Desigualdades socioeconómicas na doença cardiovascular em Portugal : estudo baseado no 4º Inquérito Nacional de Saúde

RESUMO - Em Portugal, as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), incluindo o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e a doença cardíaca isquémica (DCI), são das principais causas de morbi-mortalidade e invalidez. Sabe-se que o nível socioeconómico (NSE) influencia o estado de saúde, todavia são escassas as evidências sobre as desigualdades socioeconómicas na DCV em Portugal. O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição da DCV de acordo com o NSE na população portuguesa. Foi realizado um estudo transversal exploratório-descritivo usando a base de dados do 4º Inquérito Nacional de Saúde, 2005/06. As desigualdades socioeconómicas nas DCV, AVC e DCI, factores de risco [sedentarismo, hipertensão arterial (HTA), diabetes mellitus (DM), tabagismo, obesidade e sofrimento psicológico (Mental Health Inventory ≤ 52)] e número de consultas médicas, foram analisadas através dos odds ratio por NSE (rendimento familiar equivalente, escala modificada da OCDE) com intervalo de confiança de 95% e dos índices e curvas de concentração. Dos 21 807 indivíduos, 53,34% são do sexo feminino, a idade média é de 54±11 e entre 35 e 74 anos. A DCV, a DCI, o AVC, a HTA, a DM e a obesidade estão associados com NSE mais baixos, o tabagismo está associado aos NSE mais elevados, enquanto o sedentarismo, o número de consultas médicas e o sofrimento psicológico não apresentam associação significativa com o NSE. Os resultados revelam a associação entre os estilos de vida, morbilidade e NSE e demonstram que são necessárias políticas de saúde mais abrangentes, de acordo com as características individuais, culturais e socioeconómicas e dirigidas à promoção da saúde e prevenção da doença. -------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT - Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including stroke and ischemic heart disease (IHD), are the leading causes of morbidity, mortality and disability in Portugal. It is known that socioeconomic status (SES) influences health status; however there is little evidence about socioeconomic inequalities in CVD in Portugal. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of CVD according to SES in the Portuguese population. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive exploratory study using the database of the 4th National Survey of Health, 2005/06. Socioeconomic inequalities in CVD, stroke, IHD, risk factors [physical inactivity, arterial hypertension (AHT), diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, obesity and psychological distress (Mental Health Inventory ≤ 52)], as well as the number of medical visits, were analyzed by SES (family income using the OECD modified equivalent scale) using odds ratio (confidence interval = 95%), and concentration curves and indices. Of the 21 807 individuals, 53.34% are female, aged between 35 and 74 with mean 54 ± 11 years. CVD, IHD, stroke, AHT, MD and obesity are associated with lower SES, smoking is associated with higher SES, while physical inactivity, number of medical visits and psychological distress showed no significant association with SES. Results suggest an association between lifestyle, morbidity and SES. They also demonstrate the need for comprehensive health strategies, involving health promotion and disease prevention, that incorporate individual, cultural and socioeconomic characteristics.

Hybrid systems biology: application to Escherichia coli

Dissertation presented to obtain a Master degree in Biotechnology

Maximum likelihood detection for OFDM signals with strong nonlinear distortion effects

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Physical and chemical assessment of lime–metakaolin mortars: Influence of binder:aggregate ratio

Cement & Concrete Composites 45 (2014) 264–271

Ratio Studiorum, do ensino tutorial ao ensino em sala de aula

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ensino da Filosofia no Ensino Secundário

Studies towards modified chitooligosaccharides: a new approach to NAG-NAM moiety

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Bioorgânica

Is the Basel III Leverage Ratio countercyclical? A study for Portuguese banks

This work analyses how the leverage ratio behaves through the cycle, vis-à-vis other capital ratios. For a sample of the largest Portuguese banks, the Basel III leverage ratio is indeed countercyclical. This result is relevant from a regulatory perspective, since the introduction of a limit on the leverage ratio will function as a restriction in the banks’ balance sheet size, reducing the economic costs associated with the excessive growth of leverage in periods of economic expansion followed by aggressive deleveraging in the downturn. However, one cannot exclude that restrictions on banks’ leverage incentivize its transference to less regulated intermediaries.

Analysis and implementation of a multi-ratio switched capacitor DC-DC converter for a supercapacitor power supply

An energy harvesting system requires an energy storing device to store the energy retrieved from the surrounding environment. This can either be a rechargeable battery or a supercapcitor. Due to the limited lifetime of rechargeable batteries, they need to be periodically replaced. Therefore, a supercapacitor, which has ideally a limitless number of charge/discharge cycles can be used to store the energy; however, a voltage regulator is required to obtain a constant output voltage as the supercapacitor discharges. This can be implemented by a Switched-Capacitor DC-DC converter which allows a complete integration in CMOS technology, although it requires several topologies in order to obtain a high efficiency. This thesis presents the complete analysis of four different topologies in order to determine expressions that allow to design and determine the optimum input voltage ranges for each topology. To better understand the parasitic effects, the implementation of the capacitors and the non-ideal effect of the switches, in 130 nm technology, were carefully studied. With these two analysis a multi-ratio SC DC-DC converter was designed with an output power of 2 mW, maximum efficiency of 77%, and a maximum output ripple, in the steady state, of 23 mV; for an input voltage swing of 2.3 V to 0.85 V. This proposed converter has four operation states that perform the conversion ratios of 1/2, 2/3, 1/1 and 3/2 and its clock frequency is automatically adjusted to produce a stable output voltage of 1 V. These features are implemented through two distinct controller circuits that use asynchronous time machines (ASM) to dynamically adjust the clock frequency and to select the active state of the converter. All the theoretical expressions as well as the behaviour of the whole system was verified using electrical simulations.

CEO overconfidence and leverage ratio: Evidence from the founder members of Mila

The study investigates the impact of the managerial overconfidence bias on the capital structure of a sample of 78 firms from Chile, Peru and Colombia, during the years 1996-2014. We infer that there is a positive relation between the leverage ratio and a) the overconfidence; b) the experience and c) the male gender of the executive. Overconfidence is measured according to the status of the CEO (entrepreneur or not-entrepreneur) and the hypotheses are tested through dynamic panel data model. The empirical results show a highly significant positive correlation between overconfidence and leverage ratio and between gender and leverage ratio while, in contrast, the relation between experience and leverage ratio is negative.

Fuel switching

The present Master dissertation is a project whose main objective is to identify value creation opportunities through fuel switching in the Portuguese industry, services, agriculture and fishing sectors. Fuel switching opportunities are characterized by type of fuel transition, type of technology transition, economy subsectors prone to have fuel switching and value created through fuel shift. Results suggest tomato concentrate, dairy, beer manufacturing and sugar refining subsectors is where prevalence of fuel oil steam boilers is high, for such cases conversion to natural gas steam boilers should result in operations having a ratio of NPV over CAPEX larger than ten and a payback period just under one year. Results further suggest food, beverages, textile, chemicals and wood subsectors currently operate between ten and twenty cogeneration Diesel engines that can be either modified to operate with natural gas or replaced by new natural gas cogeneration systems. Financial modeling indicates that both options have great value creation potential. The current analysis aims to be used by natural gas suppliers and energy project promoters to identify new potential deals as well as by heavy energy consumers to mitigate their energy related costs.