer en nombroses ocasions a la imatge, i encara ho podria fer més. El registre d'imatges s'ha convertit avui en una feina senzilla i económica, almenys en relació amb la situació de fa vint anys. I des de fa amb prou feines un parell d'anys, el tractament de la imatge animada mitjançant tècniques digitals encara s'ha simplificat més, alhora que ha proporcionat nous canvis que permeten explorar la realitat.

Evaluación de la formación del profesorado universitario novel

Durante el curso académico 2001-2002 se desarrolló en la Universidad de Barcelona el Curso de Postgrado 'Innovación en la Docencia Universitaria' dirigido al profesorado novel de la misma. Finalizado el programa se hacía imprescindible conocer su contribución a la mejora de la docencia del profesorado debutante. A través de este estudio se pretende, por tanto, identificar y valorar los cambios, transformaciones y mejoras acaecidas en la práctica docente del profesorado novel como consecuencia de su participación en el Postgrado. El presente trabajo recoge estos aspectos articulados en una evaluación diferida del impacto del Curso de Postgrado. El enfoque metodológico usado ha sido cualitativo-fenomenológico En lo que se refiere a los criterios de evaluación, dos han sido los utilizados en este estudio: la utilidad percibida por el profesorado y la transferibilidad del conocimiento elaborado en el curso.

Wine, beer, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease and cancer

Abstract: Since ancient times, people have attributed a variety of health benefits to moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as wine and beer, often without any scientific basis. There is evidence that excessive or binge alcohol consumption is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as with work related and traffic accidents. On the contrary, at the moment, several epidemiological studies have suggested that moderate consumption of alcohol reduces overall mortality, mainly from coronary diseases. However, there are discrepancies regarding the specific effects of different types of beverages (wine, beer and spirits) on the cardiovascular system and cancer, and also whether the possible protective effects of alcoholic beverages are due to their alcoholic content (ethanol) or to their non-alcoholic components (mainly polyphenols). Epidemiological and clinical studies have pointed out that regular and moderate wine consumption (one to two glasses a day) is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, and certain types of cancer, including colon, basal cell, ovarian, and prostate carcinoma. Moderate beer consumption has also been associated with these effects, but to a lesser degree, probably because of beer"s lower phenolic content. These health benefits have mainly been attributed to an increase in antioxidant capacity, changes in lipid profiles, and the anti-inflammatory effects produced by these alcoholic beverages. This review summarizes the main protective effects on the cardiovascular system and cancer resulting from moderate wine and beer intake due mainly to their common components, alcohol and polyphenols.

Gazpacho consumption is associated with lower blood pressure and reduced hypertension in a high cardiovascular risk cohort. Cross-sectional study of the PREDIMED trial

Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading cause of death and disability in both developed and developing countries, affecting onequarter of the world"s adult population. Our aim was to evaluate whether the consumption of gazpacho, a Mediterranean vegetable-based cold soup rich in phytochemicals, is associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and/or reduced prevalence of hypertension in individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Methods and results: We selected 3995 individuals (58% women, mean age 67 y) at high cardiovascular risk (81% hypertensive) recruited into the PREDIMED study. BP, weight, and dietary and physical activity data were collected. In multivariate linear regression analyses, after adjustment, moderate and high gazpacho consumption categories were associated with reduced mean systolic BP of 1.9 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4; 0.6] and 2.6 mm Hg (CI: 4.2; 1.0), respectively, and reduced diastolic BP of 1.5 mm Hg (CI: 2.3; 0.6) and 1.9 mm Hg (CI: 2.8; 1.1). By multiple-adjusted logistic regression analysis, gazpacho consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, with OR Z 0.85 (CI: 0.73; 0.99) for each 250 g/week increase and OR Z 0.73 (CI: 0.55; 0.98) for high gazpacho consumption groups compared to the no-consumption group. Conclusions: Gazpacho consumption was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic BP and prevalence of hypertension in a cross-sectional Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. The association between gazpacho intake and reduction of BP is probably due to synergy among several bioactive compounds present in the vegetable ingredients used to make the recipe.

Gazpacho consumption is associated with lower blood pressure and reduced hypertension in a high cardiovascular risk cohort. Cross-sectional study of the PREDIMED trial

Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading cause of death and disability in both developed and developing countries, affecting onequarter of the world"s adult population. Our aim was to evaluate whether the consumption of gazpacho, a Mediterranean vegetable-based cold soup rich in phytochemicals, is associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and/or reduced prevalence of hypertension in individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Methods and results: We selected 3995 individuals (58% women, mean age 67 y) at high cardiovascular risk (81% hypertensive) recruited into the PREDIMED study. BP, weight, and dietary and physical activity data were collected. In multivariate linear regression analyses, after adjustment, moderate and high gazpacho consumption categories were associated with reduced mean systolic BP of 1.9 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4; 0.6] and 2.6 mm Hg (CI: 4.2; 1.0), respectively, and reduced diastolic BP of 1.5 mm Hg (CI: 2.3; 0.6) and 1.9 mm Hg (CI: 2.8; 1.1). By multiple-adjusted logistic regression analysis, gazpacho consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, with OR Z 0.85 (CI: 0.73; 0.99) for each 250 g/week increase and OR Z 0.73 (CI: 0.55; 0.98) for high gazpacho consumption groups compared to the no-consumption group. Conclusions: Gazpacho consumption was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic BP and prevalence of hypertension in a cross-sectional Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. The association between gazpacho intake and reduction of BP is probably due to synergy among several bioactive compounds present in the vegetable ingredients used to make the recipe.

Programas, intervenciones y redes de apoyo a los cuidadores informales en salud. Necesidad de convergencia entre los programas formales y el apoyo informal

Hacerse cargo del cuidado de un familiar dependiente puede afectar negativamente a la salud del cuidador/a en su vida afectiva y laboral. Las repercusiones del cuidado informal preocupan a las diferentes administraciones y también a los profesionales sanitarios, quienes se proponen ofrecer el soporte más adecuado a los cuidadores familiares, para que puedan seguir desempeñando las actividades derivadas del cuidado y a su vez minimicen el cansancio y la carga que supone cuidar. Desde hace una década se ha venido acrecentando el interés por planificar y desarrollar programas de soporte, desde la iniciativa pública y privada, dirigidos a cuidadores familiares. Los contenidos de estos programas son de diversa índole, y ofrecen asesoramiento e información, apoyo emocional, ayuda económica o descargas temporales del cuidado de las personas dependientes. La literatura científica revisada coincide en la importancia y la necesidad de coordinación y complementariedad que debe darse entre las redes informales y formales en el soporte a los cuidadores de las personas dependientes.

The pedagogical value of games and songs : The perceptions of teachers

Aquest estudi intenta explorar i descobrir les actituds i creences d’alguns mestres de llengua anglesa de Catalunya sobre la naturalesa dels jocs i les cançons, així com el paper que juguen en les seves aules per ensenyar l’anglès als infants. Les opinions dels mestres de llengua anglesa van ser recollides mitjançant un qüestionari que contenia preguntes sobre els jocs i les cançons i els resultats s’analitzen i s’exposen en aquest estudi.

The promoter activity of human Mfn2 depends on Sp1 in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIMS: Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) expression is dysregulated in vascular proliferative disorders and its overexpression attenuates the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and neointimal lesion development after balloon angioplasty. We sought to gain insight into the mechanisms that control Mfn2 expression in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We cloned and characterized 2 kb of the 5'-flanking region of the human Mfn2 gene. Its TATA-less promoter contains a CpG island. In keeping with this, 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends revealed six transcriptional start sites (TSSs), of which TSS2 and TSS5 were the most frequently used. The strong CpG island was found to be non-methylated under conditions characterized by large differences in Mfn2 gene expression. The proximal Mfn2 promoter contains six putative Sp1 motifs. Sp1 binds to the Mfn2 promoter and its overexpression activates the Mfn2 promoter in VSMCs. Chemical inhibition of Sp1 reduced Mfn2 expression, and Sp1 silencing reduced transcriptional activity of the Mfn2 promoter. In keeping with this view, Sp1 and Mfn2 mRNA levels were down-regulated in the aorta early after an atherogenic diet in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice or in VSMCs cultured in the presence of low serum. CONCLUSION: Sp1 is a key factor in maintaining basal Mfn2 transcription in VSMCs. Given the anti-proliferative actions of Mfn2, Sp1-induced Mfn2 transcription may represent a mechanism for prevention of VSMC proliferation and neointimal lesion and development.

The promoter activity of human Mfn2 depends on Sp1 in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIMS: Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) expression is dysregulated in vascular proliferative disorders and its overexpression attenuates the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and neointimal lesion development after balloon angioplasty. We sought to gain insight into the mechanisms that control Mfn2 expression in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We cloned and characterized 2 kb of the 5'-flanking region of the human Mfn2 gene. Its TATA-less promoter contains a CpG island. In keeping with this, 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends revealed six transcriptional start sites (TSSs), of which TSS2 and TSS5 were the most frequently used. The strong CpG island was found to be non-methylated under conditions characterized by large differences in Mfn2 gene expression. The proximal Mfn2 promoter contains six putative Sp1 motifs. Sp1 binds to the Mfn2 promoter and its overexpression activates the Mfn2 promoter in VSMCs. Chemical inhibition of Sp1 reduced Mfn2 expression, and Sp1 silencing reduced transcriptional activity of the Mfn2 promoter. In keeping with this view, Sp1 and Mfn2 mRNA levels were down-regulated in the aorta early after an atherogenic diet in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice or in VSMCs cultured in the presence of low serum. CONCLUSION: Sp1 is a key factor in maintaining basal Mfn2 transcription in VSMCs. Given the anti-proliferative actions of Mfn2, Sp1-induced Mfn2 transcription may represent a mechanism for prevention of VSMC proliferation and neointimal lesion and development.

Interrogantes educativos desde la sociedad del conocimiento

La Sociedad del conocimiento y la forma como hoy gestionamos la información se han traducido en la introducción de las TICs en el sistema educativo, incorporando muchas veces la terminología (Escuela 2.0, aprendizaje digital, ) pero no los auténticos cambios que esas tecnologías han provocado en la Sociedad y, por ende, en nuestros estudiantes. En este artículo se plantean 9 de los temas más relevantes que son objeto de discusión social: la autoridad del experto cuestionada por la inteligencia colectiva, la superficialidad del conocimiento denunciada por Carr, la inestabilidad de los documentos y de sus contenidos sujetos a cambio en cualquier momento, la inabarcabilidad de la información que hace "imposible incluso al especialista estar al día", los derechos del autor y el propio concepto de autor en la era de la "segunda oralidad", la democracia informativa como alternativa al "cuarto poder", el acceso global superando fronteras, el respeto a la privacidad y la identidad digital. Frente a esos temas la escuela o la universidad introducen las tecnologías sin alterar su modelo ni sus prácticas. El objetivo final de este texto es invitar a los educadores a reflexionar sobre su práctica docente.

Polyphenol intake and mortality risk: a re-analysis of the PREDIMED trial

Background: Polyphenols may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as their beneficial effects on blood pressure, lipids and insulin resistance. However, no previous epidemiological studies have evaluated the relationship between the intake of total polyphenols intake and polyphenol subclasses with overall mortality. Our aim was to evaluate whether polyphenol intake is associated with all-cause mortality in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: We used data from the PREDIMED study, a 7,447-participant, parallel-group, randomized, multicenter, controlled five-year feeding trial aimed at assessing the effects of the Mediterranean Diet in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data from repeated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) with the Phenol-Explorer database on the polyphenol content of each reported food. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between polyphenol intake and mortality were estimated using time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Over an average of 4.8 years of follow-up, we observed 327 deaths. After multivariate adjustment, we found a 37% relative reduction in all-cause mortality comparing the highest versus the lowest quintiles of total polyphenol intake (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.12). Among the polyphenol subclasses, stilbenes and lignans were significantly associated with reduced all-cause mortality (HR =0.48; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.91; P for trend = 0.04 and HR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.97; P for trend = 0.03, respectively), with no significant associations apparent in the rest (flavonoids or phenolic acids). Conclusions: Among high-risk subjects, those who reported a high polyphenol intake, especially of stilbenes and lignans, showed a reduced risk of overall mortality compared to those with lower intakes. These results may be useful to determine optimal polyphenol intake or specific food sources of polyphenols that may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality.

Interrogantes educativos desde la sociedad del conocimiento

La Sociedad del conocimiento y la forma como hoy gestionamos la información se han traducido en la introducción de las TICs en el sistema educativo, incorporando muchas veces la terminología (Escuela 2.0, aprendizaje digital, ) pero no los auténticos cambios que esas tecnologías han provocado en la Sociedad y, por ende, en nuestros estudiantes. En este artículo se plantean 9 de los temas más relevantes que son objeto de discusión social: la autoridad del experto cuestionada por la inteligencia colectiva, la superficialidad del conocimiento denunciada por Carr, la inestabilidad de los documentos y de sus contenidos sujetos a cambio en cualquier momento, la inabarcabilidad de la información que hace "imposible incluso al especialista estar al día", los derechos del autor y el propio concepto de autor en la era de la "segunda oralidad", la democracia informativa como alternativa al "cuarto poder", el acceso global superando fronteras, el respeto a la privacidad y la identidad digital. Frente a esos temas la escuela o la universidad introducen las tecnologías sin alterar su modelo ni sus prácticas. El objetivo final de este texto es invitar a los educadores a reflexionar sobre su práctica docente.

Clínica jurídica, una forma de aprendizaje-servicio para la protección de Derechos humanos

[spa] El artículo explica los primeros pasos dados en el desarrollo del proyecto "Clínica jurídica: una forma de aprendizaje-servicio para la protección de derechos humanos" en la Universidad de Valladolid, cuyo principal objetivo consiste en la formación de juristas socialmente comprometidos.

Diversidad y Multiculturalidad

Esta ponencia se enmarca en la línea de anteriores trabajos nuestros, en los que se ha intentado ofrecer el panorama general de la investigación llevada a cabo en el campo de la diferenciación educativa, y, más en concreto de la educación intercultural. En «Diseños y metodologías de investigación desde la perspectiva de la educación intercultural » (Bartolomé, 1992), tras una breve clarificación de términos asociados a la educación multicultural, analizábamos los principales métodos de investigación y campos de estudio que se habían desarrollado a lo largo de este siglo en el ámbito mundial. En «Modelos de investigación en la intervención educativa diferencial» (Bartolomé, Cabrera, F., Espín, J., Marín, M.A., Del Rincón, D. y Rodríguez, M., 1993) nos centrábamos en un marco más amplio, intentando abordar el estado de la investigación en ese momento en cada una de las áreas temáticas, al tiempo que profundizábamos en los principales problemas metodológicos hallados.

The Influence of the media and advertising on eating disorders

This article describes a literature review of the influence of advertising and the media on Eating Disorders (ED). Research published in scientific journals in various fields of social sciences such as sychology, psychiatry and communication science has enabled us to conclude that the content displayed in the media, including advertising, are enhancers of disorders and contribute significantly to body issatisfaction in relation to the perceived idea of beauty, it also facilitates the development of weight loss strategies in women and gain of muscle mass in men.