Contribuição para o estudo dos efeitos do cobre em ciprinídeos

O presente trabalho pretendeu analisar a toxicidade do cobre em ciprinídeos, através da exposição de Carassius carassius (L. 1758) e Carassius auratus (L. 1758) a diversas concentrações de cobre. Determinou-se a CL50 (96 h) para cada uma das espécies e definiram-se as concentrações subletais de cobre a utilizar no teste de toxicidade crónica com Carassius auratus onde se analisaram os efeitos da contaminação e descontaminação, através do estudo de bioacumulação e da análise histológica das brânquias e do fígado. Nos testes de toxicidade aguda, obtiveram-se os valores de 158 µg.L-1 para C. carassius e de 366 µg.L-1 para C. auratus, indicando que C. carassius é a espécie mais sensível ao cobre. Os resultados obtidos no teste de toxicidade crónica em C. auratus mostram a capacidade de bioacumulação de cobre bem como alterações histopatológicas nas brânquias e no fígado, entre as quais se destacam hiperplasia, hipertrofia e descolamento do epitélio branquial e pronunciada degeneração do tecido hepático. Através da análise histoquímica foi possível observar o aumento da secreção de muco nas brânquias e a presença de cobre em ambos os tecidos. Os resultados relativos à descontaminação evidenciam uma aparente reversibilidade das lesões observadas, assim como a diminuição das concentrações de cobre nos tecidos. C. auratus, deste modo, aparenta possuir capacidades de regulação e recuperação após a exposição subletal a este metal.

Clonagem funcional como metodologia na identificação de marcadores de virulência de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia.

Gold nanoparticles for the detection of DNA adducts as biomarkers of exposure to acrylamide

The main objective of this thesis was the development of a gold nanoparticle-based methodology for detection of DNA adducts as biomarkers, to try and overcome existing drawbacks in currently employed techniques. For this objective to be achieved, the experimental work was divided in three components: sample preparation, method of detection and development of a model for exposure to acrylamide. Different techniques were employed and combined for de-complexation and purification of DNA samples (including ultrasonic energy, nuclease digestion and chromatography), resulting in a complete protocol for sample treatment, prior to detection. The detection of alkylated nucleotides using gold nanoparticles was performed by two distinct methodologies: mass spectrometry and colorimetric detection. In mass spectrometry, gold nanoparticles were employed for laser desorption/ionisation instead of the organic matrix. Identification of nucleotides was possible by fingerprint, however no specific mass signals were denoted when using gold nanoparticles to analyse biological samples. An alternate method using the colorimetric properties of gold nanoparticles was employed for detection. This method inspired in the non-cross-linking assay allowed the identification of glycidamide-guanine adducts and DNA adducts generated in vitro. For the development of a model of exposure, two different aquatic organisms were studies: a goldfish and a mussel. Organisms were exposed to waterborne acrylamide, after which mortality was recorded and effect concentrations were estimated. In goldfish, both genotoxicity and metabolic alterations were assessed and revealed dose-effect relationships of acrylamide. Histopathological alterations were verified primarily in pancreatic cells, but also in hepatocytes. Mussels showed higher effect concentrations than goldfish. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, biotransformation and neurotoxicity were analysed after prolonged exposure, showing mild oxidative stress in mussel cells, and induction of enzymes involved in detoxification of oxygen radicals. A qualitative histopathological screening revealed gonadotoxicity in female mussels, which may present some risk to population equilibrium.