Geography of the Information Society

All every day activities take place in space. And it is upon this that all information and knowledge revolve. The latter are the key elements in the organisation of territories. Their creation, use and distribution should therefore occur in a balanced way throughout the whole territory in order to allow all individuals to participate in an egalitarian society, in which the flow of knowledge can take precedence over the flow of interests. The information society depends, to a large extent, on the technological capacity to disseminate information and, consequently, the knowledge throughout territory, thereby creating conditions which allow a more balanced development, from the both the social and economic points of view thus avoiding the existence of info-exclusion territories. Internet should therefore be considered more than a mere technology, given that its importance goes well beyond the frontiers of culture and society. It is already a part of daily life and of the new forms of thinking and transmitting information, thus making it a basic necessity essential, for a full socio-economic development. Its role as a platform of creation and distribution of content is regarded as an indispensable element for education in today’s society, since it makes information a much more easily acquired benefit.”…in the same way that the new technologies of generation and distribution of energy allowed factories and large companies to establish themselves as the organisational bases of industrial society, so the internet today constitutes the technological base of the organisational form that characterises the Information Era: the network” (CASTELLS, 2004:15). The changes taking place today in regional and urban structures are increasingly more evident due to a combination of factors such as faster means of transport, more efficient telecommunications and other cheaper and more advanced technologies of information and knowledge. Although their impact on society is obvious, society itself also has a strong influence on the evolution of these technologies. And although physical distance has lost much of the responsibility it had towards explaining particular phenomena of the economy and of society, other aspects such as telecommunications, new forms of mobility, the networks of innovation, the internet, cyberspace, etc., have become more important, and are the subject of study and profound analysis. The science of geographical information, allows, in a much more rigorous way, the analysis of problems thus integrating in a much more balanced way, the concepts of place, of space and of time. Among the traditional disciplines that have already found their place in this process of research and analysis, we can give special attention to a geography of new spaces, which, while not being a geography of ‘innovation’, nor of the ‘Internet’, nor even ‘virtual’, which can be defined as one of the ‘Information Society’, encompassing not only the technological aspects but also including a socio-economic approach. According to the last European statistical data, Portugal shows a deficit in terms of information and knowledge dissemination among its European partners. Some of the causes are very well identified - low levels of scholarship, weak investments on innovation and R&D (both private and public sector) - but others seem to be hidden behind socio-economical and technological factors. So, the justification of Portugal as the case study appeared naturally, on a difficult quest to find the major causes to territorial asymmetries. The substantial amount of data needed for this work was very difficult to obtain and for the islands of Madeira and Azores was insufficient, so only Continental Portugal was considered for this study. In an effort to understand the various aspects of the Geography of the Information Society and bearing in mind the increasing generalised use of information technologies together with the range of technologies available for the dissemination of information, it is important to: (i) Reflect on the geography of the new socio-technological spaces. (ii) Evaluate the potential for the dissemination of information and knowledge through the selection of variables that allow us to determine the dynamic of a given territory or region; (iii) Define a Geography of the Information Society in Continental Portugal.

Georeferencing Road Accidents with Google Earth: Transforming Information into Knowledge for Decision Support

Over the last fifty years mobility practices have changed dramatically, improving the way travel takes place, the time it takes but also on matters like road safety and prevention. High mortality caused by high accident levels has reached untenable levels. But the research into road mortality stayed limited to comparative statistical exercises which go no further than defining accident types. In terms of sharing information and mapping accidents, little progress has been mad, aside from the normal publication of figures, either through simplistic tables or web pages. With considerable technological advances on geographical information technologies, research and development stayed rather static with only a few good examples on dynamic mapping. The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) devices as normal equipments on automobile industry resulted in a more dynamic mobility patterns but also with higher degrees of uncertainty on road traffic. This paper describes a road accident georeferencing project for the Lisbon District involving fatalities and serious injuries during 2007. In the initial phase, individual information summaries were compiled giving information on accidents and its majour characteristics, collected by the security forces: the Public Safety Police Force (Polícia de Segurança Pública - PSP) and the National Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana - GNR). The Google Earth platform was used to georeference the information in order to inform the public and the authorities of the accident locations, the nature of the location, and the causes and consequences of the accidents. This paper also gives future insights about augmented reality technologies, considered crucial to advances to road safety and prevention studies. At the end, this exercise could be considered a success because of numerous consequences, as for stakeholders who decide what to do but also for the public awareness to the problem of road mortality.

Bioenergy competency centre: study of the bioenergy potencial in the centre region of Portugal.

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica

A new model for EEZ surveillance and management in Portugal

Management Information Systems 2000, p. 103-111

Municipal solid waste management system: decision support through systems analysis

Thesis submitted to the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering

Regional change in the Algarve: A Geographic Information System approach

Thesis submitted to the Instituto Superior de Estatística e Gestão de Informação da Universidade Nova de Lisboa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Management – Geographic Information Systems

Framework development for providing accessibility to qualitative spatial calculi

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

A crop-land allocation model: A case study in La Rioja, Spain

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Sustainability of systems interoperability in dynamic business networks

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

From the portolan chart of the mediterranean to the latitude chart of the atlantic

Thesis submitted to the Instituto Superior de Estatística e Gestão de Informação da Universidade Nova de Lisboa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Management – Geographic Information Systems

Analysis of panoramio photo tags in order to extract land use information

In the recent past, hardly anyone could predict this course of GIS development. GIS is moving from desktop to cloud. Web 2.0 enabled people to input data into web. These data are becoming increasingly geolocated. Big amounts of data formed something that is called "Big Data". Scientists still don't know how to deal with it completely. Different Data Mining tools are used for trying to extract some useful information from this Big Data. In our study, we also deal with one part of these data - User Generated Geographic Content (UGGC). The Panoramio initiative allows people to upload photos and describe them with tags. These photos are geolocated, which means that they have exact location on the Earth's surface according to a certain spatial reference system. By using Data Mining tools, we are trying to answer if it is possible to extract land use information from Panoramio photo tags. Also, we tried to answer to what extent this information could be accurate. At the end, we compared different Data Mining methods in order to distinguish which one has the most suited performances for this kind of data, which is text. Our answers are quite encouraging. With more than 70% of accuracy, we proved that extracting land use information is possible to some extent. Also, we found Memory Based Reasoning (MBR) method the most suitable method for this kind of data in all cases.

Ajustamento pelo risco : da conceptualização à operacionalização

RESUMO - As organizações de saúde, em geral, e os hospitais, em particular, são frequentemente reconhecidos por terem particularidades e especificidades que conferem uma especial complexidade ao seu processo produtivo e à sua gestão (Jacobs, 1974; Butler, 1995). Neste sentido, na literatura hospitalar emergem alguns temas como prioritários tanto na investigação como na avaliação do seu funcionamento, nomeadamente os relacionados com a produção, com o financiamento, com a qualidade, com a eficiência e com a avaliação do seu desempenho. O estado da arte da avaliação do desempenho das organizações de saúde parece seguir a trilogia definida por Donabedian (1985) — Estrutura, Processo e Resultados. Existem diversas perspectivas para a avaliação do desempenho na óptica dos Resultados — efectividade, eficiência ou desempenho financeiro. No entanto, qualquer que seja a utilizada, o ajustamento pelo risco é necessário para se avaliar a actividade das organizações de saúde, como forma de medir as características dos doentes que podem influenciar os resultados de saúde. Como possíveis indicadores de resultados, existem a mortalidade (resultados finais), as complicações e as readmissões (resultados intermédios). Com excepção dos estudos realizados por Thomas (1996) e Thomas e Hofer (1998 e 1999), praticamente ninguém contesta a relação entre estes indicadores e a efectividade dos cuidados. Chamando, no entanto, a atenção para a necessidade de se definirem modelos de ajustamento pelo risco e ainda para algumas dificuldades conceptuais e operacionais para se atingir este objectivo. Em relação à eficiência técnica dos hospitais, os indicadores tradicionalmente mais utilizados para a sua avaliação são os custos médios e a demora média. Também neste domínio, a grande maioria dos estudos aponta para que a gravidade aumenta o poder justificativo do consumo de recursos e que o ajustamento pelo risco é útil para avaliar a eficiência dos hospitais. Em relação aos sistemas usados para medir a severidade e, consequentemente, ajustar pelo risco, o seu desenvolvimento apresenta, na generalidade, dois tipos de preocupações: a definição dos suportes de recolha da informação e a definição dos momentos de medição. Em última instância, o dilema que se coloca reside na definição de prioridades e daquilo que se pretende sacrificar. Quando se entende que os aspectos financeiros são determinantes, então será natural que se privilegie o recurso quase exclusivo a elementos dos resumos de alta como suporte de recolha da informação. Quando se defende que a validade de construção e de conteúdo é um aspecto a preservar, então o recurso aos elementos dos processos clínicos é inevitável. A definição dos momentos de medição dos dados tem repercussões em dois níveis de análise: na neutralidade económica do sistema e na prospectividade do sistema. O impacto destas questões na avaliação da efectividade e da eficiência dos hospitais não é uma questão pacífica, visto que existem autores que defendem a utilização de modelos baseados nos resumos de alta, enquanto outros defendem a supremacia dos modelos baseados nos dados dos processos clínicos, para finalmente outros argumentarem que a utilização de uns ou outros é indiferente, pelo que o processo de escolha deve obedecer a critérios mais pragmáticos, como a sua exequibilidade e os respectivos custos de implementação e de exploração. Em relação às possibilidades que neste momento se colocam em Portugal para a utilização e aplicação de sistemas de ajustamento pelo risco, verifica-se que é praticamente impossível a curto prazo aplicar modelos com base em dados clínicos. Esta opção não deve impedir que a médio prazo se altere o sistema de informação dos hospitais, de forma a considerar a eventualidade de se utilizarem estes modelos. Existem diversos problemas quando se pretendem aplicar sistemas de ajustamento de risco a populações diferentes ou a subgrupos distintos das populações donde o sistema foi originalmente construído, existindo a necessidade de verificar o ajustamento do modelo à população em questão, em função da sua calibração e discriminação.

A type system for value-dependent information flow analysis

Information systems are widespread and used by anyone with computing devices as well as corporations and governments. It is often the case that security leaks are introduced during the development of an application. Reasons for these security bugs are multiple but among them one can easily identify that it is very hard to define and enforce relevant security policies in modern software. This is because modern applications often rely on container sharing and multi-tenancy where, for instance, data can be stored in the same physical space but is logically mapped into different security compartments or data structures. In turn, these security compartments, to which data is classified into in security policies, can also be dynamic and depend on runtime data. In this thesis we introduce and develop the novel notion of dependent information flow types, and focus on the problem of ensuring data confidentiality in data-centric software. Dependent information flow types fit within the standard framework of dependent type theory, but, unlike usual dependent types, crucially allow the security level of a type, rather than just the structural data type itself, to depend on runtime values. Our dependent function and dependent sum information flow types provide a direct, natural and elegant way to express and enforce fine grained security policies on programs. Namely programs that manipulate structured data types in which the security level of a structure field may depend on values dynamically stored in other fields The main contribution of this work is an efficient analysis that allows programmers to verify, during the development phase, whether programs have information leaks, that is, it verifies whether programs protect the confidentiality of the information they manipulate. As such, we also implemented a prototype typechecker that can be found at http://ctp.di.fct.unl.pt/DIFTprototype/.

Semantic adaptability for the systems interoperability

In the current global and competitive business context, it is essential that enterprises adapt their knowledge resources in order to smoothly interact and collaborate with others. However, due to the existent multiculturalism of people and enterprises, there are different representation views of business processes or products, even inside a same domain. Consequently, one of the main problems found in the interoperability between enterprise systems and applications is related to semantics. The integration and sharing of enterprises knowledge to build a common lexicon, plays an important role to the semantic adaptability of the information systems. The author proposes a framework to support the development of systems to manage dynamic semantic adaptability resolution. It allows different organisations to participate in a common knowledge base building, letting at the same time maintain their own views of the domain, without compromising the integration between them. Thus, systems are able to be aware of new knowledge, and have the capacity to learn from it and to manage its semantic interoperability in a dynamic and adaptable way. The author endorses the vision that in the near future, the semantic adaptability skills of the enterprise systems will be the booster to enterprises collaboration and the appearance of new business opportunities.