Tromboembolismo Pulmonar Associado a Infecção VIH

A presença de anticorpos antifosfolípidos é frequente em doentes com infecção VIH principalmente em fases avançadas da doença. Apesar da elevada prevalência de anticorpos antifosfolípidos, a sua associação a fenómenos trombóticos é rara, estando apenas descritos alguns casos. Os autores apresentam um caso clínico cuja manifestação inaugural de uma infecção VIH foi um tromboembolismo pulmonar associado á presença de anticoagulante lúpico.

ABO-Incompatible Liver Transplantation in Acute Liver Failure: A Single Portuguese Center Study

INTRODUCTION: ABO-incompatible liver transplantation (ABOi LT) is considered to be a rescue option in emergency transplantation. Herein, we have reported our experience with ABOi LT including long-term survival and major complications in these situations. PATIENT AND METHODS: ABOi LT was performed in cases of severe hepatic failure with imminent death. The standard immunosuppression consisted of basiliximab, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil. Pretransplantation patients with anti-ABO titers above 16 underwent plasmapheresis. If the titer was above 128, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was added at the end of plasmapheresis. The therapeutic approach was based on the clinical situation, hepatic function, and titer evolution. A rapid increase in titer required five consecutive plasmapheresis sessions followed by administration of IVIG, and at the end of the fifth session, rituximab. RESULTS: From January 2009 to July 2012, 10 patients, including 4 men and 6 women of mean age 47.8 years (range, 29 to 64 years), underwent ABOi LT. At a mean follow-up of 19.6 months (range, 2 days to 39 months), 5 patients are alive including 4 with their original grafts. One patient was retransplanted at 9 months. Major complications were infections, which were responsible for 3 deaths due to multiorgan septic failure (2 during the first month); rejection episodes (4 biopsy-proven of humoral rejections in 3 patients and 1 cellular rejection) and biliary. CONCLUSION: The use of ABOi LT as a life-saving procedure is justifiable in emergencies when no other donor is available. With careful recipient selection close monitoring of hemagglutinins and specific immunosuppression we have obtained acceptable outcomes.

Transplant Glomerulopathy: Clinico-Pathologic Features

Transplant glomerulopathy is a sign of chronic kidney allograft damage. It has a distinct morphology and is associated with poor allograft survival. We aimed to assess the prevalence and clinic-pathologic features of transplant glomerulopathy, as well as determine the functional and histological implications of its severity. We performed a single-centre retrospective observational study during an eight-year period. Kidney allograft biopsies were diagnosed and scored according to the Banff classification, coupled with immunofluorescence studies. The epidemiology, clinical presentation, outcomes (patient and graft survival) and anti-HLA alloantibodies were evaluated. Transplant glomerulopathy was diagnosed in 60 kidney transplant biopsies performed for clinical reasons in 49 patients with ABO compatible renal transplant and a negative T-cell complement dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch at transplantation. The estimated prevalence of transplant glomerulopathy was 7.4% and its cumulative prevalence increased over time. C4d staining in peritubular capillaries (27.6%) was lower than the frequency of anti-HLA antibodies (72.5%), the majority against both classes I and II. Transplant glomerulopathy was associated with both acute (mainly glomerulitis and peritubular capillaritis) and chronic histologic abnormalities. At diagnosis, 30% had mild, 23.3% moderate and 46.7% severe transplant glomerulopathy. The severity of transplant glomerulopathy was associated with the severity of interstitial fibrosis. Other histological features, as well as clinical manifestations and graft survival, were unrelated to transplant glomerulopathy severity.

Infliximab in Recalcitrant Generalized Pustular Arthropatic Psoriasis

Generalized pustular psoriasis is an unstable inflammatory type of psoriasis, with widespread areas of erythema and sterile pustules, associated with fever and systemic symptoms. Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody with anti-TNFalpha activity, approved for use in psoriasis. We describe a male patient with a long history of stable arthropathic psoriasis, hospitalized with a generalized pustular psoriasis and acute exacerbation of articular complaints. The disease was resistant to multiple therapies (acitretin, methotrexate and corticosteroids), so the patient was started on infliximab, with a very rapid response of both cutaneous and articular symptoms. He had complete clearing of lesions at week 12, and marked improvement of the articular symptoms. No recurrence occurred at 8 months of follow-up with infliximab every 8 weeks. Infliximab had an extremely rapid therapeutic action response on a recalcitrant generalized pustular psoriasis. The articular response was also excellent, with significant improvement of quality of life.

The Role of the Humoral Immune Response in the Molecular Evolution of the Envelope C2, V3 and C3 Regions in Chronically HIV-2 Infected Patients

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate, for the first time, the short-term molecular evolution of the HIV-2 C2, V3 and C3 envelope regions and its association with the immune response. Clonal sequences of the env C2V3C3 region were obtained from a cohort of eighteen HIV-2 chronically infected patients followed prospectively during 2-4 years. Genetic diversity, divergence, positive selection and glycosylation in the C2V3C3 region were analysed as a function of the number of CD4+ T cells and the anti-C2V3C3 IgG and IgA antibody reactivity RESULTS: The mean intra-host nucleotide diversity was 2.1% (SD, 1.1%), increasing along the course of infection in most patients. Diversity at the amino acid level was significantly lower for the V3 region and higher for the C2 region. The average divergence rate was 0.014 substitutions/site/year, which is similar to that reported in chronic HIV-1 infection. The number and position of positively selected sites was highly variable, except for codons 267 and 270 in C2 that were under strong and persistent positive selection in most patients. N-glycosylation sites located in C2 and V3 were conserved in all patients along the course of infection. Intra-host variation of C2V3C3-specific IgG response over time was inversely associated with the variation in nucleotide and amino acid diversity of the C2V3C3 region. Variation of the C2V3C3-specific IgA response was inversely associated with variation in the number of N-glycosylation sites. CONCLUSION: The evolutionary dynamics of HIV-2 envelope during chronic aviremic infection is similar to HIV-1 implying that the virus should be actively replicating in cellular compartments. Convergent evolution of N-glycosylation in C2 and V3, and the limited diversification of V3, indicates that there are important functional constraints to the potential diversity of the HIV-2 envelope. C2V3C3-specific IgG antibodies are effective at reducing viral population size limiting the number of virus escape mutants. The C3 region seems to be a target for IgA antibodies and increasing N-linked glycosylation may prevent HIV-2 envelope recognition by these antibodies. Our results provide new insights into the biology of HIV-2 and its relation with the human host and may have important implications for vaccine design.

Análise das Serologias para Infeções do Grupo TORCH e do Rastreio para Streptococcus do Grupo B na População de Grávidas de uma Maternidade

Introdução: O rastreio para doenças de transmissão vertical na gravidez contribuiu para a melhoria dos cuidados perinatais. Objectivo: Avaliar o resultado de serologias para infeções do grupo TORCH e do rastreio para Streptococcus do grupo B (SGB) numa amostra de grávidas de uma maternidade, estudar a influência da idade e da nacionalidade, e identificar casos de infecção congénita. Material e Métodos: Estudo não probabilístico de prevalência de imunidade e infecção durante a gravidez. Resultados: Registámos 9508 serologias TORCH e 2639 resultados de rastreio para SGB. A taxa de imunidade para rubéola foi 93,3%, significativamente mais elevada em portuguesas; 25,7% das mulheres tinham IgG positiva para Toxoplasma goondii; a taxa foi mais elevada nas mulheres mais velhas e entre estrangeiras; encontrámos IgG positiva para vírus citomegálico humano (CMV) em 62,4%; não houve variação com a idade. O VDRL foi reactivo em 0,5%; 2,3% das mães tinham AgHBs positivo, mais frequente nas estrangeiras; 1,4% tinha anticorpos para o vírus da hepatite C e 0,7% tinha VIH positivo. Não houve casos declarados de infeção congénita; 13,9% das mulheres eram portadoras de SGB. Discussão: A elevada taxa de imunidade para a rubéola é resultado da política nacional de vacinação. A baixa taxa de imunidade para a toxoplasmose torna mais dispendioso o seguimento das grávidas. A elevada prevalência do CMV está de acordo com o encontrado na comunidade. Para algumas infeções foram encontradas diferenças de acordo com a nacionalidade. Conclusão: O conhecimento da imunidade e infecção na população é um instrumento importante para o planeamento dos rastreios durante a gravidez.

Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Envelope in the First Years of Infection is Associated with the Dynamics of the Neutralizing Antibody Response

Background: Differently from HIV-1, HIV-2 disease progression usually takes decades without antiretroviral therapy and the majority of HIV-2 infected individuals survive as elite controllers with normal CD4+ T cell counts and low or undetectable plasma viral load. Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) are thought to play a central role in HIV-2 evolution and pathogenesis. However, the dynamic of the Nab response and resulting HIV-2 escape during acute infection and their impact in HIV-2 evolution and disease progression remain largely unknown. Our objective was to characterize the Nab response and the molecular and phenotypic evolution of HIV-2 in association with Nab escape in the first years of infection in two children infected at birth. Results: CD4+ T cells decreased from about 50% to below 30% in both children in the first five years of infection and the infecting R5 viruses were replaced by X4 viruses within the same period. With antiretroviral therapy, viral load in child 1 decreased to undetectable levels and CD4+ T cells recovered to normal levels, which have been sustained at least until the age of 12. In contrast, viral load increased in child 2 and she progressed to AIDS and death at age 9. Beginning in the first year of life, child 1 raised high titers of antibodies that neutralized primary R5 isolates more effectively than X4 isolates, both autologous and heterologous. Child 2 raised a weak X4-specific Nab response that decreased sharply as disease progressed. Rate of evolution, nucleotide and amino acid diversity, and positive selection, were significantly higher in the envelope of child 1 compared to child 2. Rates of R5-to-X4 tropism switch, of V1 and V3 sequence diversification, and of convergence of V3 to a β-hairpin structure were related with rate of escape from the neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion: Our data suggests that the molecular and phenotypic evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope are related with the dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response providing further support for a model in which Nabs play an important role in HIV-2 pathogenesis.

Atypical Case of Mediterranean Spotted Fever

The authors present a case of atypical severe (malignant) Mediterranean spotted fever, with a brief review on the subject. Although not previously described in Brazil, the possibility of imported cases, especially from Portuguese tourists, is real. This case report highlights the severe form of the disease and the possibility of atypical presentation with confounding differential diagnosis. A brief review of classical presentation is also done. The authors believe it is a valid paper and a good contribution to your Journal of Infectious Diseases. The content of the manuscript represents the views of the coauthors, and neither the corresponding author nor the coauthors have submitted duplicate or overlapping manuscripts elsewhere.

Exacerbation of Recalcitrant Cutaneous Sarcoidosis with Adalimumab - a Paradoxical Effect? A Case Report

The paradoxical adverse effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antagonists have been described frequently as a result of the widespread use of these drugs. Among the TNF-alpha blocking agents, few reports exist relating the use of adalimumab in cutaneous sarcoidosis, although all of them show good results. More recently, sarcoidosis onsets have been reported with various TNF-alpha inhibitors. The current case is, to our knowledge, the first to describe the exacerbation of cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis treated with adalimumab.

Pré-Eclâmpsia de Causa Vascular: Será Possível a sua Profilaxia com Extracto de Ginkgo Biloba? Fundamentos Teóricos

O autor começa por descrever os aspectos normais do processo de placentação que se encontram alterados na pré-eclâmpsia. Os efeitos desse defeito reflectem-se no aumento da resistência vascular das artérias uterinas e que pode ser detectado ecograficamente (é assumido como possível método de rastreio às 23 semanas de gestação). São analisadas relações entre pré-eclâmpsia e síndroma de HELLP, síndroma dos anticorpos anti-fosfolípidos (SAAF) e atraso de crescimento intra-uterino (ACIU). Comentam-se as tentativas de prevenção de pré-eclâmpsia com ácido acetil salicílico (AAS) e com cálcio. São analisados os efeitos de vários agentes anti-hipertensivos na hemodinâmica uterina e fetal. É feita uma introdução da Ginkgo biloba, dos motivos que levam a escolhê-la como um bom candidato à terapêutica preventiva do desenvolvimento da pré-eclâmpsia, analisando os seus mecanismos de acção, a farmacodinâmica, as doses habitualmente utilizadas e a sua segurança. Por fim sugerem-se alguns critérios para investigar clinicamente os efeitos do extracto de Ginkgo biloba (EGB 761).

Yersínia Enterocolítica. Estudo da Seroprevalência e Apresentação de 3 Casos Clínicos

A Yersínia enterocolítica é um bacilo gram negativo que emergiu na últimas duas décadas como importante patogénico entérico, associado a um largo espectro de manifestações clínicas. Os autores apresentam um estudo da sua seroprevalência em 200 doentes hospitalizados e descrevem 3 casos clínicos curiosos desta infecção, incluindo um caso grave de endocardite.

Contracepção em Doenças Auto-Imunes

Apesar do conhecimento do envolvimento dos estrogénios na fisiopatologia das doenças auto-imunes, continuamos a utilizar os contraceptivos orais (CO) estroprogestativos nestas doenças como se ainda tivessem as formulações iniciais de alta dosagem. Do conhecimento do mecanismo de intervenção dos estrogénios no sistema imunitário destacam-se a detecção de receptores estrogénicos nas células imunitárias, influência estrogénica na produção de citocinas e expressão de proto-oncogenes envolvidos na apoptose. Na artrite reumatóide, os CO poderão ter um papel protector no desenvolvimento da doença, apesar desta ter uma incidência maior no sexo feminino. No Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (LES) estudou-se o papel dos CO com estrogénios na exacerbação da doença e no agravamento do risco trombótico existente. Assim, os CO estroprogestativos de baixa dosagem estão permitidos nas mulheres com LES em remissão ou com actividade moderada, sem anticorpos anti-fosfolípidos, sem antecedentes pessoais de tromboembolismo, sem atingimento renal grave, não fumadoras e normotensas. Existem outras alternativas contraceptivas aconselhadas para os restantes casos, nomeadamente a contracepção injectável, progestativos orais ou em implantes, dispositivo intra-uterino, laqueação tubária e vasectomia.

Hematúria Monossintomática Idiopática

A Hematúria monossintomática idiopática é definida como a expressão clínica de uma doença glomerular que se reveste de uma grande variedade de alterações estruturais. São revistos os critérios de diagnóstico, os mecanismos patogénicos envolvidos, assim como os padrões histológicos encontrados. Ressalta-se a baixa agressividade da doença que poderá resultar de características próprias do sistema imunitário e acentua-se a dúvida quanto à sua benignidade sob o ponto de vista do prognóstico. A Biópsia Renal não está sistematicamente indicada devendo ser reservada para os casos cujos critérios selectivos são definidos. Em conclusão, sugere-se uma atitude de prudente expectativa no follow-up da doença, quer esperando o aparecimento de novos sinais que incriminem uma etiologia, quer observando a evolução da função renal e a sua eventual deterioração que exijam uma reavaliação da estratégia terapêutica.