Tetralogia de Fallot no Adulto

Os autores apresentam um caso clínico de tetralogia de Fallot num homem de 47 anos, com quadro clínico atípico desde a infância, sujeito a cirurgia correctiva com sucesso. Discutem-se o timing cirúrgico e as complicações pós-operatórias.

Head-Up Tilt Testing with Different Nitroglycerin Dosages: Experience in Elderly Patients with Unexplained Syncope

AIMS: Protocols using sublingual nitrates have been increasingly used to improve diagnostic accuracy of head-up tilt testing (HUT). Nevertheless, exaggerated responses to nitrates have been frequently described, particularly in elderly patients. The aim of this article is to evaluate, in an elderly population with unexplained syncope, whether the impact of sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG) used as a provocative agent is dose-dependent. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and twenty consecutive elderly patients submitted to HUT using NTG after an asymptomatic drug-free phase were studied. Patients were divided into three groups according to the NTG dosage: 500, 375 and 250 microg. The test was considered positive when there was reproduction of symptoms with bradycardia and/or arterial hypotension. A gradual decrease in the blood pressure after NTG was considered an exaggerated response to nitrates. There were no differences in the clinical characteristics of the different subgroups. A positive test was obtained in 50% of the patients in each group. The rate of exaggerated responses was identical in all groups and ranged between 15 and 17%. CONCLUSION: In an elderly population with syncope of unknown origin submitted to HUT, the response to NTG is not dose-dependent, and no difference was found in the rate of exaggerated responses to nitrates with different NTG dosages.

Cutis Laxa

Introdução:A cutis laxa é uma doença rara do tecido conjuntivo provocada por alterações da elastina. Caracteriza-se por pele sem elasticidade, flácida, mole e enrugada, dando aos doentes um aspecto envelhecido; o envolvimento sistémico é variável. Existem formas hereditárias e adquiridas. Relato de Caso: Lactente do sexo masculino, de seis meses de idade, no qual na sequência de internamento por bronquiolite é notado fenótipo muito sugestivo de cutis laxa, tendo o exame histopatológico cutâneo confirmado o diagnóstico. Discussão Clínica: O caso parece relevante, pela raridade da doença e por apresentar fenótipo sugestivo de cutis laxa do tipo autossómico recessivo, mas com evolução clínica mais característica da forma dominante, com melhor prognóstico.

Intraocular Pressure Correlates with Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Patients with Normal Tension Glaucoma

PURPOSE: 1. Identify differences in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) as an indirect measure of intracranial pressure (ICP) in glaucoma patients and a healthy population. 2. Identify variables that may correlate with ONSD in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. METHODS: Patients with NTG (n = 46) and POAG (n = 61), and healthy controls (n = 42) underwent B-scan ultrasound measurement of ONSD by an observer masked to the patient diagnosis. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in all groups, with additional central corneal thickness (CCT) and visual field defect measurements in glaucomatous patients. Only one eye per patient was selected. Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney were used to compare the different variables between the diagnostic groups. Spearman correlations were used to explore relationships among these variables. RESULTS: ONSD was not significantly different between healthy, NTG and POAG patients (6.09 ± 0.78, 6.03 ± 0.69, and 5.71 ± 0.83 respectively; p = 0.08). Visual field damage and CCT were not correlated with ONSD in either of the glaucoma groups (POAG, p = 0.31 and 0.44; NTG, p = 0.48 and 0.90 respectively). However, ONSD did correlate with IOP in NTG patients (r = 0.53, p < 0.001), while it did not in POAG patients and healthy controls (p = 0.86, p = 0.46 respectively). Patient's age did not relate to ONSD in any of the groups (p > 0.25 in all groups). CONCLUSIONS: Indirect measurements of ICP by ultrasound assessment of the ONSD may provide further insights into the retrolaminar pressure component in glaucoma. The correlation of ONSD with IOP solely in NTG patients suggests that the translaminar pressure gradient may be of particular importance in this type of glaucoma.

Embolisation of Prostatic Arteries as Treatment of Moderate to Severe Lower Urinary Symptoms (LUTS) Secondary to Benign Hyperplasia: Results of Short- and Mid-Term Follow-Up

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the short- and medium-term results of prostatic arterial embolisation (PAE) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: This was a prospective non-randomised study including 255 patients diagnosed with BPH and moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms after failure of medical treatment for at least 6 months. The patients underwent PAE between March 2009 and April 2012. Technical success is when selective prostatic arterial embolisation is completed in at least one pelvic side. Clinical success was defined as improving symptoms and quality of life. Evaluation was performed before PAE and at 1, 3, 6 and every 6 months thereafter with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), uroflowmetry, prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and volume. Non-spherical polyvinyl alcohol particles were used. RESULTS: PAE was technically successful in 250 patients (97.9 %). Mean follow-up, in 238 patients, was 10 months (range 1-36). Cumulative rates of clinical success were 81.9 %, 80.7 %, 77.9 %, 75.2 %, 72.0 %, 72.0 %, 72.0 % and 72.0 % at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months, respectively. There was one major complication. CONCLUSIONS: PAE is a procedure with good results for BPH patients with moderate to severe LUTS after failure of medical therapy. KEY POINTS: • Prostatic artery embolisation offers minimally invasive therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. • Prostatic artery embolisation is a challenging procedure because of vascular anatomical variations. • PAE is a promising new technique that has shown good results.

Fístula Pleuro-Cutânea 52 Anos após Oleotórax

O oleotórax foi largamente utilizado entre 1930 e 1950 como tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar. Embora tenha sido abandonado a partir da década de 50, pelo sucesso terapêutico dos antibacilares e pela evolução da cirurgia torácica, continuaram a surgir, muitos anos mais tarde, complicações. Os autores apresentam o caso clínico de um doente com 80 anos de idade, com antecedentes de tuberculose pulmonar, tratada há 52 anos com oleotórax, o qual foi internado para esclarecimento de um tumor na região infra-clavicular direita, tendo a tomografia axial computorizada revelado a existência de uma fístula pleuro-cutânea e a punção mostrado que o conteúdo era oleoso.

Avaliação da Prevalência e Caracterização da Rinossinusite em Portugal - Estudo Epidemiológico

Objectivos: Determinar a prevalência e caracterizar o perfil dos doentes com rinossinusite aguda e crónica, em Portugal Continental. Desenho do estudo: Estudo epidemiológico transversal. Metodos: Aplicação de um questionário a um grupo representativo de 5.116 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, entre os 14 e os 65 anos. Resultados: A prevalência total de rinossinusite foi de 13,7%(11,3% aguda e 2,4% crónica), sendo mais frequente em mulheres, nas faixas etárias dos 30 aos 39 anos e acima dos 60 anos, nas zonas de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo (LVT), Alentejo e Algarve. A prevalência de rinossinusite crónica é maior no Norte (50%), em inquiridos com idade media de 43 anos. A rinossinusite crónica é frequentemente acompanhada de outras patologias e sintomas e motiva mais consultas médicas do que a rinossinusite aguda. Conclusão: A sensibilização para a importância do diagnóstico correcto, ao mesmo tempo que se contraria a tendência da automedicação recorrente de relevância extrema na prevenção e tratamento da rinossinusite.

Deletions within COL11A1 in Type 2 Stickler Syndrome Detected by Multiplex Ligation - Syndrome Detected by Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA)

Background: COL11A1 is a large complex gene around 250 kb in length and consisting of 68 exons. Pathogenic mutations in the gene can result in Stickler syndrome, Marshall syndrome or Fibrochondrogenesis. Many of the mutations resulting in either Stickler or Marshall syndrome alter splice sites and result in exon skipping, which because of the exon structure of collagen genes usually leaves the message in-frame. The mutant protein then exerts a dominant negative effect as it co-assembles with other collagen gene products. To date only one large deletion of 40 kb in the COL11A1, which was detected by RT-PCR, has been characterized. However, commonly used screening protocols, utilizing genomic amplification and exon sequencing, are unlikely to detect such large deletions. Consequently the frequency of this type of mutation is unknown. Case presentations: We have used Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) in conjunction with exon amplification and sequencing, to analyze patients with clinical features of Stickler syndrome, and have detected six novel deletions that were not found by exon sequencing alone. Conclusion: Exon deletions appear to represent a significant proportion of type 2 Stickler syndrome. This observation was previously unknown and so diagnostic screening of COL11A1 should include assays capable of detecting both large and small deletions, in addition to exon sequencing.