Agentes de saúde comunitária: formar ou reformar? Estudo longitudinal de avaliação do impacto da formação no desempenho dos agentes da Saúde Comunitária da Região Sanitária de Bolama, Guiné - Bissau

A escassez de recursos humanos da saúde é um problema que afecta especialmente os países em desenvolvimento que recorrem frequentemente a programas baseados no trabalho de Agentes de Saúde Comunitária (ASC). Os ASC são pessoas escolhidas dentro das suas comunidades que são treinadas para dar resposta a pequenas enfermidades. Na Guiné-Bissau, as doenças diarreicas na infância são um dos principais problemas de saúde, tendo os ASC um papel fundamental no diagnóstico e tratamento destas doenças nas zonas mais rurais como a Região Sanitária de Bolama (RSB). O presente estudo focou-se especificamente numa população de ASC da RSB, tendo participado 22 dos 28 ASC existentes na Região. Pretendia-se perceber qual o impacto que a formação realizada sobre doenças diarreicas tinha sobre a efectividade do diagnóstico e tratamento deste tipo de doenças realizado pelos ASC em crianças com menos de 5 anos. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo longitudinal tendo sido efectuadas três avaliações em três momentos distintos – uma avaliação antes da realização de uma formação sobre doenças diarreicas, uma avaliação um mês após a formação e uma última avaliação 3 meses após a formação. Foi aplicada uma grelha de observação da consulta do ASC sempre que havia uma suspeita de uma criança com diarreia, em que se avaliou quais os Sinais e Sintomas, o Diagnóstico e os Tratamentos identificados pelo ASC. Uma grelha igual foi entregue ao médico, que funcionou como padrão de verificação externo. Foi aplicado ainda um questionário de identificação de características sócio-demográficas dos ASC em estudo. Os dados recolhidos foram alvo de tratamento estatístico, tendo sido aplicada a análise de Variância de Friedman e o teste Q-Cochran para comparação dos sucessos obtidos pelos ASC na identificação de itens, nos diferentes momentos de avaliação. Foi ainda aplicado um modelo de regressão logística para averiguar a possível influência de algumas características sócio-demográficas dos ASC sobre a efectividade do diagnóstico. Os resultados obtidos revelam que os ASC melhoram significativamente o seu desempenho imediatamente após a formação mas, 3 meses depois, a efectividade de diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças diarreicas diminui também de forma significativa. Não foi encontrada evidência estatística de que haja influência de alguma característica sócio-demografica sobre a melhoria na efectividade do diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças diarreicas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a formação feita aos ASC é, de facto, uma mais-valia para o seu desempenho mas, o impacto da formação acaba por se desvanecer 3 meses após a formação. Este facto pode ser justificável pela perda de competências e pela redução da utilização de algoritmos por parte dos ASC ao longo do tempo, e por factores relacionados com o suporte logístico e material que lhes é dado. A falta de acompanhamento, suporte e formação contínua podem ser também uma razão justificativa da diminuição da efectividade três meses após a formação. É fundamental ter sempre em conta que a selecção, o acompanhamento dos ASC, o suporte logístico e material e a formação continua destes Agentes é tão importante para o sucesso dos programas quanto a formação inicial ministrada.

Mechanical characterization of aortas using 2D ultrasound elastography

Rupture of aortic aneurysms (AA) is a major cause of death in the Western world. Currently, clinical decision upon surgical intervention is based on the diameter of the aneurysm. However, this method is not fully adequate. Noninvasive assessment of the elastic properties of the arterial wall can be a better predictor for AA growth and rupture risk. The purpose of this study is to estimate mechanical properties of the aortic wall using in vitro inflation testing and 2D ultrasound (US) elastography, and investigate the performance of the proposed methodology for physiological conditions. Two different inflation experiments were performed on twelve porcine aortas: 1) a static experiment for a large pressure range (0 – 140 mmHg); 2) a dynamic experiment closely mimicking the in vivo hemodynamics at physiological pressures (70 – 130 mmHg). 2D raw radiofrequency (RF) US datasets were acquired for one longitudinal and two cross-sectional imaging planes, for both experiments. The RF-data were manually segmented and a 2D vessel wall displacement tracking algorithm was applied to obtain the aortic diameter–time behavior. The shear modulus G was estimated assuming a Neo-Hookean material model. In addition, an incremental study based on the static data was performed to: 1) investigate the changes in G for increasing mean arterial pressure (MAP), for a certain pressure difference (30, 40, 50 and 60 mmHg); 2) compare the results with those from the dynamic experiment, for the same pressure range. The resulting shear modulus G was 94 ± 16 kPa for the static experiment, which is in agreement with literature. A linear dependency on MAP was found for G, yet the effect of the pressure difference was negligible. The dynamic data revealed a G of 250 ± 20 kPa. For the same pressure range, the incremental shear modulus (Ginc) was 240 ± 39 kPa, which is in agreement with the former. In general, for all experiments, no significant differences in the values of G were found between different image planes. This study shows that 2D US elastography of aortas during inflation testing is feasible under controlled and physiological circumstances. In future studies, the in vivo, dynamic experiment should be repeated for a range of MAPs and pathological vessels should be examined. Furthermore, the use of more complex material models needs to be considered to describe the non-linear behavior of the vascular tissue.

Avaliação longitudinal das concentrações solúveis de CD40L e de marcadores hemorreológicos na doença inflamatória aguda

Actualmente a sepsis continua a ser uma das principais causas de morte durante o internamento em Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Apesar dos recentes avanços a nível terapêutico existem ainda lacunas por preencher nomeadamente ao nível da identificação de biomarcadores que permitam um melhoramento do prognóstico tendo em conta a necessidade de identificação de doentes de maior risco. Este estudo foi realizado com o objectivo de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da influência de alterações na microcirculação na sepsis. Para tal foram analisados diversos parâmetros hemorreológicos, como a deformabilidade e agregação eritrocitárias, NO e GSNO eritrocitário. Foi também avaliada a relação de tais parâmetros com a inflamação e trombose através da avaliação da concentração sérica de sCD40L. O estudo incidiu sobre doentes com choque séptico (n=22) e indivíduos saudáveis (n=34). Os doentes com sepsis foram monitorizados na admissão na UCI, 24 e 72 horas depois. Verificaram-se variações longitudinais nos valores de agregação eritrocitária, cujos valores aumentam ao longo do tempo de internamento, até atingirem às 72h valores significativamente diferentes do grupo controlo. Uma tendência inversa apresenta os valores de GSNO eritrocitário, os quais estão aumentados nos doentes em choque séptico aquando da admissão à UCI, diminuindo para valores semelhantes ao grupo controlo. Observaram-se também variações nas concentrações de sCD40L, tendo sido registada uma diminuição ao longo do tempo tornando-se evidente às 72 horas após o internamento. Apesar de preliminares, a comparação entre doentes sobreviventes e não-sobreviventes permitiu inferir uma possível relação do aumento de sCD40L e diminuição de NO e GSNO eritrocitários na admissão com um pior prognóstico. Estes resultados vêm fundamentar a ideia de que existe realmente uma relação entre as alterações a nível da microcirculação e a sepsis.

Creation of a web application for smart park system and parking prediction study for system integration

In the last few years, we have observed an exponential increasing of the information systems, and parking information is one more example of them. The needs of obtaining reliable and updated information of parking slots availability are very important in the goal of traffic reduction. Also parking slot prediction is a new topic that has already started to be applied. San Francisco in America and Santander in Spain are examples of such projects carried out to obtain this kind of information. The aim of this thesis is the study and evaluation of methodologies for parking slot prediction and the integration in a web application, where all kind of users will be able to know the current parking status and also future status according to parking model predictions. The source of the data is ancillary in this work but it needs to be understood anyway to understand the parking behaviour. Actually, there are many modelling techniques used for this purpose such as time series analysis, decision trees, neural networks and clustering. In this work, the author explains the best techniques at this work, analyzes the result and points out the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The model will learn the periodic and seasonal patterns of the parking status behaviour, and with this knowledge it can predict future status values given a date. The data used comes from the Smart Park Ontinyent and it is about parking occupancy status together with timestamps and it is stored in a database. After data acquisition, data analysis and pre-processing was needed for model implementations. The first test done was with the boosting ensemble classifier, employed over a set of decision trees, created with C5.0 algorithm from a set of training samples, to assign a prediction value to each object. In addition to the predictions, this work has got measurements error that indicates the reliability of the outcome predictions being correct. The second test was done using the function fitting seasonal exponential smoothing tbats model. Finally as the last test, it has been tried a model that is actually a combination of the previous two models, just to see the result of this combination. The results were quite good for all of them, having error averages of 6.2, 6.6 and 5.4 in vacancies predictions for the three models respectively. This means from a parking of 47 places a 10% average error in parking slot predictions. This result could be even better with longer data available. In order to make this kind of information visible and reachable from everyone having a device with internet connection, a web application was made for this purpose. Beside the data displaying, this application also offers different functions to improve the task of searching for parking. The new functions, apart from parking prediction, were: - Park distances from user location. It provides all the distances to user current location to the different parks in the city. - Geocoding. The service for matching a literal description or an address to a concrete location. - Geolocation. The service for positioning the user. - Parking list panel. This is not a service neither a function, is just a better visualization and better handling of the information.

Support in decision-making under uncertainty: a project risk assessment tool development and supplementary advances

A foremost dispute that persists on the contemporary world’s agenda is change. The on-going social/technological/economic changes create a competitive and challenging environment for companies to endure. To benefit from these changes, world economies partially depend on emerging Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and their adaptability skills, and subsequently the development of an integrated capability to innovate has become the prime strategy for most of SMEs to subsist and grow. However, innovation and change are always somewhat bonded to an inherent risk development, which subsequently brings on the necessity of a revision of risk management approaches in innovative processes, whose importance SMEs tend to disregard. Additionally, little efforts have been made to improve and create empirical models, metrics and tools to assist SMEs managing latent risks in their innovative projects. This work seeks to present and discuss a solution to support SMEs in engaging on systematic risk management practices, which consists on an integrated risk assessment and response support web-based tool - Spotrisk® - designed for SMEs. On the other hand, an inherent subjectivity is linked with risk management and identification processes, due to uncertainty trait of its nature, for each individual perceives situations according to his own idiosyncrasy, which brings complications in normalizing risk profiles and procedures. This essay aims to bring insights concerning the support in decision-making processes under uncertainty, by addressing issues related with the risk behavior character among individuals. To address such issues, subjects of neuroscience or psychology are explored and models to identify such character are proposed, as well as models to improve presented tool. This work attempts to go beyond the restrictive aim of endeavoring on technical improvement dissertation, and in embraces an exploratory conceptualization concerning micro, small and medium businesses’ traits regarding risk characters and project risk assessment tools.

Marketing plan: How to benefit from the European population ageing and attract the affluent senior segment to choose Lisbon as a tourism destination?

NSBE - UNL

Compensating variation and the young Portuguese emigrants: A study on how to keep our own

Emigration has been a very present word in Portugal. Due to the effects of the Economic Crisis and the Memorandum of Understanding policies, we have witnessed a significant yearly migration outflow of people searching for better conditions. This study aims to measure the factors affecting this flow as well as how much the probability of emigrating has evolved during the years bridging 2006 to 2012. I shall consider the decision of emigrating as Discrete Choice Random Utility maximization use a conditional Logit framework to model the probability choice for 31 OECD countries of destination. Moreover I will ascertain the compensating variation required such that the probability of choice in 2012 is adjusted back to 2007 values, keeping all other variables constant. I replicate this exercise using the unemployment rate instead of income. The most likely country of destination is Luxembourg throughout the years analyzed and the values obtained for the CV is of circa 1.700€ in terms of Income per capita and -11% in terms of the unemployment rate adjustment.

Foresight exercises as a tool for decision-making: the example of two case studies in health

Based on the report for the unit “Foresight Methods Analysis” of the PhD programme on Technology Assessment at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. António B. Moniz

Are the L'oreal hair care brands currently operating in the Kenyan mass market adequately positioned and adapted to the Kenyan consumers?: A recommendation to the new L'oreal East Africa Office concerning the hair care brand positioning and portfolio in Kenya

NSBE - UNL

Measuring the impact of short and lending practices using the DGTW benchmarks

Mutual fund managers increasingly lend their holdings and/or use short sales to generate higher returns for their funds. This project presents a first look into the impact these practices on performance using the performance measures: i) Characteristic Selectivity (CS), the ability of the fund's managers to choose stocks that outperform their benchmarks; ii) Characteristic Timing (CT), the ability of the manager to time the market; iii) and Average Style (AS), the returns from funds systematically holding stocks with certain characteristics. These returns are computed through the DGTW benchmarks. The effect of other variables that have also been shown to impact fund’s returns – total net assets under management, investment styles, turnover and expense ratios – will also be analyzed. I find that managers who use short-sales do not exhibit better stock picking abilities than those who do not, while mutual funds that lend do present higher CS returns. In addition, while lending is not significant for the total performance of a fund, the employment of short-sales and of both short-sales and lending has a negative impact on the fund’s performance.

Turning Lisbon into a tourism and luxury shopping destination for Chinese travellers

Branding Lab

Decision-making process of Nova Executivos’ students

Field lab: Consumer insights

How to improve consumer decision skills in children? A case study of an intervention with institutionalized children

The aim of this study is to assess the institutionalized children’s skills as consumers but also to assess how we can improve their knowledge through an intervention. The sample was composed of two subgroups (38 institutionalized children and 36 non-institutionalized children). In order to assess children’s knowledge, a questionnaire and an interview were used. The method used as intervention was a 30-minute class. Results suggested that institutionalized children have lower levels of knowledge regarding consumption-related practices and lower levels of accuracy at estimating prices than non-institutionalized children. However, results also showed that the attitudes of institutionalized children towards advertising and making decisions based on price/quantity evaluation or based on the use of the same strategy in different situations are not significantly different from the non-institutionalized children. Regarding the intervention, it was possible to conclude that one class is not the best method to improve children’s knowledge. Institutionalized children need a longer and more practical intervention.

Challenges of converting nonprofit in for-profit-reasons decision making and key success factores of a conversion

Due to external constraints (opposed by the market and legal system) and internal changes nonprofit organizations have been converting to for-profit entities combining commercial revenue and social value creation. To create an understanding of the conversion process considering its challenges, the reasons, the decision-making process and key success factors of a conversion are examined. Therefore, a two-step research procedure is used combining literature research and a multiple case study approach based on expert interviews with known companies. The outcome is a helpful guideline (including a decision matrix) for social entrepreneurs that might face a conversion.