Síndrome de Churg-Strauss, Aneurismas Femorais Venosos e Tromboembolismo Pulmonar

OBJECTIVE: Venous aneurysms of the lower limbs are rare. When they involve the deep venous system, they can be associated with deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The authors report the case of a 63-year-old women evaluated by duplex imaging and venography, in the context of a pulmonary embolism, and detected bilateral large aneurysms of the femoral veins (5 cm in the right femoral vein and 4 cm in the left femoral vein). The aneurysms were located at the bifurcation of the common femoral vein with the superficial and profound veins. METHOD: The right aneurysm was partially thrombosed. The patient was asymptomatic in the lower-limb extremities. After a period of anticoagulation, the authors proceeded to surgically excise the right aneurysm and replaced the venous system using a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft with the construction of an a-v fistula. RESULT: The patient had no complications in the postoperative period and her 8-month follow-up examination revealed no symptoms, not even leg edema. The duplex scan showed patency of the graft. She continued with oral anticoagulation. The histologic examination revealed an eosinophilic inflammatory reaction of the vein wall, compatible with the diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that they have probably described the first case in the international literature of a venous aneurysm with a Churg-Strauss syndrome and pulmonary embolism.

Lesões Traumáticas Iatrogénicas das Veias Femorais no Decurso da Cirurgia de Varizes

Traumatic lesions of the femoral veins during varicose veins surgery are very uncommon and they raise several therapeutic difficulties. They occur in 1/1000 cases of varicose veins operated. The authors describe four cases of lesions of this type that were seen and treated for the last six years, probably because there was an increase in the number of varicose veins operated on in the Lisbon area. The authors discuss the surgical options and they concluded that these complications can be minimized with good anatomical and surgical skills, specially of the saphenous-femoral and saphenous-popliteal junctions.

Modulação Eletrofisiológica das Aurículas e Veias Pulmonares: Interação da Estimulação Simpática e Parassimpática na Inducibilidade de Fibrilhação Aguda Auricular num Modelo Experimental In Vivo

A influência do sistema nervoso autónomo (SNA) na génese da fibrilhac¸ão auricular (FA) envolve múltiplos mecanismos complexos com impacto nas propriedades eletrofisiológicas cardíacas. A importância dos efeitos da estimulac¸ão autonómica no substrato elétrico auricular e das veias pulmonares (VP) e na vulnerabilidade para FA requer melhor compreensão. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da estimulac¸ão vagal (estim vag) e simpática (estim simp) aguda na condução e refratariedade das aurículas e VP e na indutibilidade de FA no coração de coelho in vivo com inervação autonómica preservada. Métodos: Estudámos 17 coelhos New Zealand de ambos os sexos. Para abordagem de «toráxaberto» procedeu-se a anestesia, entubação e ventilação após bloqueio neuro-muscular. O ECG foi obtido a partir de 3 derivações dos membros. Os eletrogramas foram registados com 4 elétrodos monopolares colocados na superfície epicárdica, distribuídos ao longo das aurículas e com um elétrodo circular adaptado à porção proximal das VP. Estimulou-se o nervo vago cervical direito e o tronco simpático torácico com elétrodos bipolares de platina. Estudámos os períodos refratários efetivos (PRE) e a condução elétrica auricular, entre a aurícula direita lateral-alta (AD) e a aurícula esquerda lateral-alta (AE), e entre AD e VP, em condições basais e durante estim vag, estim simp e estimulação autonómica combinada (dual estim). Para indução de FA, procedeu-se a pacing rápido (50 Hz, 10 s, isolado ou com estim vag, estim simp ou dual estim) com elétrodo bipolar no apêndice auricular direito (AAD), apêndice auricular esquerdo (AAE) e VP. Resultados: Em condições basais: os PRE eram maiores no AAE e registou-se um atraso na ativação da AD para as VP, comparando com a condução interauricular. Durante estim vag ou dual estim: os PRE encurtaram significativamente em todos os locais, o intervalo de condução interauricular variou de 20 ± 4 ms para 30 ± 10 ms (p < 0,05) e 31 ± 11 ms (p < 0,05),respetivamente. Com estim simp obteve-se uma redução significativa dos PRE no AAE e do tempo de condução interauricular para 16 ± 11 ms (p < 0,05). Induziu-se FA em 35 a 53% dos animais com 50 Hz, 65 a 76% com estim vagal ou estim simp, e 75 a 100% com dual estim (p < 0,05). A duração da FA aumentou significativamente durante estim vagal e/ou estim simp. Em 2/3 dos animais com indução de FA com duração >10 s a arritmia terminou imediatamente após interrupção da estim vagal. Conclusões: No coração de coelho inervado in vivo, a estimulação autonómica aguda encurta a refratariedade auricular e das VP, e modifica a velocidade de condução auricular, potenciando a indução e duração de FA. Os resultados sugerem que as variações agudas e a interação da atividade autonómica podem desempenhar um papel importante na fisiopatologia da FA.

A Rare Variant of the Ulnar Artery with Important Clinical Implications: a Case Report

BACKGROUND: Variations in the major arteries of the upper limb are estimated to be present in up to one fifth of people, and may have significant clinical implications. CASE PRESENTATION: During routine cadaveric dissection of a 69-year-old fresh female cadaver, a superficial brachioulnar artery with an aberrant path was found bilaterally. The superficial brachioulnar artery originated at midarm level from the brachial artery, pierced the brachial fascia immediately proximal to the elbow, crossed superficial to the muscles that originated from the medial epicondyle, and ran over the pronator teres muscle in a doubling of the antebrachial fascia. It then dipped into the forearm fascia, in the gap between the flexor carpi radialis and the palmaris longus. Subsequently, it ran deep to the palmaris longus muscle belly, and superficially to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, reaching the gap between the latter and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, where it assumed is usual position lateral to the ulnar nerve. CONCLUSION: As far as the authors could determine, this variant of the superficial brachioulnar artery has only been described twice before in the literature. The existence of such a variant is of particular clinical significance, as these arteries are more susceptible to trauma, and can be easily confused with superficial veins during medical and surgical procedures, potentially leading to iatrogenic distal limb ischemia.

Femoral Approach: an Exceptional Alternative for Permanent Pacemaker Implantation

The classic transvenous implantation of a permanent pacemaker in a pectoral location may be precluded by obstruction of venous access through the superior vena cava or recent infection at the implant site. When these barriers to the procedure are bilateral and there are also contraindications or technical difficulties to performing a thoracotomy for an epicardial approach, the femoral vein, although rarely used, can be a viable alternative. We describe the case of a patient with occlusion of both subclavian veins and a high risk for mini-thoracotomy or videothoracoscopy, who underwent implantation of a permanent single-chamber pacemaker via the right femoral vein.

Cirurgia Reconstrutiva das Grandes Veias Intratorácicas,a Propósito de Quatro Casos Clínicos

Trabalho apresentado na XV Reunião da SPCCTV e galardoado com o Prémio Nacional Cid dos Santos, Santa Eulália, Algarve, Novembro de 2013

Thoracic Duct Decompression for Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Failing Fontan Circulation

An infrequent but devastating late complication of Fontan circulation is protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), which results from unbalanced lymphatic homeostasis. Surgical decompression of the thoracic duct by redirecting its drainage to the pulmonary venous atrium has been introduced recently as a possible treatment. This report describes a single-institution experience with this innovative procedure in 2 patients with failing Fontan circulation with PLE refractory to optimized medical therapy.