Insuficiência Renal Crónica – Casuística de 16 Anos (1986-2001) da Unidade de Nefrologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia

Entre Janeiro 1986 e Dezembro de 2001 foram seguidos na nossa Unidade 100 doentes com Insuficiência Renal Crónica com idade igual ou inferior a 15 anos (M:F = 54:46; idade ≥ 0 ≤15 anos). A idade de detecção da doença foi inferior aos dois anos em 35% dos casos. Cinquenta e nove doentes (59%) atingiram a fase de Insuficiência Renal Terminal no decurso destes 16 anos, tendo sido transplantados 41 (69,5%), encontrando-se no final do estudo 12 (20,3%) doentes em hemodiálise, três (5,1%) em diálise peritoneal e um em preparação para indução de diálise peritoneal. Registaram-se cinco óbitos, dois dos quais ocorreram após transplantação renal. Durante o período em estudo a hemodiálise foi a primeira forma de terapêutica de substituição da função renal em 33 casos (55,9%) dos doentes que atingiram a insuficiência renal terminal. Contudo a diálise peritoneal, instituida em 24 doentes (42,1%) foi a primeira escolha em 10 ( 100%) das crianças com menos de seis anos , submetidas a terapêutica de substituição da função renal. Dos 41 doentes transplantados registaramse dois óbitos e oito rejeições, com necessidade de instituição de hemodiálise em dois casos, de diálise peritoneal noutro e de duas retransplantações.

Síndroma Nefrótico Corticorresistente

Os autores apresentam o caso clínico de uma criança de 18 meses, sexo masculino, raça branca,internada na Unidade de Nefrologia com o diagnóstico de síndroma nefrótico - crise inaugural. Atendendo à idade, aos parâmetros bioquímicos e estudo imunológico negativo, admite-se síndroma nefrótico de lesões mínimas e inicia corticoterapia na dose 60mg/m2/dia. Porqua às seis semanas mantinha edema refractário e comportava-se como corticorresistente, efectuou-se biópsia renal que revelou glomerunefrite membranosa com profileração de crescentes depósitos de IgG, IgA, IgM, C1, C3, C4, C1q, a favor da doença imunológica de base e sugestiva de nefropatia lúpica. O protocolo terapêutico foi revisto e iniciou terapêutica de seis ciclos mensais de ciclofosfamida endovenosa. A resposta clínica laboratorial foi favorável a partir do quarto ciclo e está em remissão após os seis ciclos efectuados e seguimento em ambulatório de 14 meses.

Evaluation of Bone Remodeling in Hemodialysis Patients: Serum Biochemistry, Circulating Cytokines and Bone Histomorphometry

BACKGROUND: To optimize the noninvasive evaluation of bone remodeling, we evaluated, besides routine serum markers, serum levels of several cytokines involved in bone turnover. METHODS: A transiliac bone biopsy was performed in 47 hemodialysis patients. Serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH; 1-84), total alkaline phosphatases (tAP), calcium, phosphate and aluminum (Al) were measured. Circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r) were determined using ELISA. Circulating IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were simultaneously quantified by flow cytometric immunoassay. RESULTS: Patients with low/normal bone formation rate (L/N-BFR) had significantly lower serum iPTH (p<0.001) and tAP (p<0.008) and significantly higher Al (p<0.025) than patients with high BFR. Serum calcium and phosphorus, however, did not differ (p=NS). An iPTH >300 pg/mL in association with tAP >120 U/L showed low sensitivity (58.8%) and low negative predictive value (44.0%) for the diagnosis of high BFR disease. An iPTH <300 pg/mL in association with normal or low tAP, <120 U/L, was associated with low sensitivity (66.7%) but high specificity (97.1%) for the diagnosis of L/N-BFR. Serum IL-1, IL-6, IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha were positively correlated with BFR, serum IL1-Ra and IL-10 with bone area, and by multiple regression analysis, tAP and IL-6 were independently predictive of BFR. CONCLUSIONS: Significant associations were found between several circulating cytokines and bone histomorphometry in dialysis patients. The usefulness of these determinations in the noninvasive evaluation of bone remodeling needs to be confirmed in larger dialysis populations.

Gravidez e Diálise

A gravidez nas mulheres insuficientes renais crónicas tratadas com diálise é pouco frequente, mas tem aumentado nos últimos anos e o seu prognóstico tem melhorado. Uma gravidez bem-sucedida é mais frequente nas mulheres com função residual, sobretudo se a concepção ocorre antes de iniciar diálise ou se estão em diálise há menos de 1 ano. No entanto, numa doente com insuficiência renal moderada a grave, há risco de deterioração acelerada da função renal. Os resultados são semelhantes com ambas as modalidades de substituição da função renal, hemodiálise ou diálise peritoneal. A prescrição dialítica deve visar uma ureia inferior a 100mg/dl. As complicações maternas, que incluem hipertensão, anemia, perturbações do metabolismo fósfo-cálcico e deficits nutricionais, devem ser prevenidas e/ou tratadas atempadamente. A prematuridade e as perdas fetais são frequentes. A sobrevivência do recém-nascido e o bem-estar da mãe impõem a cooperação estreita entre médicos, enfermeiros e nutricionistas das áreas da obstetrícia, nefrologia e neonatologia.

C4d Presence in Kidney Allograft Biopsy: Sensitivity and Specifity of Immunoperoxidase vs Immunofluorescence

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the sensitivity/specificity of immunoperoxidase method in comparison with the standard immunofluorescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 87 biopsies made for allograft dysfunction. Immunofluorescence (IF) was performed in frozen allograft biopsies using monoclonal antibody anti-C4d from Quidel®. The indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) technique was performed in paraffin-embebbed tissue with polyclonal antiserum from Serotec®. Biopsies were independently evaluated by two nephropathologist according Banff 2007 classification. RESULTS: By IF, peritubular C4d deposition were detected in 60 biopsies and absent in 27 biopsies. The evaluation of biopsy by IP was less precise due to the presence of background and unspecific staining. We find 13.8% (12/87) of false negative and Banff classification concordance in 79.3% (69/87) of cases (table1). The ROC curve study reveal a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 80.0 % of IP method in relation to the gold standard (area under curve:0.900; 95% Confidence interval :0.817-0.954; p=0.0001). Banff Classification C4d Cases Immunofluorescence Immunoperoxidase n =87 Diffuse Negative 3 (3.4%) Focal Negative 9 (10.3%) Negative Negative 27 (31.0%) Diffuse Diffuse 33 (37.9%) Focal Focal 9 (10.3%) Diffuse Focal 6 (6.9%) CONCLUSION: The IP method presents a good specificity, but lesser sensitivity to C4d detection in allograft dysfunction. The evaluation is more difficult, requiring more experience of the observer than IF method. If frozen tissue is unavailable, the use of IP for C4d detection is acceptable.

Decreased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression in Focal Segmental Glomeruloesclerosis Lesions of Patients Under Sirolimus

Background: Proteinuria (PT) with SRL appears not only after conversion from a calcineurin inhibitor (CI), but also in de novo patients. The PT may be related to a hemodynamic effect of CI withdrawal or to a direct effect of SRL in glomerulus (GL). Recently an association between PT in SRL patients and FSGS lesions has been described. It is also known that SRL decrease VEGF synthesis and experimental data suggest that VEGF is essential to podocyte survival and differentiation. Aim: To determine if glomerular lesions and PT in SRL patients could be related to altered glomerular VEGF expression. Material and methods: We evaluated glomerular VEGF expression in 10 biopsies: A-allograft kidney in backtable (n=3); B-native normal kidney (n=1); C-native kidney with FSGS lesions (n=2); D-allograft kidney with FSGS lesions from proteinuric patients under SRL after conversion from CI (n=3); E-allograft kidney in proteinuric patient under SRL with a membranous glomerulonephritis (n=1). We employed indirect immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded sections using a mouse monoclonal antibody against human VEGF-C1 (Santa Cruz). Results: The controls biopsies (A; B) showed normal global VEGF expression, with strong podocyte staining. The VEGF expression in the group C was similar to the controls, although no FSGS lesions were observed in the stained GL. The group D showed normal VEGF expression in the apparently normal GL, hypertrophied podocytes with reduction of VEGF in anomalous GL, and no staining in slcerotic lesions. We observed a gradual reduction of VEGF expression with progressive dedifferentiation of podocytes. In the group E the VEGF was globally reduced, with some hypertrophied podocytes expressing decreased VEGF. Conclusion: We confirmed the diminished VEGF expression in injured podocytes of SRL patients.This decreased expression may result from a direct effect of SRL and precede the appearance of FSGS lesions and PT. Further studies are needed with greater number of cases and controls, including early biopsies of patients under SRL.

Amiloidose. Caracterização Epidemiológica, Clínica e Morfológica

Introdução: A amiloidose é uma doença sistémica, cujo diagnóstico cabe frequentemente ao nefrologista. O tipo de amiloidose varia de acordo com o grau de desenvolvimento do país, com maior prevalência de amiloidose AL nos países ricos. Material e métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de todas as biopsias de rim nativo avaliadas no serviço entre 1981 e 2008. Caracterização clínica dos doentes à data da biópsia. Avaliação morfológica qualitativa do tipo de substância amiloíde por imunofluorescência e imunoperoxidase. Avaliação semi-quantitativa do grau de depósitos de acordo com a sua localização; grau de glomeruloesclerose e fibrose tubulo -interstical. Resultados: Neste período de 28 anos, observámos 202 biópsias positivas para substância amiloíde (3,5% de 5797) num total de 197 doentes (54,4% homens vs 45,5 mulheres), com idade mediana de 59,5 ± 15,6 anos. A maioria (68%) dos doentes foi biopsada por síndrome nefrótico. A insuficiência renal e as alterações assintomáticas urinárias foram os outros principais motivos de biopsia em 15 % e 7% dos casos, respectivamente. Os doentes na altura da biopsia apresentavam proteinúria mediana de 5 g/dia ± 5,4 (n=144) e creatinina mediana de 1,3 ± 1,7 mg/dl (n=150). As amiloidoses foram classificadas como AA em 51% dos casos, AL em 31,6% (25,5% lambda e 5,9% kappa) e Polineuropatia Amiloidótica Familiar em 3,5%. Não foi possível a caracterização do tipo de amilóide, por dificuldade técnica, em 12,8% das biópsias. A amiloidose revelou-se a terceira causa de síndrome nefrótico nos doentes com mais de 65 anos. Os doentes com amiloidose primária são significativamente mais velhos do que aqueles com amiloidose secundária ou PAF (65,2 vs 53,7 vs 52,7 respectivamente, p <0,05).Verificámos uma diminuição da incidência das amiloidoses AA com aumento das AL, com inversão do predomínio das AA em relação as AL a partir de 1995. Em termos morfológicos, a maioria das biópsias caracteriza-se por deposição marcada de amilóide no glomérulo (30% com +++) e nos vasos (40% com +++), com escassa deposição a nível intersticial cortical (60% sem depósitos) e medular (50% sem depósitos). Estudámos as possíveis relações entre manifestações clínicas e morfologia renal. Verificámos uma correlação positiva entre creatinina e grau de fibrose e/ou grau de deposição intersticial. Não encontrámos relação entre proteinúria e grau/local de deposição de amilóide. Conclusões: Actualmente, em Portugal, predomina a amiloidose AL, que surge em doentes mais idosos e se manifesta mais frequentemente por sindrome nefrótico. A função renal a data da biópsia correlaciona-se com o grau de fibrose tubulo-interstical renal.

Terapêutica Endovascular de Pseudoaneurisma e Fístula Arteriovenosa em Enxerto Renal

A 31 year old male Caucasian received a renal cadaveric allograft. Reconstruction of an inferior polar artery was corrected pre-implantation. Delayed graft function occurred leading to dialysis support for one month. Graft biopsies(days 7, 15) showed acute tubular necrosis(ATN) and no rejection. Serial ultrasound (US), performed on average weekly, were compatible with ATN. On day 31, Doppler US and a CAT scan suggested for the first time a pseudoaneurysm adjacent to the implantation of the graft artery on the external iliac artery. For clinical and technical reasons, arteriography was only performed on day 67, when serum creatinine was 3.3 mg/dl. It showed a large pseudoaneurysm with an arteriovenous fistula to the right common iliac vein. Compression of the right external iliac artery was clear. In an attempt to close the arteriovenous fistula, the communication with the pseudoaneurysm was embolised with gelfoam and metallic coils with partial success. One week later, by right femoral approach a covered wallstent was placed immediately below the origin of the graft artery.Subsequent Doppler US and arteriography con-firmed closure of the communication with thepseudoaneurysm and of the arteriovenous fistula. The calibre of the right external iliac artery was then normal. By month 18, serum creatinine is stable at 2.1 mg/dl. We can only speculate on the origin of thepseudoaneurysm and of the AV fistula, whichwere not evident until one month post-transplantation. Backtable surgery was performed on thepolar not the main graft artery. Invasive angiography was irreplaceable in this unusual clinical situation.

Clinical and Pathological Findings in Women with Fabry Disease

Introduction. Fabry disease is a rare metabolic disorder caused by the genetic deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase alpha-galactosidase A, located on chromosome X. Females with the defective gene are more than carriers and can develop a wide range of symptoms. Nevertheless, disease symptoms generally occur later and are less severe in women than in men. The enzyme deficiency manifests as a glycosphingolipidosis with progressive accumulation of glycosphingolipids and deposit of inclusion bodies in lysosomes giving a myelinlike appearance. Patients and Methods. Records of renal biopsies performed on adults from 1st January 2008 to 31st August 2011, were retrospectively examined at the Renal Pathology Laboratory. We retrieved biopsies diagnosed with Fabry disease and reviewed clinical and laboratory data and pathology findings. Results. Four female patients with a mean age of 49.3±4.5 (44-55) years were identified. The mean proteinuria was 0.75±0.3 g/24h (0.4-1.2) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD EPI equation) was 71±15.7 ml/min/1.73m2 (48-83). Three patients experienced extra-renal organ involvement (cerebrovascular, cardiac, dermatologic, ophthalmologic and thyroid) with distinct severity degrees. Leukocyte α-GAL A activity was below normal range in the four cases but plasma and urinary enzymatic activity was normal. Light microscopy showed predominant vacuolisation of the podocyte cytoplasm and darkly staining granular inclusions on paraffin and plastic-embedded semi-thin sections. Electron microscopy showed in three patients the characteristic myelin-like inclusions in the podocyte cytoplasm and also focal podocyte foot process effacement. In one case the inclusions were also present in parietal glomerular cells, endothelial cells of peritubular capillary and arterioles. Conclusion. Clinical signs and symptoms are varied and can be severe among heterozygous females with Fabry disease. Intracellular accumulation of glycosphingolipids is a characteristic histologic finding of Fabry nephropathy. Since this disease is a potentially treatable condition, its early identification is imperative. We should consider it in the differential diagnosis of any patient presenting with proteinuria and/or chronic kidney disease, especially if there is a family history of kidney disease.