A colecção de arte colonial do Patriarcado de Lisboa. Proposta de estudo e musealização

Esta tese procura reflectir sobre as possibilidades de constituição de uma colecção de arte colonial portuguesa (objectos artísticos híbridos resultantes da experiência ultramarina portuguesa) (Young 1995; Bhabha 2004) no contexto dos museus nacionais de arte. Recorrendo ao património da Igreja Católica em Portugal (especificamente, ao do Patriarcado de Lisboa), circunscreveu-se a análise das peças ao período Moderno. Considerando que não existem em Portugal colecções de âmbito museológico com a classificação de colonial, procurei no vasto património móvel da diocese de Lisboa (algum dele in situ e a uso) a aplicação dos parâmetros que constituiriam tal sistema (Baudrillard 1978; Foucault 1977 e 1988). A organização deste trabalho baseou-se em dois vectores fundamentais: um conceptual e metodológico que procura nos estudos teóricos e nos instrumentos da museologia as ferramentas para, primeiro, a constituição da colecção e, depois, a fundamentação documental e analítica da mesma (Impey e MacGregor 1989; Pearce 1994; Elsner e Cardinal 1997). E um segundo vector, que procura na historiografia do termo mais recuado e gregário, o “indo-português”, a fundamentação para a problematização em torno da questão mais vasta da introdução de artefactos de origem colonial na classificação de arte de acordo com os parâmetros europeus. Neste sentido, procura-se perceber como foram os artefactos coloniais recebidos – já que desde o início lhe foram conferidos valores de etnicidade –, interpretados – como “portugueses” – e (re)classificados como arte no âmbito da realização das exposições internacionais e da criação dos museus nacionais de arte. Por último, através da aplicação da ferramenta de inventário utilizada pela Rede Nacional de Museus, o Matriz3.0, a uma amostra de estudo (sete fichas de inventário correspondentes a sete casos de estudo), desenvolve-se a abordagem à ideia do inventário enquanto instrumento (isto é, a documentação de peças de arte colonial portuguesa através de um sistema criado para a arte europeia), que se propõe servir de base à narrativa da ideia de que a ferramenta inventário é o primeiro passo do(s) discurso(s) elaborado(s) sobre o objecto (dos quais fazem parte as biografias da vida cultural dos objectos) (Appadurai 2011). Problematizando este tema através de cinco v campos da ficha de inventário – “As Categorias e o Número de Inventário”; “A difícil atribuição de Autorias e a múltipla Produção”; “A Datação por aproximação”; “A Informação Técnica” e “O campo infinito da Documentação Associada” –, do acrescento de um parâmetro especificamente desenvolvido no âmbito da arte colonial – “As funções dos objectos” – e colocando em evidência a importância da análise destas peças a partir dos aspectos inerentes à sua materialidade (Miller 2005), propõe-se como resposta ao enunciado colocado no início deste resumo e possibilidades expositivas, que não é tanto o sistema de classificação que está implícito à institucionalização do objecto (ou seja, a forma como o social categoriza as coisas) que condiciona o seu entendimento, mas mais os discursos que são produzidos sobre ele (isto é, a forma como o social representa as coisas) (Vergo 2000; Macdonald 2006; Semedo e Lopes 2006).

From Consciousness to Knowledge – The Explanatory Power of Revelation

Epistemology in philosophy of mind is a difficult endeavor. Those who believe that our phenomenal life is different from other domains suggest that self-knowledge about phenomenal properties is certain and therefore privileged. Usually, this so called privileged access is explained by the idea that we have direct access to our phenomenal life. This means, in contrast to perceptual knowledge, self-knowledge is non-inferential. It is widely believed that, this kind of directness involves two different senses: an epistemic sense and a metaphysical sense. Proponents of this view often claim that this is due to the fact that we are acquainted with our current experiences. The acquaintance thesis, therefore, is the backbone in justifying privileged access. Unfortunately the whole approach has a profound flaw. For the thesis to work, acquaintance has to be a genuine explanation. Since it is usually assumed that any knowledge relation between judgments and the corresponding objects are merely causal and contingent (e.g. in perception), the proponent of the privileged access view needs to show that acquaintance can do the job. In this thesis, however, I claim that the latter cannot be done. Based on considerations introduced by Levine, I conclude that this approach involves either the introduction of ontologically independent properties or a rather obscure knowledge relation. A proper explanation, however, cannot employ either of the two options. The acquaintance thesis is, therefore, bound to fail. Since the privileged access intuition seems to be vital to epistemology within the philosophy of mind, I will explore alternative justifications. After discussing a number of options, I will focus on the so called revelation thesis. This approach states that by simply having an experience with phenomenal properties, one is in the position to know the essence of those phenomenal properties. I will argue that, after finding a solution for the controversial essence claim, this thesis is a successful replacement explanation which maintains all the virtues of the acquaintance account without necessarily introducing ontologically independent properties or an obscure knowledge relation. The overall solution consists in qualifying the essence claim in the relevant sense, leaving us with an appropriate ontology for phenomenal properties. On the one hand, this avoids employing mysterious independent properties, since this ontological view is physicalist in nature. On the other hand, this approach has the right kind of structure to explain privileged self-knowledge of our phenomenal life. My final conclusion consists in the claim that the privileged access intuition is in fact veridical. It cannot, however, be justified by the popular acquaintance approach, but rather, is explainable by the controversial revelation thesis.

O processo sumário e a reforma do Código do Processo Penal de 2013

The present work aims to develop the theme "The summary procedure and the reform of 2013". The purpose of its analysis serves the interest to understand the virtues and disadvantages of the changes introduced by Act n.º 20/2013 to our Code of Criminal Procedure, and the main focus of the present reflection is to further the impact of the measures taken by the legislator to the summary proceedings. The opening of the most serious crimes to summary procedure is a reform measure duly highlighted because it is a true innovation in the Portuguese penal system. Therefore, it urges to analyse not only the consequences of this measure, as well as if the objectives of its introduction in the summary procedure system are met. It should be noted that the legislator intends to promote speedy trial, and at the same time, ensure compliance with the Constitutional rights associated to the accused. At this point it is important to realize if there is a restriction of the accused essential guarantees. On the other hand, it should be noted that the typical characteristics of summary proceedings might have been invariably modified, due to the innovative aspect of the reform. That said, the changes might have fostered a mischaracterization of the typical format of the summary procedure, both in terms of the nature of the proceedings and in terms of its space and objectives within the penal system. Reflecting on the above will provide a deeper understanding of the volatile balance between the Portuguese governing prosecution efficiency and the Constitution, as well as the future of the criminal policy in Portugal.

Progressivity in the Portuguese personal income tax system

This Work Project analyzes the evolution of the Portuguese personal income tax system’s progressivity over the period of 2005 through 2013. It presents the first computation of cardinal progressivity measures using administrative tax data for Portugal. We compute several progressivity indices and find that progressivity has had very modest variations from 2005 to 2012, whilst from 2012 to 2013 there has been a relatively stronger decrease, excluding the impact of the income tax surcharge of the years 2012 and 2013. When this latter is included, progressivity of 2012 and 2013 decreases considerably. Analyzing the effective average tax rates of the top income percentiles in the income scale, we find that these rates have increased over the period 2010–2013, suggesting that an analysis of effective tax rates is insufficient to assess progressivity in the whole tax scheme.

Cláusulas de garantia e segurança

Contractual provisions directed towards the fulfillment of the contract itself or concerning the promisor’s conduct are nowadays widespread (both geographically and regarding the situations in which they are used), posing interpretative problems that demand the consideration of private autonomy’s extent and its limits on their application. A number of such clauses or covenants proliferate on all sectors of juridical activity, although with different configurations in each particular situation, whereby the study of negative pledge, pari passu, cross-default and ownership clauses merely constitutes a conceptual framework for considerations concerning the virtues and challenges of this type of contractual arrangements, particularly in relation to the precepts of the legal system as a whole. This study also aims to display the special characteristics that justify their prevalence in banking and financial law. We intend to analyze their, mostly preventive, function, typifying the main problems that arise, as well as their limitations and advantages.