Candidemia in Acute Leukemia Patients

Fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute leukemia (AL). Candidemia, once rare, is now a common nosocomial infection because of the intensity of chemotherapy, prolonged neutropenia, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics and use of central venous catheters (CVC). We retrospectively identified patients treated for AL from 6/86 to 6/95 who also had candidemia. We describe 28 patients (incidence 6.3%) with a median age of 39 years, 24 of whom were on remission induction and 4 on postremission chemotherapy. All patients had CVC and empiric antimicrobial therapy, 4 had been given prophylactic antifungal drugs, and 2 had parenteral nutrition. Neutropenia was profound (median leukocyte nadir 200/microliters, median duration 19 days). Candida was isolated in blood cultures 10 days (median) after the start of neutropenia. The clinical presentation included fever (100%), respiratory symptoms (71.4%), skin lesions (39.2%) and septic shock (17.8%). Amphotericin B was given to 17 patients and liposomal amphotericin to 5 patients. Infection resolved in 18 patients (64.2%). 10 of whom were in complete remission. Mortality from candidemia was 17.8% (5/28). In conclusion, fungal infections are responsible for death in a significant number of patients. In our series treatment success was related to its rapid onset and to the recovery of neutropenia.

Angiografia no Síndrome do Desfiladeiro

The thoracic outlet syndrome is a changeable clinical syndrome caused by compression of the neurovascular bundle of the upper extremity, within the cervicoaxillary channel. From April 1980 through May 1995, 24 patients with clinical thoracic outlet syndrome were evaluated by selective arteriography. The diagnosis was confirmed in seven patients, in 14 the exam was normal and in the last three cases another arterial pathology was detected--subclavian artery occlusion, subclavian artery kinking and vertebral steal syndrome. The authors' aim is to emphasize arteriography as a diagnostic exam for thoracic outlet syndrome, very useful in the detection and localization of arterial compression. It also allows the diagnosis of other arterial entities.

Factores de Risco para Asma Activa em Idade Escolar: Estudo Prospectivo com Oito Anos de Duração

A sibilância recorrente na infância é uma entidade clínica prevalente e heterogénea do pontode vista da história natural e do prognóstico. Efectuou-se um estudo prospectivo com 8 anos de duração, com o objectivo de relacionar a evolução clínica da sibilância recorrente nos primeiros anos de vida, com factores de prognóstico associados com a persistência da sintomatologia. Uma coorte de 308 crianças com sibilância recorrente, com idade ≤6 anos, foi incluída no estudo em 1993. Foi aplicado um questionário clínico, realizados testes cutâneos por prick e efectuado doseamento sérico de IgE total. Em 1996 procedeu-se a uma primeira reavaliação sistemática destas crianças. Em 2001 foi efectuada nova reavaliação sistemática, possível em 81% destas crianças (n=249), com repetição dos testes cutâneos e realização de avaliação funcional respiratória,em período intercrise, com espirometria com prova de broncodilatação (BD). As crianças reavaliadas apresentavam média etária de 11 anos (8-14 anos) e relação sexo M/F de 1.7/1. Permaneciam sintomáticas em 61% dos casos. A prevalência de atopia foi de 48% em 1993, 65% em 1996 e 75% em 2001. Pela realização de um modelo de regressão logística múltiplo foram identificados como factores de risco para asma activa em idade escolar: história pessoal de rinite alérgica (OR=15.8, IC95%=6.1-40.8; p<0.001), asma paterna (OR=7.2, IC95%=1.7-29.7; p=0.007), história pessoal de eczema atópico (OR=5.9, IC95%=2.2-15.7; p<0.001), asma materna (OR=5.4, IC95%=1.7-17.1; p=0.004), evidência de sensibilização alergénica (OR=3.4, IC95%=1.2-10.4;p=0.03) e início dos sintomas ≥2 anos de idade (OR=2.1, IC95%=1.1-4.8; p=0.04); a frequência de infantário antes dos 12 meses de idade foi identificada como factor protector (OR=0.4, IC95%=0.2- 0.9; p=0.04). Desenvolveram sensibilização alergénica de novo (ácaros do pó >80%) 66 das 128 crianças não atópicas em 1993 (52%). Apresentavam obstrução brônquica 36% das crianças: 47% das sintomáticas e 18% das assintomáticas (p<0.001). A prova de BD foi positiva em 35%: 47% nos sintomáticos e 13% nos assintomáticos (p<0.001). Concluindo, foram identificados como factores de mau prognóstico, antecedentes pessoais de doença alérgica, história parental de asma, presença de sensibilização alergénica e início dos sintomas na segunda infância. Os sintomas clínicos podem preceder em anos a sensibilização alergénica, realçando a importância da instituição precoce de medidas de controlo ambiental. Alterações nas provas funcionais respiratórias, mais frequentes nas asmas activas, estavam também presentes em crianças actualmente sem clínica, reforçando a necessidade de valorizar marcadores objectivos nesta cada vez mais prevalente doença respiratória crónica.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels Predict Morbidity and Mortality in Haemodialysis Patients

Background: Brain natriuretic peptide is a predictor of mortality in multiple cardiovascular diseases but its value in patients with chronic kidney disease is still a matter of debate. Patients and methods: We studied 48 haemodialysis patients with mean age 70.0±13.9 years,62.5% female, 43.8% diabetics, with a mean haemodialysis time of 38.1±29.3 months. To evaluate the role of brain natriuretic peptide as a prognostic factor in this population we performed a two-session evaluation of pre- and postmid-week haemodialysis plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations and correlated them with hospitalisation and overall and cardiovascular mortality over a two-year period. Results: There were no significant variations in pre– and post-haemodialysis plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations. Pre- and post-haemodialysis brain natriuretic peptide concentrations were significantly greater in patients who died from all causes(p=0.034 and p=0.001, respectively) and from cardiovascular causes (p=0.043 and p=0.001, respectively). Patients who were hospitalised in the two-year study period also presented greater pre- and posthaemodialysis brain natriuretic peptide concentrations(p=0.03 and p=0.036, respectively). Patients with mean brain natriuretic peptide concentrations ≥ 390 pg/mL showed a significantly lower survival at the end of the two-year study period. Conclusion: Brain natriuretic peptide was a good predictor of morbidity and mortality (overall and cardiovascular) in our population.

Five-Year Review of an International Clinical Research-Training Program

The exponential increase in clinical research has profoundly changed medical sciences. Evidence that has accumulated in the past three decades from clinical trials has led to the proposal that clinical care should not be based solely on clinical expertise and patient values, and should integrate robust data from systematic research. As a consequence, clinical research has become more complex and methods have become more rigorous, and evidence is usually not easily translated into clinical practice. Therefore, the instruction of clinical research methods for scientists and clinicians must adapt to this new reality. To address this challenge, a global distance-learning clinical research-training program was developed, based on collaborative learning, the pedagogical goal of which was to develop critical thinking skills in clinical research. We describe and analyze the challenges and possible solutions of this course after 5 years of experience (2008-2012) with this program. Through evaluation by students and faculty, we identified and reviewed the following challenges of our program: 1) student engagement and motivation, 2) impact of heterogeneous audience on learning, 3) learning in large groups, 4) enhancing group learning, 5) enhancing social presence, 6) dropouts, 7) quality control, and 8) course management. We discuss these issues and potential alternatives with regard to our research and background.

Evolução do Rastreio da Comunicação Interventricular

De 24 de Outubro de 1969 a 31 de Dezembro de 1986 foram observadas e seguidas por comunica ção interventricular isolada em Cardiologia Pediátrica no Hospital de Santa Marta 1274 crianças, com idade compreendida entre 3 dias e 12 anos, sem síndromes, nascidas em território nacional. Seiscentas e cinquenta e nove eram do sexo masculino e 615 do sexo feminino. Dada a importância do rastreio precoce na prevenção do estabelecimento de doença vascular pulmonar com resistência arterial pulmonar fixa foi feito o estudo evolutivo anual da idade da primeira observação. Os resultados foram favoráveis a partir de 1972, verificando-se uma melhoria progressiva com aumento do número de casos /ano e diminuição da idade do rastreio, sobretudo durante os últimos 7 anos do estudo.

Prostate Cancer: The Role of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging has been increasingly used for detection, localization and staging of prostate cancer over the last years. It combines high-resolution T2 Weighted-Imaging and at least two functional techniques, which include Dynamic Contrast–Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectroscopy. Although the combined use of a pelvic phased-array and an Endorectal Coil is considered the state-of-the-art for Magnetic Resonance Imaging evaluation of prostate cancer, Endorectal Coil is only absolute mandatory for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectroscopy at 1.5 T. Sensitivity and specificity levels in cancer detection and localization have been improving with functional technique implementation, compared to T2 Weighted-Imaging alone. It has been particularly useful to evaluate patients with abnormal PSA and negative biopsy. Moreover, the information added by the functional techniques may correlate to cancer aggressiveness and therefore be useful to select patients for focal radiotherapy, prostate sparing surgery, focal ablative therapy and active surveillance. However, more studies are needed to compare the functional techniques and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This article reviews the basic principles of prostatic mp-Magnetic Resonance Imaging, emphasizing its role on detection, staging and active surveillance of prostate cancer.

Hiperglicinémia Não Cetótica: A Propósito de Dois Casos Tratados com Dextrometorfano e Benzoato de Sódio

A hiperglicinémia não cetótica é um erro inato da degradação da glicina, resultando na sua excessiva acumulação nos tecidos corporais, designadamente no sistema nervoso central. Trata-se de uma doença muito grave e uma das terapêuticas recentemente propostas consiste na associação do dextrometorfano com o benzoato de sódio em altas doses. Admite-se a possibilidade de o dextrometorfano bloquear o complexo-canal receptor de N-metil-D-aspartato, implicado na toxicidade da hiperglicinémia ao nível do cérebro e de o benzoato reduzir os níveis de glicina, pela sua conjugação e eliminação como hipurato. Relatamos dois casos clínicos de crianças com hiperglicinémia não cetótita, actualmente com mais de 15 meses de idade, as quais foram medicadas com dextrometorfano e benzoato de sódio desde as primeiras semanas após o parto. Não obstante se ter verificado sobrevivência para além do período neonatal e aquisição de autonomia respiratória, a evolução neurológica, até à data, não tem sido satisfatória, porventura devido ao atraso no início da terapêutica.

Variation in Haemodynamic Monitoring for Major Surgery in European Nations: Secondary Analysis of the EuSOS Dataset

BACKGROUND: The use of cardiac output monitoring may improve patient outcomes after major surgery. However, little is known about the use of this technology across nations. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a previously published observational study. Patients aged 16 years and over undergoing major non-cardiac surgery in a 7-day period in April 2011 were included into this analysis. The objective is to describe prevalence and type of cardiac output monitoring used in major surgery in Europe. RESULTS: Included in the analysis were 12,170 patients from the surgical services of 426 hospitals in 28 European nations. One thousand four hundred and sixteen patients (11.6 %) were exposed to cardiac output monitoring, and 2343 patients (19.3 %) received a central venous catheter. Patients with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores were more frequently exposed to cardiac output monitoring (ASA I and II, 643 patients [8.6 %]; ASA III-V, 768 patients [16.2 %]; p < 0.01) and central venous catheter (ASA I and II, 874 patients [11.8 %]; ASA III-V, 1463 patients [30.9 %]; p < 0.01). In elective surgery, 990 patients (10.8 %) were exposed to cardiac output monitoring, in urgent surgery 252 patients (11.7 %) and in emergency surgery 173 patients (19.8 %). A central venous catheter was used in 1514 patients (16.6 %) undergoing elective, in 480 patients (22.2 %) undergoing urgent and in 349 patients (39.9 %) undergoing emergency surgery. Nine hundred sixty patients (7.9 %) were monitored using arterial waveform analysis, 238 patients (2.0 %) using oesophageal Doppler ultrasound, 55 patients (0.5 %) using a pulmonary artery catheter and 44 patients (2.0 %) using other technologies. Across nations, cardiac output monitoring use varied from 0.0 % (0/249 patients) to 27.5 % (19/69 patients), whilst central venous catheter use varied from 5.6 % (7/125 patients) to 43.2 % (16/37 patients). CONCLUSIONS: One in ten patients undergoing major surgery is exposed to cardiac output monitoring whilst one in five receives a central venous catheter. The use of both technologies varies widely across Europe.