Prácticas de Prescripción de Nutrición Parenteral Neonatal en Portugal

Introducción: La utilización de normas de orientación para la nutrición parenteral neonatal mejora la eficiencia y la seguridad de su prescripción. Objetivo: Evaluar la práctica de prescripción de nutrición parenteral neonatal en Portugal y el cumplimiento del Consenso Nacional (2008). Métodos: Encuesta de respuesta múltiple sobre la prescripción de nutrición parenteral (NP) enviada a los coordinadores de las 50 unidades de cuidados especiales neonatales portuguesas, tanto públicas como privadas, siendo 25 de nível ii y 25 de nivel iii. Resultados: Se prescribe NP en 32 unidades neonatales, habiendo 23 (71,9%) respondido la encuesta. De estas, 19 (82,6%) afirman tener como referencia el Consenso Nacional y las restantes siguen protocolos internos; 17 (73,9%) afirman preferir la prescripción mediante soporte informático. En recién nacidos pretérmino, la mayoría reporta una administración cautelosa de líquidos en la primera semana posnatal; inicio de aminoácidos desde el primer día posnatal con 1,5-3 g/kg/día y aumento hasta 3-4 g/kg/día; inicio de lípidos en los 3 días posnatales com 1 g/kg/día y aumento hasta 3 g/kg/día; administración de 40-70 mg/kg/día de calcio y fósforo, con un ratio calcio:fósforo de 1,7:1 (mg:mg), y estimación de la osmolaridad de las soluciones y control semanal de la trigliceridemia, uremia, fosforemia y función hepática. Conclusiones: Por la elevada tasa de respuesta la muestra probablemente es representativa de la práctica de prescripción de nutrición parenteral neonatal en Portugal. La mayoría de las unidades tienen como referencia el Consenso Nacional, lo que contribuye a unos mejores cuidados de los recién nacidos.

CO2 Concentration in Day Care Centres is Related to Wheezing in Attending Children

Poor ventilation at day care centres (DCCs) was already reported, although its effects on attending children are not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between wheezing in children and indoor CO2 (a ventilation surrogate marker) in DCC and to identify behaviours and building characteristics potentially related to CO2. In phase I, 45 DCCs from Lisbon and Oporto (Portugal) were selected through a proportional stratified random sampling. In phase II, 3 months later, 19 DCCs were further reassessed after cluster analysis for the greatest difference comparison. In both phases, children’s respiratory health was assessed by ISAAC-derived questionnaires. Indoor CO2 concentrations and building characteristics of the DCC were evaluated in both phases, using complementary methods. Mixed effect models were used to analyze the data. In phase I, which included 3,186 children (mean age 3.1±1.5 years), indoor CO2 concentration in the DCC rooms was associated with reported wheezing in the past 12months (27.5 %) (adjusted odds ratio (OR) for each increase of 200 ppm 1.04, 95 % CI 1:01 to 1:07). In phase II, the association in the subsample of 1,196 children seen in 19 out of the initial 45 DCCs was not significant (adjusted OR 1.02, 95 % CI 0.96 to 1.08). Indoor CO2 concentration was inversely associated with the practices of opening Windows and internal doors and with higher wind velocity. A positive trend was observed between CO2 and prevalence of reported asthma (4.7 %). Conclusion: Improved ventilation is needed to achieve a healthier indoor environment in DCC.

Prácticas de Preparación de Nutrición Parenteral Neonatal en Portugal; Comparación con las Recomendaciones Españolas

Evaluar la práctica de preparación de nutrición parenteral (NP) neonatal en Portugal y su concordancia con las recomendaciones del Consenso Español sobre Preparación de Mezclas Nutrientes Parenterales 2008. Métodos: Cuestionario electrónico sobre elementos relativos a la preparación de la NP, enviado entre junio y octubre 2009 a los farmacéuticos o enfermeros responsables de la preparación de la NP neonatal en los 50 hospitales (públicos y privados) de Portugal con unidades de cuidados especiales neonatales. Resultados: Se preparaba NP neonatal en 30 hospitales,de los que 22 (73,3%) respondieron la encuesta. En el 77% de los hospitales, la NP neonatal se preparaba en los servicios farmacéuticos y en la propia unidad neonatal en el resto. En la mayoría de hospitales se preparaba apenas en los días laborables, y la en la mitad de los casos la prescripción llegaba a los responsables en soporte digital. Los responsables identificaron diversos problemas asociados a la interpretación de la prescripción (14-41% de las NP). La práctica de la mayoría de los hospitales portugueses estaba en concordancia con el Consenso Español en documentación, instalaciones y equipamientos, recursos humanos y etiquetado. En cuanto a las soluciones, la mayoría estaba en concordancia con los plazos límite de utilización, fotoprotección, utilización de filtros terminales, control físico-químico por inspección visual y control microbiológico. Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio proporcionan un buen panorama de la práctica de preparación de la NP neonatal en Portugal. La comparación con el Consenso Español permitió identificar los puntos débiles y de mejora.

Como Organizar um Rastreio Universal da Audição Neonatal

Com o aparecimento de técnicas de rastreio da audição sensíveis, especificas e de fácil execução, é possível implementar rastreios de audição que abranjam todos os recém-nascidos. O objectivo destes programas e a detecção precoce de todas as crianças com hipoacusia significativa até aos três meses de idade, com vista a iniciar a reabilitação antes dos seis meses. Neste artigo de revisão apontam-se os passos mais importantes da organização e implementação de um Rastreio Universal da Audição Neonatal (RUAN), em três fases, descrevendo-se as opções possíveis de técnicas, equipamento e pessoal a utilizar.

Environment and Health in Children Day Care Centres (ENVIRH) - Study Rationale and Protocol

Background: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is considered an important determinant of human health. The association between exposure to volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, house dust mite, molds and bacteria in day care centers (DCC) is not completely clear. The aim of this project was to study these effects. Methods --- study design: This study comprised two phases. Phase I included an evaluation of 45 DCCs (25 from Lisbon and 20 from Oporto, targeting 5161 children). In this phase, building characteristics, indoor CO2 and air temperature/relative humidity, were assessed. A children’s respiratory health questionnaire derived from the ISAAC (International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Children) was also distributed. Phase II encompassed two evaluations and included 20 DCCs selected from phase I after a cluster analysis (11 from Lisbon and 9 from Oporto, targeting 2287 children). In this phase, data on ventilation, IAQ, thermal comfort parameters, respiratory and allergic health, airway inflammation biomarkers, respiratory virus infection patterns and parental and child stress were collected. Results: In Phase I, building characteristics, occupant behavior and ventilation surrogates were collected from all DCCs. The response rate of the questionnaire was 61.7% (3186 children). Phase II included 1221 children. Association results between DCC characteristics, IAQ and health outcomes will be provided in order to support recommendations on IAQ and children’s health. A building ventilation model will also be developed. Discussion: This paper outlines methods that might be implemented by other investigators conducting studies on the association between respiratory health and indoor air quality at DCC.

Numerical Evaluation of Ventilation Performance in Children Day Care Centres

Modelling of ventilation is strongly dependent on the physical characteristics of the building of which precise evaluation is a complex and time consuming task. In the frame of a research project, two children day care centres (CDCC) have been selected in order to measure the envelope air permeability, the flow rate of mechanical ventilation systems and indoor and outdoor temperature. The data obtained was used as input to the computer code CONTAM for ventilation simulations. The results obtained were compared with direct measurements of ventilation flow from short term measurements with CO2 tracer gas and medium term measurements with perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) gas decay method. After validation, in order to analyse the main parameters that affect ventilation, the model was used to predict the ventilation rates for a wide range of conditions. The purpose of this assessment was to find the best practices to improve natural ventilation. A simple analytical method to predict the ventilation flow rate of rooms is also presented. The method is based on the estimation of wind effect on the room through the evaluation of an average factor and on the assessment of relevant cross section of gaps and openings combined in series or in parallel. It is shown that it may be applied with acceptable accuracy for this type of buildings when ventilation is due essentially to wind action.

Síndrome de Rubinstein-Taybi. Um Caso Clínico de Apresentação no Período Neonatal

Os autores descrevem um caso de Síndrome de Rubinstein-Taybi em que as características faciais e os polegares alargados permitiram o diagnóstico na primeira semana de vida. Salientam na evolução as infecções respiratórias de repetição, o atraso psicomotor e estaturo ponderal. Discutem as prováveis formas de transmissão deste síndrome.

The Intensive Care Global Study on Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (IC-GLOSSARI): a Multicenter, Multinational, 14-Day Inception Cohort Study

PURPOSE: In this prospective, multicenter, 14-day inception cohort study, we investigated the epidemiology, patterns of infections, and outcome in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) as a result of severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs). METHODS: All patients admitted to one of 206 participating ICUs during two study weeks, one in November 2013 and the other in January 2014, were screened. SARI was defined as possible, probable, or microbiologically confirmed respiratory tract infection with recent onset dyspnea and/or fever. The primary outcome parameter was in-hospital mortality within 60 days of admission to the ICU. RESULTS: Among the 5550 patients admitted during the study periods, 663 (11.9 %) had SARI. On admission to the ICU, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were found in 29.6 and 26.2 % of SARI patients but rarely atypical bacteria (1.0 %); viruses were present in 7.7 % of patients. Organ failure occurred in 74.7 % of patients in the ICU, mostly respiratory (53.8 %), cardiovascular (44.5 %), and renal (44.6 %). ICU and in-hospital mortality rates in patients with SARI were 20.2 and 27.2 %, respectively. In multivariable analysis, older age, greater severity scores at ICU admission, and hematologic malignancy or liver disease were independently associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death, whereas influenza vaccination prior to ICU admission and adequate antibiotic administration on ICU admission were associated with a lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: Admission to the ICU for SARI is common and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. We identified several risk factors for in-hospital death that may be useful for risk stratification in these patients.

Different in Vivo Reactivity Profile in Health Care Workers and Patients with Spina Bifida to Internal and External Latex Glove Surface-Derived Allergen Extracts

BACKGROUND: Allergy to natural rubber latex is a well-recognized health problem, especially among health care workers and patients with spina bifida. Despite latex sensitization being acquired in health institutions in both health care workers and patients with spina bifida, differences in allergen sensitization profiles have been described between these two risk groups. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vivo reactivity of health care workers and patients with spina bifida to extracts of internal and external surfaces of latex gloves and also to specific extracts enriched in major allergens for these risk groups. METHODS: Gloves from different manufacturers were used for protein extraction, and salt precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) were applied to obtain the enriched latex extracts. The major latex allergens were quantified by an enzyme immunoassay. The extracts obtained were tested in 14 volunteers using skin prick tests (SPT). RESULTS: Latex glove extracts enriched in the hydrophobic allergens that are most often seen in patients with spina bifida were obtained by selective precipitation, whereas HIC produced extracts enriched in the hydrophilic allergens commonly found in health care workers. The health care workers had positive SPTs to glove extracts from internal surfaces and to the hydrophilic allergen-enriched extracts. By contrast, patients with spina bifida had larger skin reactions both to external glove extracts and to the extracts enriched with the hydrophobic major allergens for this risk group. Despite the protein concentration of these extracts being less than half the concentration of the commercial extract, the weal-and-flare reactions were of similar magnitude. CONCLUSION: Using novel latex extracts, our study showed a different in vivo reactivity pattern in health care workers and in patients with spina bifida to extracts of the internal and external surfaces of gloves, which suggests that sensitization may occur by different routes of exposure, and that this influences the allergen reactivity profiles of these risk groups

Fractures in Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida: The Experience of a Portuguese Tertiary-Care Hospital

AIM: The morbidity associated with osteoporosis and fractures in children and adolescents with spina bifida highlights the importance of osteoporosis prevention and treatment in these patients. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence and pattern of bone fractures in paediatric patients with spina bifida. METHOD: We reviewed the data of all paediatric patients with spina bifida who were treated in our centre between 1999 and 2008. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients were included in the study (63 females, 50 males; mean age 10y 8mo, SD 4y 10mo, range 6mo-18y). The motor levels were thoracic in six, upper lumbar in 22, lower lumbar in 42, and sacral in 43 patients. Of the 113 patients, 58 (51.3%) had shunted hydrocephalus. Thirty-six (31.8%) were non-ambulatory (wheelchair-dependent [unable to self-propel wheelchair] n=3, wheelchair-independent [able to self-propel wheelchair] n=33), 13 were partial ambulators, 61 were full ambulators, and three were below the age of walking. Forty-five fractures were reported in 25 patients. The distal femur was the most common fracture site. Statistical analyses showed that patients with higher levels of involvement and in wheelchairs had a significantly increased risk of having a [corrected] fracture (p<0.001). Spontaneous fractures were the principal mechanism of injury, and an association was identified between fracture mechanism, type of ambulation, and lesion level: the fractures of patients with higher levels of motor functioning and those in wheelchairs were mainly pathological (p=0.01). We identified an association between risk of a second fracture, higher motor level lesion, and non-ambulation. There was an increased risk of having a second fracture after a previous spontaneous fracture (p=0.004). INTERPRETATION: Data in this study indicate a high prevalence of fractures in patients with spina bifida.