On and off air: an ethnographic exploration of minority radio in Portugal

Taking a Media Anthropology���s approach to dynamics of mediated selfrepresentation in migratory contexts, this thesis starts by mapping radio initiatives produced by, for and/or with migrants in Portugal. To further explore dynamics of support of initial settlement in the country, community-making, cultural reproduction, and transnational connectivity - found both in the mapping stage and the minority media literature (e.g. Kosnick, 2007; Rigoni & Saitta, 2012; Silverstone & Georgiou, 2005) - a case study was selected: the station awarded with the first bilingual license in Portugal. The station in question caters largely to the British population presenting themselves as ���expats��� and residing in the Algarve. The ethnographic strategy to research it consisted of ���following the radio��� (Marcus, 1995) beyond the station and into the events and establishments it announces on air, so as to relate production and consumption realms. The leading research question asks how does locally produced radio play into ���expats��� processes of management of cultural identity ��� and what are the specificities of its role? Drawing on conceptualizations of lifestyle migration (Benson & O���Reilly, 2009), production of locality (Appadurai 1996) and the public sphere (Butsch, 2007; Calhoun & et al, 1992; Dahlgren, 2006), this thesis contributes to valuing radio as a productive gateway to research migrants��� construction of belonging, to inscribe a counterpoint in the field of minority media, and to debate conceptualizations of migratory categories and flows. Specifically, this thesis argues that the station fulfills similar roles to other minority radio initiatives but in ways that are specific to the population being catered to. Namely, unlike other minority stations, radio facilitates the process of transitioning between categories along on a continuum linking tourists and migrants. It also reflects and participates in strategies of reterritorialization that rest on functional and partial modes of incorporation. While contributing to sustain a translocality (Appadurai, 1996) it indexes and fosters a stance of connection that is symbolically and materially connected to the UK and other ���neighborhoods��� but is, simultaneously, oriented to engaging with the Algarve as ���home���. Yet, besides reifying a British cultural identity, radio���s oral, repetitive and ephemeral discourse particularly trivializes the reproduction of an ambivalent stance of connection with place that is shared by other ���expats���. This dynamic is related to migratory projects driven by social imaginaries fostered by international media that stimulate the search for idealized ways of living, which the radio associates with the Algarve. While recurrently localizing and validating the narrative projecting an idealized ���good life���, radio amplifies dynamics among migrants that seem to reaffirm the migratory move as a good choice.

Estudo Estratigr��fico e Paleontol��gico do Jur��ssico do Algarve Ocidental

Algarve Province, Southern Portugal, corresponds in part to a meso-cenozoic basin running along the coast from Cabo S. Vicente to beyond Spanish border. Structurally it is a big monocline plunging southwards much deformed mainly by two East-West longitudinal flexures. Lithostratigraphical and chronostratigraphical studies dealt specially with Jurassic formations. This and the geological mapping of the post-Hercynian sedimentary formations allow us to define the following units: Triassic-Lower Liassic Arenitos de Silves (Silves sandstones sensu P. Choffat, pro parte) - At their base the Silves sandstones (0-150m) are represented mainly by cross-bedded red sandstones. This unit is Upper Triassic (Keuper) in age, on the evidence of some Brachiopoda. Complexo margo-carbonatado de Silves (Silves marl-limestone complex=Silves sandstones sensu P. Choffat, pro parte) (80-200m) overlies the preceding, it may be reported to the Upper Triassic-Hettangian. It consists of a thick pelite-marl-dolomite-limestone series with many intercalations of greenstones. Since no fossils were found it is not possible to conclude whether it is still Hettangian or if it does correspond, in the whole or in part, already to the Sinemurian. Liassic Dolomitos e calc��rios dolom��ticos de Espiche (Espiche dolomite-rocks and dolomitic-limestones) - The usually massive and finely crystalline or saccharoidal dolomites and dolomitic-limestones are the toughest strata of the Algarve margin giving rise to several hills. Its thickness attains in certain points 60 metres at least. Based on geometry and on lithological similarities with the carbonated complex of the northern basin of Tagus river (Peniche, S��o Pedro de Muel, Quiaios), this formation can be accepted as Sinemurian in age. As it happens with the carbonated complex, here also the first dolomite beds are non-isochronal throughout the region; upper time-limit of the dolomitic facies is either Lower Carixian, Lower Toarcian or even Lower Dogger. The dolomitization is secondary but not much later than sedimentation. However, between Cabo S. Vicente-Vila do Bispo there is evidence of an even later secondary dolomitization related to the regional fault complex. Calc��rio dolom��tico com n��dulos de silex da praia de Belixe (Belixe beach dolomitic-limestone with silex nodules) (50-55m) - Ascribed to Lower or Middle Carixian on the basis of Platypleuroceras sp., Metaderoceras sp. nov. and M. gr. Venarense. Calc��rio cristalino compacto com Protogrammoceras, Fuciniceras e ? Argutarpites de Belixe (Belixe compact crystalline limestone with Protogrammoceras, Fuciniceras and ? Argutarpites) (30m) - Ascribed to Lower Domerian. Middle and Upper Domerian are indicated but by a single specimen of ? Argutarpites. Calc��rios margosos e margas com Dactylioceras semicelatum e Harpocerat��deos de Arma����o Nova (Arma����o Nova marly limestones and marls with D. semicelatum and Harpoceratidae) (25m) -Ascribed to Lower Toarcian. Middle and Upper Toarcian formations are not known in the Algarve. Dogger Calc��rios ool��ticos, c. cor��licos, c. pisol��ticos, c. calcicl��sticos, c. dolom��ticos e dolomitos de Almadena (Almadena oolitic-limestones, coral-reef-limestones, pisolite-limestones, limeclastic-limestones, dolomitic-limestones and dolomite-rocks) (more than 50 metres), with lagoonal facies. Ascribed to Aalenian-Bathonian-? Callovian. Margas acinzentadas e calc��rios detr��ticos com Zoophycos da praia de Mareta (Mareta beach greyish marls and detritical limestones with Zoophycos) (40m) - Pelagic transreef facies with Upper Bajocian and Bathonian ammonites. Calc��rios margosos e margas da praia de Mareta (Mareta beach pelagic marly-limestones and marls) (110m) - Ascribed to the Callovian on its ammonites. Malm Near Cabo S. Vicente and Sagres the first Upper Jurassic level consists of a yellowish-brown nodular, compact, locally phosphated and ferruginous, sometimes conglomeratic, marly limestone (0,35-1,50m) containing a rich macrofauna, which includes: 1) Callovian forms unknown at Lower Oxfordian; 2) Upper Callovian forms that still survived in Lower and Middle Oxfordian; 3) Lower Oxfordian forms (Mariae and Cordatum Zones); 4) Lower and Middle Oxfordian forms (Mariae to Plicatilis Zone); 5) Middle Oxfordian forms (plicatilis Zone), and some ones appearing in Middle Oxfordian. This condensed deposit is therefore dated from Middle Oxfordian (Plicatilis Zone). The other Upper Jurassic lithostratigraphical units were also mapped but their detailed study is not presented in this work. Correlations between lithostratigraphical and chronostratigraphical scales from P. Choffat, J. Pratsch, C. Palain and from the author are stated. Further correlations are attempted between zonc scales of Carixian-Lower Toarcian and Upper Bajocian-Middle Oxfordian of France, Spain (Asturias, Iberian and Betic Chains), Argel (Orania) and Portugal (northern Tagus basin and Algarve). The study of pyritous fossil assemblages common in Upper Bathonian-Lower Callovian marly levels of the praia da Mareta seems to suggest that these sediments were deposited in a bay or in an almost closed coastal re-entrance virtually without deep water circulation. Although such conditions may occur at any depth one may suppose that these ones actually correspond to an infralittoral neritic environment. The thaphocoenosis collected there are almost entirely composed of nektonic (ammonites, Belemnites) and planktonic (Bositra) faunas. The sedentary (crinoids, brachiopods) or free (sea-urchins, gastropods) epibenthonic forms are very scarce; endobenthonic forms are not known. The palaeontological study of all Nautiloids and Ammonoids of the Liassic and Dogger is presented (except Kosmoceratidae and Perisphinctaceae). Among the thirty one taxa dealt with, one is new (Metaderoceras sp. nov.) and the great majority of the others has been identified for the first time in Algarve. Some others have never been reported before in Portuguese formations. The evolution, during Jurassic times, of the sedimentary basins of the Portuguese plate margin is described. The absence of Cephalopods in the very extensive marly and dolomitic limestones, partly marine, suggests that, during Lower Liassic, palaeogeography underwent no great changes. Dolomitic-limestone with silex nodules from Cabo S. Vicente contain the first ammonites recorded at the base of the Middle Liassic. This facies, although very common in Tethys, is unknown north of the Tagus. The faunal assemblage has a mediterranean to submediterranean character. Comparisons between faunal assemblage" from Algarve with the ones known north of the Tagus show that communications between Boreal Europe and Tethys, virtually non-existent during Lower and Middle Carixian, became very easy during Lower Domerian. In earlier Pliensbachian times two distinct seas were adjacent to the Iberian plate. One, an epicontinental sea with a tethyan fauna, extended southwards from the Meseta margin. Another, was a boreal sea; during its transgressive episodes boreal faunas attained into the basin north of the Tagus. During Middle Carixian and Lower Domerian, owing to simultaneous transgressions, these two seas joined together allowing faunal exchanges along the epicontinental areas which limited the emerging hercynian chains belts. During Liassic, the Algarve belonged undoubtedly to the tethyan submediterranean province. The area north of the Tagus, on the contrary, was a complex realm where subboreal and tethyan affinities alternatively prevailed. In the Algarve the first Middle Jurassic deposits do frequently show lateral thickness reductions as well as unconformities contemporaneous with other generalized disturbances on the sedimentation processes in other parts of Europe. By this time, near Sagres, a barrier reef developed separating lagoonal or ante-reef facies from the transreef pelagic zone. The presence of tethyan fauna, the abundance of Phylloceratidae and the absence of boreal forms allow us to consider the Algarve basin as a submediterranean province. The presence of Callovian pelagic fossiliferous formations in the Loul�� area shows that during Middle Jurassic the marl-limestone transreef sedimentation was not confined to the western Algarve. They would extend eastwards where they only can be seen in the core of some anticlines. This is due to the progressive sinking of the meso-cenozoic formations as we proceed towards the South of the Sagres-Algoz-Queren��a flexure. In the whole of the Peninsule, and as for the Middle Callovian, an important regression can be clearly recognized on the evidence of an erosion surface which strikes obliquely the Middle and Upper Callovian strata. The geographic boundaries of the different faunal provinces are not changed by the presence of many Kosmoceratidae in the phosphate nodules since they are but a minority in comparison with the tethyan forms. An abstract model can be constructed showing that in Western Europe the Kosmoceratidae may have migrated South and westwards through a channel of the sea that linked Paris basin to Poitou and Aquitaine. By migrating between the Iberian meseta and the Armorican massif this fauna reached northern Tagus basin at the beginning of Upper Callovian (Athleta Zone); this south and southwest bound migration would have proceeded, allowing such forms to reach Algarve basin only in latest Callovian times (Lamberti Zone). This migration means that during Middle Jurassic a widely spread North Atlantic sea would exist, flooding the western part of Portugal up to the Poitou.

Les Plus Anciens Mastodontes Tetralophodontes (Langhien inf��rieur Vb), ��volution et remarques sur la Tetralophodontie

This study deals with mastodont teeth found near Lisbon in Lower Langhian (lower Middle Miocene) fluviatile, feldspathic sands (Vb division). Conclusions are as follows: 1. Tetralophodont molars (even if at a still primitive stade of the tetralophodont condition) do exist at least since lower Langhian times, and not only since late Middle Miocene as was previously known. 2. Tri- and tetralophodont structures may (and indeed do) coexist in the same individual: such examples do not correspond to transitional forms, but instead to a mosaic of juxtaposed characters (however this does not mean there are no transitional forms in other instances). 3. So these structures coexisted in a population not yet genetically separated beyond fertile cross-breeding, i.e. beyond species' level. 4. Origin of the tetralophodont molar was due to some mutation (s). but without crossing species, limits and even more genus'ones. 5. At this times probably soon after the first appearance of tetralophodont mutants, animals with such characters were a small but significant minority among the population (17% if account is taken on D4's: only 2% after M2's). 6. There was not then any direct and clear correlation between number of lophs (transversal crests) and tooth size, even if the increase of such number goes along with length's increase. 7. Dimensions (length in special) in tetralophodont teeth tend to exceed those in ��normal�� trilophodont teeth, this being particularly clear in D4, even if there is no clear distinction: the situation is quite the same, maybe less marked, with the M2. 8. According to the preceding conclusions there are no reasons to segregate different taxa among such mastodont population on the grounds of the presence in D4, M1 and M2 of 3 or 4 crests (this character being regarded as diagnostic of the genus Tetralophodon). 9. On the contrary, if any natural (in biological sense) classification is disregarded and a morphological parataxonomy is adopted there should be considered both Gomphotherium angustidens and Tetralophodon sp.: however this is absolutely not our opinion.

Notes sur la g��ologie et la paleontology du Mioc��ne de Lisbonne; (XX) les plus anciens mastodontes tetralophodontes (Langhien inf��rieur Vb), ��volution et remarques sur la tetralophodontie

This study deals with mastodont teeth found near Lisbon in Lower Langhian (lower Middle Miocene) fluviatile, feldspathic sands (Vb division). Conclusions are as follows: 1. Tetralophodont molars (even if at a still primitive stade of the tetralophodont condition) do exist at least since lower Langhian times, and not only since late Middle Miocene as was previously known. 2. Tri- and tetralophodont structures may (and indeed do) coexist in the same individual: such examples do not correspond to transitional forms, but instead to a mosaic of juxtaposed characters (however this does not mean there are no transitional forms in other instances). 3. So these structures coexisted in a population not yet geneticaliy separated beyond fertile cross-breeding, i.e. beyond species'level. 4. Origin of the tetralophodont molar was due to some mutation (s). but without crossing species, limits and even more genus' ones. 5. At this times probably soon after the first appearance of tetralophodont mutants, animals with such characters were a small but signifiant minority among the population (17% if account is taken on D4's: only 2% after M2's). 6. There was not then any direct and clear correlation between number of lophs (transversal crests) and tooth size, even if the increase of such number goes along with length's increase. 7. Dimensions (length in special) in tetralophodont teeth tend to exceed those in ��normal�� trilophodont teeth, this being particularly clear in D4, even if there is no clear distinction: the situation is quite the same, maybe less marked, with the M2. 8. According to the preceding conclusions there are no reasons to segregate different taxa among such mastodont population on the grounds of the presence in D4, M1 and M2 of 3 or 4 crests (this character being regarded as diagnostic of the genus Tetralophodon). 9. On the contrary, if any natural (in biological sense) classification is disregarded and a morphological parataxonomy is adopted there should be considered both Gomphotherium angustidens and Tetralophodon sp.: however this is absolutely not our opinion.

Sa��de mental, qualidade de vida e acesso aos cuidados de sa��de na comunidade brasileira de Lisboa

Introdu����o: A utiliza����o de servi��os de sa��de tem implica����es importantes para o estado de sa��de das popula����es. As pol��ticas de imigra����o adoptadas nos pa��ses de destino t��m influ��ncia no estado de sa��de das comunidades imigrantes. Pol��ticas que limitam o acesso de imigrantes aos cuidados de sa��de aumentar��o a vulnerabilidade e os riscos na sa��de. Apesar da imigra����o promover uma s��rie de rupturas na vida do sujeito, migrar, por si s��, n��o pode ser considerado como factor de risco no ��mbito da sa��de e da sa��de mental. O peso dos determinantes socioecon��micos tem ganho relev��ncia no estudo das migra����es, estado de sa��de geral e mental. Isto porque, em geral, os imigrantes est��o em situa����o mais prec��ria do que a popula����o aut��ctone. O estatuto socioecon��mico baixo, as condi����es prec��rias de habita����o e de trabalho, a falta de suporte social e a irregularidade jur��dica s��o indicadores de risco acrescido para a sa��de mental. Neste sentido �� um desafio de monta os governos estabelecerem medidas sustentadas e, simultaneamente, integradoras dos imigrantes. Em Portugal, considera-se que h�� escassez de estudos relacionados com a ��rea das migra����es e da sa��de.Metodologia: Estudo explorat��rio, descritivo e transversal. A finalidade foi a de identificar o estado de sa��de, sa��de mental e qualidade de vida da comunidade brasileira residente em Lisboa e o seu acesso aos servi��os de sa��de. Este estudo teve como principais objectivos a caracteriza����o sociodemogr��fica, a identifica����o de vari��veis inerentes ao processo migrat��rio, a identifica����o da auto-aprecia����o do estado de sa��de, a caracteriza����o do acesso aos cuidados de sa��de, a identifica����o do grupo em prov��vel sofrimento psicol��gico, a compara����o entre os resultados dos imigrantes juridicamente regulares e irregulares e a compara����o entre a popula����o imigrante e a popula����o portuguesa. Inicialmente, foi prevista a utiliza����o da t��cnica de amostragem de propaga����o geom��trica ou snowball, pois a amostra tornar-se-ia maior �� medida que os pr��prios inquiridos identificam outros potenciais respondentes. Ao longo do estudo, a metodologia inicial mostrou-se insuficiente para estabelecer uma amostra mais representativa dos imigrantes juridicamente irregulares. Para este feito, foi utilizada a metodologia de amostragem por conveni��ncia e o local escolhido para a recolha da amostra foi o Consulado do Brasil em Lisboa. O instrumento de recolha de dados empregue baseou-se no question��rio utilizado no 4�� Inqu��rito Nacional de Sa��de. O MHI-5 (Mental Health Index 5) �� um instrumento de sa��de mental e �� parte integrante do inqu��rito, sendo recomendado pela Organiza����o Mundial de Sa��de. Consta de cinco itens relativos �� sa��de mental e os resultados s��o classificados atrav��s de um indicador que mede a exist��ncia de prov��vel sofrimento psicol��gico. Foram inclu��dos no estudo 213 brasileiros. De seguida, procedeu-se ao tratamento estat��stico dos dados. Resultados: A popula����o inquirida �� jovem, a maior parte tem entre 18 e 44 anos. As mulheres representam mais de metade da amostra. A taxa de actividade �� elevada e a taxa de desemprego �� similar �� nacional. A inser����o laboral priorit��ria �� nos segmentos pouco qualificados ou de semi-qualifica����o. Aproximadamente um ter��o dos inquiridos afirmou ser benefici��rio do Sistema Nacional de Sa��de. A autoaprecia����o do estado de sa��de �� classificada como bastante positiva, assim como a qualidade de vida. O prov��vel sofrimento psicol��gico, definido no MHI-5 pelo ponto de corte no score 52, atinge 23,3% dos participantes. Os homens apresentam melhores resultados do que as mulheres. Al��m disso, para os valores mais baixos no MHI-5 foram encontradas rela����es com as longas jornadas de trabalho e o diagn��stico de doen��a cr��nica.Discuss��o: O presente estudo apresenta limita����es em rela����o �� dimens��o da amostra e �� prov��vel exist��ncia de enviesamento pela aus��ncia de aleatoriza����o. Apesar da legisla����o portuguesa garantir o acesso aos servi��os de sa��de e garantir a equidade no caso dos imigrantes que fazem descontos para a Seguran��a Social, apenas um ter��o referiu ser benefici��rio do Sistema Nacional de Sa��de. Este dado pode ser justificado por factores como o cumprimento da lei por alguns servi��os e, tamb��m, pela falta de conhecimento da legisla����o e da forma de funcionamento do Servi��o Nacional de Sa��de por parte dos imigrantes. O facto das mulheres representarem o maior grupo em prov��vel sofrimento psicol��gico �� consistente com a literatura. As hip��teses levantadas para explicar este resultado podem ser agrupadas em: artefactos metodol��gicos, causalidade biol��gica e determina����o social. Em rela����o ao instrumento, �� poss��vel que o MHI-5 se comporte de forma diferente no que diz respeito ao g��nero.-------------------------------------------Introduction: The utilization of health services has important implications for the health state of the populations. The immigration policies adopted in the destiny countries are going to influence the health state of immigrant communities. Policies that limit the access of immigrants to health care are going to increase the vulnerability and the risk factor in health. Although immigration promotes several disruptive actions in ones life, migrating, on its own, cannot be considered as a risk factor for health and mental health. The preponderance of the socioeconomic factors has gained relevance in the study of migrations and also in the study of general health state and mental health. This happens because, in general, immigrants are in a more unfavorable situation compared with the destiny country population. The low socioeconomic status, the poor working and housing conditions, the lack of social support and the juridical irregularity are indicators of the incremented risk to mental health. Therefore, it is a major challenge for governments to find sustainable, and simultaneously, integrative measures for the immigrants. The studies related with the migrations and health in Portugal were considered to be few.Methods: It is an exploratory, descriptive and transversal study. The purpose is to identify the health state, mental health, quality of life and the access to health care of the Brazilian community resident in Lisbon. In addition, this study has as main goals the sociodemographic characterization, the variables identification inherent to the migrating process, the identification of the self-appreciation of health state, the characterization of the access to health care, the identification of the group in probable psychological suffer, the comparison between the results of regular and irregular immigrants and the comparison between the immigrant population and the Portuguese population. Initially it was predicted the utilization of the geometric propagation or ���snowball���, as sampling technique, because the sample becomes larger as one answerer identify other potential answering persons. Along with the study, the methodology has shown insufficient to establish a more representative sample of the irregular immigrants. For this latter case, it was used a convenient sample methodology and the place chosen for the sample gathering was the ���Consulate of Brazil in Lisbon���. The instrument was based in the questionnaire used in the ���4th National Health Inquiry���. The MHI-5 (Mental Health Index 5) is a mental health instrument which is part of the enquiry and it is recommended by the World Health Organization. There are five items related to mental health and the results are classified through an indicator which measures the existence of a probable psychological suffer. It were included 213 Brazilian in the study. After, the statistical treatment of the data took place.Results: The answering population is young and the majority is between the 18 and 44 years of age. The women represent more than one half of the sample. The activity rate is high and the unemployment rate is similar to the national one. The priority labor insertion is in the few qualified or of semi-qualification segments. Approximately, one third of the answering people has stated to be beneficiary of the National Health System. The self-appreciation of the health state as well as the quality of life are classified as fairly positive ones. The probable psychological suffer, as defined in the MHI-5 through the cut point in the score below or equal to 52, reaches 23,3% of the sample population. Men show the better results than women. Further, for the lower values of MHI-5 it was found a relation with the long work periods and chronic disease diagnostic. Discussion: The present study evidences limitations in relation to the sample dimension and in relation to the existence of biases due to the lack of randomness. Although the Portuguese legislation guarantees the access to health services and the equality in the cases of the immigrants that do their Social Security discounts, only one third has mentioned to be beneficiary of the National Health System. This can be justified by several facts such as the non-fulfillment of law by some national services or the lack of knowledge of the legislation or the functioning process of the National Health System. Women representing the bigger group in probable psychological suffer has been coherent with the literature review. The hypothesis set to explain this result might be grouped in: methodological artifacts, biologic cause and social determination. In relation to the instrument used, it may be that MHI-5 behaves in a different way in respect to gender.

Promo����o da sa��de mental em espa��o urbano

RESUMO: A sa��de p��blica deve estar atenta aos contextos e ��s mudan��as sociais, pol��ticas, econ��micas, cient��ficas e tecnol��gicas com que se confrontam constantemente as comunidades, particularmente em situa����es de grandes transforma����es como o momento que a Uni��o Europeia atravessa. A urbaniza����o �� provavelmente a mudan��a demogr��fica mais importante das ��ltimas d��cadas. Tendo importantes repercuss��es sobre a sa��de mental, �� importante desenvolver a investiga����o neste dom��nio, de forma multidisciplinar e integrando a compreens��o dos diferentes determinantes sociais, psicol��gicos e f��sicos. As pol��ticas de sa��de mental tornaram-se uma parte importante da pol��tica social e da sociedade de bem-estar, em particular se considerarmos a urbaniza����o das nossas comunidades. Considerar a sa��de mental em espa��o urbano �� fundamentalmente estudar como um espa��o particular pode influenciar a sa��de. Baseado nesta reflex��o, desenvolveu-se uma investiga����o participada de base comunit��ria, com recurso a uma metodologia de estudo de caso. Recorreu-se a dezenas de documentos de refer��ncia local, registos em arquivo, �� observa����o direta, �� observa����o participante e �� observa����o in loco do espa��o urbano. Foi utilizada uma amostragem em bola de neve, estratificada, para selecionar 697 habitantes de uma cidade da ��rea metropolitana de Lisboa. Estes habitantes foram entrevistados por 42 entrevistadores, previamente formados, assim como foram enviados question��rios online dirigidos aos professores (196) e aos T��cnicos Superiores de Servi��o Social (12) em exerc��cio no espa��o urbano em estudo, para a carateriza����o sociodemogr��fica e para avalia����o de indicadores de sa��de, de indicadores relacionados com a sa��de e de indicadores estruturais de sa��de mental. Os resultados mostraram um espa��o urbano promotor de sa��de estrutura-se para capacitar os seus cidad��os a se integrarem ativamente no funcionamento da sua comunidade. Foram identificadas algumas carater��sticas como 1) o in��cio do processo de promo����o da sa��de mental ser o mais precoce poss��vel; 2) a participa����o comunit��ria ativa, num sentimento de seguran��a individual e comunit��ria, envolvendo estruturas governamentais e n��o-governamentais; 3) a solidariedade e a inclus��o, promovendo o voluntariado e a promo����o do suporte social e desenvolvendo a coes��o social; 4) o reconhecimento das necessidades expressas pelos habitantes; 5) a identifica����o de respostas para a concilia����o entre vida pessoal, familiar e profissional; 6) as estruturas de acompanhamento dos grupos sociais mais desfavorecidos; 7) as estrat��gias de combate ao isolamento envolvendo a popula����o s��nior e outros grupos minorit��rios ativamente no processo de reorganiza����o do seu funcionamento social; 8) uma efetiva governan��a e gest��o relacional por parte dos poderes locais, centrando a vida quotidiana da comunidade nas pessoas. A investiga����o participada de base comunit��ria constitui um instrumento ��til e eficaz no desenho de planos locais de promo����o da sa��de mental para encontrar respostas ao desafio em sa��de p��blica: a sa��de mental e a urbaniza����o.

Taxas moderadoras e a racionaliza����o da procura de cuidados de sa��de

RESUMO - O Sector da Sa��de ocupa, atualmente, um espa��o muito vis��vel na nossa sociedade, quer em termos econ��micos, sociais ou meramente medi��ticos. Nos ��ltimos 40 anos registaramse progressos not��rios gra��as �� amplia����o da oferta de cuidados de sa��de e ao acr��scimo de recursos alocados ao sistema de sa��de. Neste per��odo Portugal alcan��ou um destacado patamar no desenvolvimento do seu sistema de sa��de, apresentando hoje resultados compar��veis com os dos principais parceiros internacionais. As taxas moderadoras s��o um instrumento financeiro, de car��cter expl��cito, que t��m como principal objetivo a racionaliza����o da procura de cuidados de sa��de (Pinto e Arag��o 2003). Este trabalho pretende avaliar o impacto da exist��ncia das taxas moderadoras na procura dos cuidados de sa��de por parte dos utentes. Metodologia: O instrumento de medida utilizado foi um question��rio submetido a um pr��teste. Este instrumento de investiga����o �� dirigido a consumidores dos cuidados de sa��de, na loja de cidad��o de Coimbra pretendendo averiguar a opini��o de uma certa amostra o de cidad��os acerca da influ��ncia das taxas moderadoras na sua procura de cuidados de sa��de. O pr��-teste ter�� em conta uma amostra de diferentes idades e estratos sociais. Resultados: O pr��prio estado de sa��de do individuo leva um maior ou menos consumo de cuidados de sa��de. As pessoas inquiridas concordam com as taxas moderadoras, conhecem o seu aumento e est��o cientes da exist��ncia de isen����es, n��o deixando de procurar cuidados de sa��de pelo fato de estas existirem. Apesar de em minoria �� importante com uma amostra t��o pequena ter em considera����o os que n��o concordam com as taxas moderadoras e que deixam de procurar cuidados de sa��de.

Aconselhamento m��dico na preven����o da doen��a e promo����o da sa��de : an��lise a prop��sito do consumo de tabaco

RESUMO - O consumo de tabaco foi respons��vel por 100 milh��es de mortes no s��culo XX. Apesar dos grandes avan��os alcan��ados no controlo deste problema a n��vel mundial, sob os ausp��cios da OMS, no contexto da Conven����o-Quadro para o Controlo do Tabaco da OMS, se n��o forem adoptadas medidas consistentes e efectivas de sa��de p��blica, a morbi-mortalidade que lhe est�� associada continuar�� a aumentar durante o presente s��culo. A promo����o da cessa����o tab��gica constitui a estrat��gia populacional que permitir�� obter ganhos em sa��de a mais curto prazo. Embora a larga maioria dos fumadores fa��a, ao longo da vida, v��rias tentativas para parar de fumar sem apoio, apenas uma pequena minoria consegue manter-se abstinente a longo prazo. Os m��dicos de Medicina Geral e Familiar s��o, de entre todos os profissionais de sa��de, os que podem intervir de modo mais consistente e efectivo neste ��mbito e que melhores resultados obt��m na cessa����o tab��gica dos pacientes fumadores, dado o v��nculo terap��utico e a interac����o frequente e continuada que com eles estabelecem ao longo do seu ciclo de vida. O aconselhamento breve, tendo por base a adop����o de um estilo de comunica����o motivacional centrado no paciente, adaptado aos est��dios de mudan��a comportamental, tem-se revelado efectivo no apoio �� mudan��a de comportamentos relacionados com a sa��de e �� resolu����o da ambival��ncia que caracteriza este processo. A revis��o de literatura evidenciou o facto de os m��dicos nem sempre intervirem nas ��reas preventivas e de promo����o da sa��de, em particular na ��rea da cessa����o tab��gica, com o investimento e a continuidade desej��veis. Por outro lado, muitos pacientes fumadores referem nunca ter sido aconselhados pelo seu m��dico a deixar de fumar.. N��o s��o conhecidos estudos de ��mbito nacional que permitam conhecer esta realidade, bem como os factores associados ��s melhores pr��ticas de interven����o ou as barreiras sentidas pelos m��dicos de MGF �� actua����o nesta ��rea. O presente trabalho teve como objectivos: (i) avaliar a hip��tese de que os m��dicos que disseram adoptar o m��todo cl��nico centrado no paciente teriam atitudes mais favor��veis relativamente �� cessa����o tab��gica e uma maior probabilidade de aconselhar os seus pacientes a parar de fumar; (ii) estudar a rela����o entre as atitudes, a percep����o de auto-efic��cia, a expectativa de efectividade e as pr��ticas de aconselhamento sobre cessa����o tab��gica, auto-referidas pelos m��dicos; (iii) Identificar as vari��veis preditivas da adop����o de interven����es breves de aconselhamento adaptadas ao est��dio de mudan��a comportamental dos pacientes fumadores; (iv) identificar as barreiras e os incentivos �� adop����o de boas pr��ticas de aconselhamento nesta ��rea. A popula����o de estudo foi constitu��da pelo total de m��dicos de medicina geral e familiar inscritos na Associa����o Portuguesa de M��dicos de Cl��nica Geral, residentes em Portugal. Para recolha de informa����o, foi utilizado um question��rio de resposta an��nima, de autopreenchimento, aplicado por via postal a 2942 m��dicos, em duas s��ries de envio. O question��rio integrou perguntas fechadas, semifechadas, escalas de tipo Likert e escalas de tipo visual anal��gico. Para avalia����o da adop����o do m��todo cl��nico centrado no paciente, foi usada a Patient Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS). O tratamento estat��stico dos dados foi efectuado com o Programa PASW Statistics (ex-SPSS), vers��o 18. Foram utilizados: o ��ndice de �� de Cronbach, diversos testes n��o param��tricos e a an��lise de regress��o log��stica bin��ria. Foi obtida uma taxa de resposta de 22,4%. Foram analisadas 639 respostas (67,4% de mulheres e 32,6% de homens). Referiram ser fumadores 23% dos homens e 14% das mulheres. Foi identificada uma grande car��ncia formativa em cessa����o tab��gica, tendo apenas 4% dos m��dicos afirmado n��o necessitar de forma����o nesta ��rea. Responderam necessitar de forma����o em entrevista motivacional 66%, em preven����o da reca��da 59%, de treino numa consulta de apoio intensivo 55%, em interven����o breve 54% e em terap��utica farmacol��gica 55%. Cerca de 92% dos respondentes consideraram que o aconselhamento para a cessa����o tab��gica �� uma tarefa que faz parte das suas atribui����es, mas apenas 76% concordaram totalmente com a realiza����o de uma abordagem oportun��stica deste assunto em todos os contactos com os seus pacientes. Como pr��tica mais frequente, perante um paciente em prepara����o para parar, 85% dos m��dicos disseram tomar a iniciativa de aconselhar, 79% avaliar a motiva����o, 67% avaliar o grau de depend��ncia, 60% marcar o ���dia D��� e 50% propor terap��utica farmacol��gica. Apenas 21% assumiram realizar com frequ��ncia uma interven����o breve com pacientes em prepara����o (5 ��s); 13% uma interven����o motivacional com pacientes n��o motivados para mudar (5 Rs) e 20% uma interven����o segundo os princ��pios da entrevista motivacional, relativamente a pacientes ambivalentes em rela����o �� mudan��a. A an��lise multivariada de regress��o log��stica permitiu concluir que as vari��veis com maior influ��ncia na decis��o de aconselhar os pacientes sobre cessa����o tab��gica foram a percep����o de auto-efic��cia, o n��vel de atitudes negativas, a adop����o habitual do Programa-tipo de cessa����o tab��gica da DGS, a posse de forma����o espec��fica nesta ��rea e a n��o identifica����o de barreiras ao aconselhamento, em particular organizacionais ou ligadas ao processo de comunica����o na consulta. Embora se tenha confirmado a exist��ncia de associa����o entre a adop����o do m��todo cl��nico centrado no paciente e as atitudes face �� cessa����o tab��gica, n��o foi poss��vel confirmar plenamente a associa����o entre a adop����o deste m��todo e as pr��ticas autoreferidas de aconselhamento. Os m��dicos que manifestaram um n��vel baixo ou moderado de atitudes negativas, uma percep����o elevada de auto-efic��cia, que nunca fumaram, que referiram adoptar o Programa-tipo de cessa����o tab��gica e que n��o identificaram barreiras organizacionais apresentaram uma maior probabilidade de realizar uma interven����o breve (���5 ��s���) de aconselhamento de pacientes fumadores em prepara����o para parar de fumar. Nunca ter fumado apresentou-se associado a uma probabilidade de realizar uma interven����o breve (���5 ��s���) com frequ��ncia, superior �� verificada entre os m��dicos que referiram ser fumadores (Odds-ratio ajustado = 2,6; IC a 95%: 1,1; 5,7). Os m��dicos com o n��vel de auto-efic��cia no aconselhamento mais elevado apresentaram uma probabilidade superior �� encontrada entre os m��dicos com o menor n��vel de auto-efic��cia de realizar com frequ��ncia uma interven����o breve de aconselhamento, integrando as cinco vertentes dos ���5 ��s��� (Odds ratio ajustado = 2,6; IC a 95%: 1,3; 5,3); de realizar uma interven����o motivacional breve com fumadores renitentes a parar de fumar (Odds ratio ajustado = 3,1; IC a 95%: 1,4; 6,5) ou de realizar com frequ��ncia uma interven����o motivacional com pacientes em est��dio de ambival��ncia (Odds ratio = 8,8; IC a 95%: 3,8; 19,9). A falta de tempo, a falta de forma����o espec��fica e a falta de equipa de apoio foram as barreiras ao aconselhamento mais citadas. Como factores facilitadores de um maior investimento nesta ��rea, cerca de 60% dos m��dicos referiram a realiza����o de um est��gio pr��tico de forma����o; 57% a possibilidade de dispor do apoio de outros profissionais; cerca de metade a melhoria da sua forma����o te��rica. Cerca de 25% dos m��dicos investiria mais em cessa����o tab��gica se dispusesse de um incentivo financeiro e 20% se os pacientes demonstrassem maior interesse em discutir o assunto ou existisse uma maior valoriza����o desta ��rea por parte dos colegas e dos ��rg��os de gest��o. As limita����es de representatividade da amostra, decorrentes da taxa de resposta obtida, imp��em reservas �� possibilidade de extrapola����o destes resultados para a popula����o de estudo, sendo de admitir que os respondentes possam corresponder aos m��dicos mais interessados por este tema e que optam por n��o fumar. Outra importante limita����o adv��m do facto de n��o ter sido estudada a vertente relativa aos pacientes, no que se refere ��s suas atitudes, percep����es e expectativas quanto �� actua����o do m��dico neste campo. Pesem embora estas limita����es, os resultados obtidos revelaram uma grande perda de oportunidades de preven����o da doen��a e de promo����o da sa��de. Parece ter ficado demonstrada a importante influ��ncia que as atitudes, em especial as negativas, e as percep����es, em particular a percep����o de auto-efic��cia, podem exercer sobre as pr��ticas de aconselhamento auto-referidas. Todavia, ser�� necess��rio aprofundar os resultados agora encontrados com estudos de natureza qualitativa, que permitam compreender melhor, por um lado, as percep����es, expectativas e necessidades dos pacientes, por outro, as estrat��gias de comunica����o que dever��o ser adoptadas pelo m��dico, atendendo �� complexidade do problema e ao tempo dispon��vel na consulta, tendo em vista aumentar a literacia dos pacientes para uma melhor autogest��o da sua sa��de. Parece ter ficado igualmente patente a grande car��ncia formativa neste dom��nio. A adop����o do modelo biom��dico como paradigma da forma����o m��dica pr�� e p��s-graduada, proposto, h�� precisamente cem anos, por Flexner, tem contribu��do para a desvaloriza����o das componentes psicoemocionais e sociais dos fen��menos de sa��de e de doen��a, assim como para criar clivagens entre cuidados curativos e preventivos e entre medicina geral e familiar e sa��de p��blica. Por��m, o actual padr��o de sa��de/doen��a pr��prio das sociedades desenvolvidas, caracterizado por ���pandemias��� de doen��as cr��nicas e incapacitantes, determinadas por factores de natureza sociocultural e comportamental, ir�� obrigar certamente �� revis��o daquele paradigma e �� necessidade de se (re)adoptarem os grandes princ��pios Hipocr��ticos de compreens��o dos processos de sa��de/doen��a e do papel da medicina.

"Gente da nossa": uma constru����o medi��tica da ideia de "comunidade portuguesa".

O texto tem por base a investiga����o realizada no quadro do projecto ������Feeling the Pulse of the community" - Identity politics and narratives of a portuguese migrant community in Canada���, financiado pela Funda����o para a Ci��ncia e Tecnologia. O projecto centrou-se no estudo do programa de televis��o ���Gente da Nossa���, que integra as caracter��sticas dos ���Ethnic minority media���. Colocando-se no interior do campo da Antropologia dos Media, a estrat��gia metodol��gica integrou uma etnografia da produ����o e da recep����o. O texto coloca o programa ���Gente da Nossa��� no interior da problem��tica mais geral das rela����es complexas que se estabelecem entre a produ����o e a difus��o dos conte��dos dos ���media ��tnicos��� e os processos de etniciza����o de comunidades migrantes: o programa �� conceptualizado enquanto ve��culo estrategicamente usado nos processos de constru����o, difus��o, objectifica����o e mercadoriza����o de imagens da ���comunidade portuguesa do Canad�����. Quando tomado no seu conjunto, o processo de etniciza����o surge como algo complexo: uma etnografia do detalhe permite ler e discutir as diferentes dimens��es desse complexo trabalho de constru����o da ideia de ���comunidade���.

Dentro de portas : trabalhadoras do sexo em contexto de interior : utiliza����o e acesso a servi��os de sa��de na ��rea da infe����o VIH-Sida

RESUMO - O presente estudo pretende contribuir a n��vel de sa��de p��blica para o planeamento de estrat��gias orientadas para a preven����o, rastreio e tratamento do VIH/Sida em trabalhadores sexuais em contexto de interior. Esta �� uma popula����o de dif��cil acesso, particularmente vulner��vel �� infe����o por VIH, e associada a fatores de risco que incluem a pobreza, discrimina����o e desigualdade de g��nero, estigma e exclus��o social, condicionando o seu acesso a servi��os de sa��de. Analisaram-se 272 question��rios aplicados no ��mbito do estudo PREVIH na ��rea da Grande Lisboa no per��odo entre Agosto de 2011 e Setembro de 2012 a pessoas que fazem trabalho sexual em contexto de interior. Foi realizada uma abordagem anal��tica permitindo a descri����o do fen��meno e a an��lise da rela����o entre vari��veis sociodemogr��ficas e vari��veis sobre o acesso a sa��de para informa����o, preven����o e teste na ��rea do VIH/Sida. Verificou-se que nesta amostra maioritariamente feminina existe elevada presen��a dos outros dois g��neros e os indiv��duos s��o maioritariamente migrantes. O trabalho sexual �� uma forma exclusiva de trabalho, sendo exercido a tempo inteiro e em apartamentos. Foram detetados condicionamentos no acesso a servi��os de sa��de nas popula����es minorit��rias e mais suscet��veis a discrimina����o, tanto na quest��o do g��nero como da nacionalidade. Estes resultados apontam para a necessidade de planear interven����es nesta ��rea que permitam uma abordagem participativa e de proximidade com as popula����es mais vulner��veis e tamb��m a necessidade de dar continuidade �� investiga����o nesta ��rea no sentido de refor��ar pol��ticas de sa��de p��blica aplicadas a trabalhadores sexuais.

Reconceptualising public spaces of (IN)equality: sensing and creating layers of visibility

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necess��rios �� obten����o do grau de Doutor em Geografia e Planeamento Territorial - Especialidade: Geografia Humana

O direito de exonera����o do acionista minorit��rio

This study specifically addresses the situation of minority shareholders after the transfer of control in an listed company. The various underlying interests and reasons that shareholders have for investing in a company can demonstrate shareholders��� reasoning for taking radically different positions on issues relating to the transfer of control of the referred company. This study analyses the current legal system in Portugal and in the European Union in order to assess whether, in the event of a takeover bid of a listed company where there is a transfer of control, minority shareholders have the same appraisal rights as other shareholders to sell their shares and leave the company. The study then examines the European Court of Justice decision on whether a general principle of equal treatment of minority shareholders exists upon a transfer of control (Audiolux) and the Portuguese Securities Market Commission decision regarding the delisting of Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal, S.A. based on the principle of investor protection. The study concludes that although the principle of equality amongst shareholders has made progress in the European legal system e.g. it is laid down in Directive 2004/25/EC of 21 April 2004 on takeover bids and the Portuguese Securities Market Code, there is also a need for further improvement, which can be accomplished by allowing minority shareholders to exercise an appraisal right in similar unregulated situations.

Estigma e percep����es dos m��dicos de Cl��nica Geral sobre a doen��a mental e o suic��dio

RESUMO: INTRODU����O: A OMS (2001) revela que cerca de 450 milh��es de pessoas sofrem de perturba����es mentais ou comportamentais em todo o mundo, mas apenas uma pequena minoria tem tratamento, ainda que elementar. Transformam-se em v��timas por causa da sua doen��a e convertem-se em alvos de estigma e discrimina����o. O suic��dio �� considerado como um grande problema de sa��de p��blica em todo o mundo, �� uma das principais causas de morte de jovens adultos e situa-se entre as tr��s maiores causas de morte na popula����o entre 15-34 anos (OMS, 2001). As perturba����es mentais aumentam o risco de suic��dio. A depress��o, esquizofrenia, e a utiliza����o de subst��ncias incrementam o risco de suic��dio. Estudos (Sartorius, 2002; Magliano et al., 2012) mostram que os profissionais de sa��de, tal como o p��blico em geral, podem ter atitudes negativas e estigma em rela����o ��s pessoas com perturba����es mentais, podendo agir em conformidade, uma vez feito e conhecido o diagn��stico psiqui��trico. Os cl��nicos gerais s��o os receptores das perturba����es mentais e tentativas de suic��dio nas principais portas de entrada no acesso a cuidados de sa��de. As cren��as, conhecimentos e contacto com a doen��a mental e o suic��dio, podem influenciar a aten����o cl��nica. OBJECTIVOS: Avaliar o estigma e as percep����es dos m��dicos de cl��nica geral em rela����o ��s tentativas de suic��dio, o suic��dio e perturba����es mentais bem como os poss��veis factores associados a estes fen��menos. MATERIAIS E M��TODOS: Estudo do tipo transversal, combinando m��todos quantitativos e qualitativos. A amostra �� constitu��da por 125 sujeitos, m��dicos de cl��nica geral. Utilizaram-se as vers��es adaptadas dos seguintes instrumentos: Question��rio sobre Percep����es e Estigma em Rela����o �� Sa��de Mental e ao Suic��dio (Liz Macmin e SOQ, Domino, 2005) e a Escala de Atitudes sobre a Doen��a Mental (Amanha Hahn, 2002). Para o tratamento estat��stico dos dados usou-se a estat��stica 1) descritiva e 2) An��lise estat��stica das hip��teses formuladas (Qui Quadrado - ���2) a correla����o entre vari��veis (Spearman: ��, rho). Os dados conectados foram limpos de inconsist��ncias com base no pacote inform��tico e estat��stico SPSS vers��o 20. Para a aferi����o da consist��ncia interna foi usado o teste de Alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Uma boa parte da amostra (46.4%) refere que n��o teve forma����o formal ou informal em sa��de mental e (69.35%) rejeitam a ideia de que ���grupos profissionais como m��dicos, dentistas e psic��logos s��o mais suscept��veis a cometer o suic��dio���. J�� (28.0%) t��m uma perspectiva pessimista quanto a possibilidade de recupera����o total dos sujeitos com perturba����o mental. Sessenta e oito(54.4%) associa sujeitos com perturba����o mental, a comportamentos estranhos e imprevis��veis, 115 (92.0%) a um baixo QI e 35 (26.7%) a poderem ser violentas e e perigosas. Os dados mostram uma associa����o estatisticamente significativa (p���0.001) entre as vari��veis: tempo de servi��o no SNS, recear estar perto de sujeitos com doen��a mental e achar que os sujeitos com doen��a mental s��o mais perigosos que outros. Em termos estat��sticos, existe uma associa����o estatitisticamente significativa entre as duas vari��veis(X2=9,522; p���0.05): percep����o de que ����� vergonhoso ter uma doen��a mental��� e os conhecimentos em rela����o �� doen��a mental. Existe uma correla����o positiva, fraca e estatisticamente significativa entre os conhecimentos dos cl��nicos gerais(beneficiar-se de forma����o em sa��de mental) e a percep����o sobre os factores de risco (������0,187; P���0,039). DISCUSS��O E CONCLUS��ES: A falta de conhecimento sobre as causas e factores de risco para os comportamentos suicid��rios, op����es de interven����o e tratamento, particularmente no ��mbito da doen��a mental, podem limitar a procura de ajuda individual ou dos pr��ximos. Percep����es negativas como o facto de n��o merecerem prioridade nos servi��os, mitos (fr��geis e cobarde, sempre impulsivo, chamadas de aten����o, problemas espirituais) podem constituir-se como um indicador de que os cl��nicos gerais podem sofrer do mesmo sistema de estigma e cren��as, de que sofre o p��blico em geral, podendo agir em conformidade (atitudes de afastamento ereceio). As atitudes s��o influenciadas por factores como a forma����o, cultura e sistema de cren��as. Sujeitos com boa forma����o na ��rea da sa��de mental t��m uma percep����o positiva e optimista sobre os factores de risco e uma atitude positiva em rela����o aos sujeitos com doen��a mental e comportamentos suicid��rios.-------------ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The WHO (2001) reveals that about 450 million people suffer from mental or behavioral disorders worldwide, but only a small minority have access to treatment, though elementary. They become victims because of their disease and they become the targets of stigma and discrimination. Suicide is seen as a major public health problem worldwide, is a leading cause of death for young adults and is included among the three major causes of death in the population aged 15-34 years (WHO, 2001). Mental disorders increase the risk of suicide. Depression, schizophrenia, and the substances misuse increase the risk of suicide. Studies (Sartorius, 2002; Magliano et al, 2012) show that health professionals, such as the general public, may have negative attitudes and stigma towards people with mental disorders, and can act accordingly after psychiatric diagnosis is known. General practitioners are the main entry points of mental disorders and suicide attempts in the health sistem. Beliefs, knowledge and contact with mental illness and suicide, may influence clinical care. OBJECTIVES: To assess stigma and perceptions of general practitioners in relation to suicide attempts, suicide and mental disorders as well as possible factors associated with these phenomena. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The sample consisted of 125 subjects, general practitioners. We used adapted versions of the following instruments: Questionnaire of Perceptions and Stigma in Relation to Mental Health and Suicide (Liz Macmin and SOQ, Domino, 2005) and the Scale of Attitudes on Mental Illness (Tomorrow Hahn, 2002). For the statistical treatment of the data we used: 1) descriptive (Data distribution by absolute and relative frequencies for each of the variables under study (including mean and standard deviation measures of central tendency and deviation), 2) statistical analysis of hypotheses using (Chi Square - ���2, a hypothesis test that is intended to find a value of dispersion for two nominal variables, evaluating the association between qualitative variables) and the correlation between variables (Spearman ��, rho), a measure of non-parametric correlation, which evaluates an arbitrary monotonic function can be the description of the relationship between two variables, without making any assumptions about the frequency distribution of the variables). For statistical analysis of the correlations were eliminated subjects who did not respond to questions. The collected data were cleaned for inconsistencies based on computer and statistical package SPSS version 20. To measure the internal consistency was used the Cronbach's alpha test. RESULTS: A significant part of the sample 64 (46.4%) reported no formal or informal training in mental health and 86 (69.35%) reject the idea that "professional groups such as doctors, dentists and psychologists are more likely to commit suicide." On the other hand, 42 (28.0%) have a pessimistic view of the possibility of full recovery of individuals with mental disorder. Sixty-eight ( 54.4 % ) of them associates subjects with mental disorder to strange and unpredictable behavior, 115 ( 92.0 % ), to low IQ, 35 ( 26.7 % ) and even to violent and dangerous behavior, 78 ( 62.4 % ) The data show a statistically significant (p = 0.001) relationship between the following variables: length of service in the NHS, fear of being close to individuals with mental illness and considering individuals with mental illness more dangerous than others. In statistical terms, there is a dependency between the two variables (X2 = 9.522, p> 0.05): the perception that "it is shameful to have a mental illness" and knowledge regarding mental illness. There is a positive and statistically significant weak correlation between knowledge of general practitioners (benefit from mental health training) and the perception of the risk factors (������0,187; P���0,039). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The lack of knowledge about the causes and risk factors for suicidal behavior, intervention and treatment, particularly in the context of mental illness options, may decreaseseeking for help by individual and their relatives. Negative perceptions such as considering that they dont deserve priority in services, myths (weak and cowards, always impulsive, seeking for attentions, spirituals problems) may indicate that general practitioners, may suffer the same stigma and beliefs systems as the general public, and can act accordingly (withdrawal and fear attitudes). Attitudes are influenced by factors such as education, culture and belief system. Subjects with good training in mental health have a positive and optimistic perception of the risk factors and a positiveattitude towards individuals with mental illness and suicidal behaviour.

Essays on bounded rationality: Individual decision and strategic interaction

Economics is a social science which, therefore, focuses on people and on the decisions they make, be it in an individual context, or in group situations. It studies human choices, in face of needs to be fulfilled, and a limited amount of resources to fulfill them. For a long time, there was a convergence between the normative and positive views of human behavior, in that the ideal and predicted decisions of agents in economic models were entangled in one single concept. That is, it was assumed that the best that could be done in each situation was exactly the choice that would prevail. Or, at least, that the facts that economics needed to explain could be understood in the light of models in which individual agents act as if they are able to make ideal decisions. However, in the last decades, the complexity of the environment in which economic decisions are made and the limits on the ability of agents to deal with it have been recognized, and incorporated into models of decision making in what came to be known as the bounded rationality paradigm. This was triggered by the incapacity of the unboundedly rationality paradigm to explain observed phenomena and behavior. This thesis contributes to the literature in three different ways. Chapter 1 is a survey on bounded rationality, which gathers and organizes the contributions to the field since Simon (1955) first recognized the necessity to account for the limits on human rationality. The focus of the survey is on theoretical work rather than the experimental literature which presents evidence of actual behavior that differs from what classic rationality predicts. The general framework is as follows. Given a set of exogenous variables, the economic agent needs to choose an element from the choice set that is avail- able to him, in order to optimize the expected value of an objective function (assuming his preferences are representable by such a function). If this problem is too complex for the agent to deal with, one or more of its elements is simplified. Each bounded rationality theory is categorized according to the most relevant element it simplifes. Chapter 2 proposes a novel theory of bounded rationality. Much in the same fashion as Conlisk (1980) and Gabaix (2014), we assume that thinking is costly in the sense that agents have to pay a cost for performing mental operations. In our model, if they choose not to think, such cost is avoided, but they are left with a single alternative, labeled the default choice. We exemplify the idea with a very simple model of consumer choice and identify the concept of isofin curves, i.e., sets of default choices which generate the same utility net of thinking cost. Then, we apply the idea to a linear symmetric Cournot duopoly, in which the default choice can be interpreted as the most natural quantity to be produced in the market. We find that, as the thinking cost increases, the number of firms thinking in equilibrium decreases. More interestingly, for intermediate levels of thinking cost, an equilibrium in which one of the firms chooses the default quantity and the other best responds to it exists, generating asymmetric choices in a symmetric model. Our model is able to explain well-known regularities identified in the Cournot experimental literature, such as the adoption of different strategies by players (Huck et al. , 1999), the inter temporal rigidity of choices (Bosch-Dom enech & Vriend, 2003) and the dispersion of quantities in the context of di cult decision making (Bosch-Dom enech & Vriend, 2003). Chapter 3 applies a model of bounded rationality in a game-theoretic set- ting to the well-known turnout paradox in large elections, pivotal probabilities vanish very quickly and no one should vote, in sharp contrast with the ob- served high levels of turnout. Inspired by the concept of rhizomatic thinking, introduced by Bravo-Furtado & C��rte-Real (2009a), we assume that each per- son is self-delusional in the sense that, when making a decision, she believes that a fraction of the people who support the same party decides alike, even if no communication is established between them. This kind of belief simplifies the decision of the agent, as it reduces the number of players he believes to be playing against { it is thus a bounded rationality approach. Studying a two-party first-past-the-post election with a continuum of self-delusional agents, we show that the turnout rate is positive in all the possible equilibria, and that it can be as high as 100%. The game displays multiple equilibria, at least one of which entails a victory of the bigger party. The smaller one may also win, provided its relative size is not too small; more self-delusional voters in the minority party decreases this threshold size. Our model is able to explain some empirical facts, such as the possibility that a close election leads to low turnout (Geys, 2006), a lower margin of victory when turnout is higher (Geys, 2006) and high turnout rates favoring the minority (Bernhagen & Marsh, 1997).

An��lise do acesso aos cuidados de reabilita����o em Angola

RESUMO - Angola �� um pa��s em desenvolvimento e dado o baixo n��mero de profissionais na reabilita����o e a centraliza����o dos cuidados desta ��rea na capital do pa��s, Luanda, �� pertinente caraterizar o acesso dos utentes e perceber em que medida �� que a oferta destes cuidados satisfaz as necessidades atuais da popula����o. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivos, avaliar o acesso dos utentes do Centro de Refer��ncia Nacional p��blico para Reabilita����o em Angola, CMFR, e identifica����o de ��reas priorit��rias de a����o para promo����o de igualdade no acesso. A an��lise metodol��gica consistiu na recolha e an��lise de dados dos utentes que acederam ao CMFR de Setembro de 2014 a Janeiro de 2015 e pesquisa documental abrangente, n��o-sistem��tica, sobre equidade e acesso a cuidados de sa��de em Reabilita����o a nivel internacional e em Angola. Para o tratamento e recolha de dados foram consideradas vari��veis sociodemogr��ficas e caraterizadoras do acesso onde se fez a carateriza����o da popula����o em estudo, an��lise das vari��veis resultantes do acesso ao CMFR atrav��s de uma an��lise de regress��o.