32 resultados para Education . Progressions. Functions
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA School of Business and Economics
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA School of Business and Economics
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA School of Business and Economics
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Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology.
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Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Doutoramento em co-tutela)The University of Leeds School of Education
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The increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in diverse professional and personal contexts calls for new knowledge, and a set of abilities, competences and attitudes, for an active and participative citizenship. In this context it is acknowledged that universities have an important role innovating in the educational use of digital media to promote an inclusive digital literacy. The educational potential of digital technologies and resources has been recognized by both researchers and practitioners. Multiple pedagogical models and research approaches have already contributed to put in evidence the importance of adapting instructional and learning practices and processes to concrete contexts and educational goals. Still, academic and scientific communities believe further investments in ICT research is needed in higher education. This study focuses on educational models that may contribute to support digital technology uses, where these can have cognitive and educational relevance when compared to analogical technologies. A teaching and learning model, centered in the active role of the students in the exploration, production, presentation and discussion of interactive multimedia materials, was developed and applied using the internet and exploring emergent semantic hypermedia formats. The research approach focused on the definition of design principles for developing class activities that were applied in three different iterations in undergraduate courses from two institutions, namely the University of Texas at Austin, USA and the University of Lisbon, Portugal. The analysis of this study made possible to evaluate the potential and efficacy of the model proposed and the authoring tool chosen in the support of metacognitive skills and attitudes related to information structuring and management, storytelling and communication, using computers and the internet.
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RESUMO: Enquadramento: O sono cada vez mais reconhecido como um fator determinante na Sade Infantil porque, quando desadequado, pode ter consequncias na regulao emocional e do comportamento, nas funes cognitivas, no rendimento acadmico, na regulao do peso e no risco de leses acidentais. Os hbitos e problemas do sono das crianas portuguesas no se encontram ainda bem caracterizados. Este conhecimento importante para o desenvolvimento da investigao e para a promoo da sade nesta rea. Objetivos: Adaptar e validar o Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) para a cultura portuguesa; Caracterizar os hbitos de sono de uma amostra de crianas dos 2 aos 10 anos tendo em vista a obteno de dados de referncia; Estimar a prevalncia dos problemas do sono na perspetiva dos pais; Avaliar se existem diferenas nos hbitos e problemas do sono entre as regies de mdia-alta e baixa densidade populacional; Identificar potenciais consequncias dos problemas do sono. Mtodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo e correlacional. A verso portuguesa do questionrio (CSHQ-PT) foi desenvolvida de acordo com as orientaes previamente publicadas e validada numa amostra de 315 crianas dos 2 aos 10 anos. Para o estudo dos hbitos e problemas do sono, o CSHQ-PT foi distribudo aos pais de 2257 crianas recrutadas em 17 zonas de agrupamentos escolares (15 escolhidos de forma aleatria) das reas da Grande Lisboa, Pennsula de Setbal e Alentejo, compreendendo zonas litorais e do interior, e de alta, mdia e baixa densidade populacional. Foram obtidos 1450 (64%) questionrios vlidos. Resultados: O CSHQ-PT mostrou propriedades psicomtricas semelhantes s das verses de outros pases e adequadas para a investigao. A avaliao dos hbitos de sono nos dias de semana mostrou que as crianas se deitam, em mdia, pelas 21h 44m (DP 38 min.). A necessidade da companhia dos pais para adormecer diminui com a idade, ocorrendo em 49% das crianas aos 2-3 anos e 10% aos 9-10 anos. O hbito de adormecer a ver televiso foi descrito em 15,8% das crianas. O tempo total de sono dirio diminui com a idade, com uma diferena mais marcada dos 2 para os 3 anos e dos 3 para os 4 anos, quando a sesta se torna menos frequente. No fim de semana, 25% das crianas dormia pelo menos mais uma hora. As diferenas nos hbitos de sono entre regies de mdia-alta e de baixa densidade populacional foram reduzidas, sem reflexo na durao mdia do sono. Considerando valores de referncia de outros pases, verificou-se que 10% das crianas estudadas tinha uma durao do sono dois desvios-padro abaixo da mdia esperada para a idade. A prevalncia dos problemas do sono na perspetiva dos pais foi de 10,4%, sem diferenas significativas entre classes etrias, subgrupos de nvel educacional dos pais, nem entre zonas de mdia-alta e baixa densidade populacional. Estes problemas do sono mostraram-se associados, sobretudo, durao do sono insuficiente, resistncia em ir para a cama, dificuldade em adormecer sozinho, despertares noturnos frequentes e ocorrncia de parassnias. A baixa prevalncia de problemas do sono identificados pelos pais contrasta com cotaes elevadas no CSHQ-PT que traduzem comportamentos-problema mais frequentes, que so bem aceites por alguns pais. O ndice de Perturbao do Sono foi mais elevado nas famlias com menor nvel educacional. Em anlise multivariada mostraram valor preditivo para a sonolncia diurna: o tempo total de sono dirio, a diferena da durao do sono noturno durante a semana e no fim de semana, a frequncia de algumas parassnias e o hbito de adormecer a ver televiso. O rendimento escolar mostrou associao com os problemas do sono, que so mais frequentes nas crianas com dificuldades escolares e hiperatividade/problemas de ateno. A relao entre estas variveis complexa. Concluses: Este estudo mostrou que os problemas comportamentais do sono e a privao de sono so frequentes na populao estudada. Estes problemas tm consequncias, uma vez que correspondem a uma frequncia mais elevada de sintomas de sonolncia diurna, por comparao com outros pases. Perante este cenrio, muito importante reforar a promoo de hbitos de sono saudveis e continuar a estudar as consequncias do sono desadequado nas crianas portuguesas. -----------ABSTRACT:Framework: Sleep is increasingly being recognized as important to Child Health, for inadequate sleep may impact behavioral and emotional regulation, cognitive functions, academic performance, weight regulation and the risk of accidental injuries. The sleep habits and sleep problems of Portuguese children are not well characterized. This knowledge is important to support further studies and health promotion actions. Objectives: Develop and validate a Portuguese version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ-PT); Characterize the sleep habits and problems in a sample of Portuguese children from the ages of 2 to 10 for future reference; Estimate the prevalence of parent-defined sleep problems; Assess whether there are differences in sleep habits and problems between regions of medium-high and low population densities; Identify potential consequences of sleep problems. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study. The Portuguese version of the questionnaire (CSHQ-PT) was developed according to published guidelines and validated in a sample of 315 children from 2 to 10 years old (y.o.). In order to study sleep habits and problems we delivered the CSHQ-PT to 2257 children recruited from 17 school districts (15 were chosen randomly) in areas with low, medium and high population densities, including coastline and inland regions. 1450 (64%) valid questionnaires were obtained. Results: The CSHQ-PT demonstrated psychometric properties that were similar to the versions from other countries and adequate for research. The evaluation of sleep habits showed that on schooldays children go to bed, on average, at 21h 44m (SD 38 min.). The need of having the parent in the room at bedtime decreases with the age of the child, occurring in 49% of children with 2-3 y.o. and 10% of children between 9 and 10 y.o. The habit of going asleep while watching TV was reported in 15,8% of the children. Total sleep time diminishes with the age of the child, having a major decrease from 2 to 3 y.o. and from 3 to 4 y.o., along with less frequent naps. During the weekend, 25% of the children sleep at least one extra hour. Considering reference values from other series, we found that 10% of the children had a sleep duration two standard deviations below the mean for the age. The differences in sleep habits between regions of medium-high and low population densities are few, and there are no differences in average sleep durations. The prevalence of parent-defined sleep problems was 10.4%. There were no significant differences between age classes, parent education subgroups or between regions of medium-high and low population densities. These sleep problems were associated with insufficient sleep duration, bedtime resistance, difficulty in falling asleep alone, frequent night awakenings and the occurrence of parasomnias. The low prevalence of parent-defined sleep problems contrasts with high CSHQ scores meaning that problematic behaviors are more frequent, but acceptable to some parents. The Sleep Disturbance Score was higher in families with a lower educational level. In multivariate analysis, the following factors predicted the daytime somnolence score: total sleep time, the difference in night sleep duration between the weekend and school days, the frequency of some parasomnias and the habit of falling asleep while watching TV. School achievement showed a negative correlation with the sleep problems, which are more frequent in children with school difficulties and hyperactivity/attention problems. The relationship between these variables is complex. Conclusions: This study evidenced that behavioral sleep problems and sleep deprivation are common in our population. These sleep problems have consequences as they correspond to more symptoms of excessive daytime somnolence comparing to other countries. Therefore, we reinforce the importance of promoting healthy sleep habits and further study the consequences of inadequate sleep in Portuguese children.
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This article summarises the transformations in the State Councils functions and membership throughout the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy, and makes a preliminary attempt to scrutinise the political role played by an institution designed since its inception to advise the monarch. In spite of the parsimony of contemporary sources, and even contradictory empirical evidence, it seems indisputable that in several critical occasions the monarchs political decisions were influenced by the dominant view in the State Council. Finally, the article presents the collective biography of the 73 individuals appointed to the State Council between 1833 and 1910 who may be defined as the inner circle of the ruling elite - focusing on basic background features (birthplace, age, education, occupation, noble titles and political experience).
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RESUMO: Os estudos sobre a funcionalidade da populao idosa tm uma representao importante naquilo que o atual conhecimento da demografia do mundo. Portugal posiciona-se e perspetiva-se como pertencendo aos pases mais envelhecidos, possuindo uma rede de cuidados ps-agudos a Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados (RNCCI) que assiste uma parcela importante dessa populao. Os aspetos conceptuais da funcionalidade de acordo com a OMS e operacionalizados pela Classificao Internacional de Funcionalidade (CIF), no mereceram at agora suficiente aplicabilidade no nosso pas, inviabilizando a possibilidade de oferecermos contributos para a sua operacionalizao. Da mesma forma, tambm os Core Sets da Classificao no tm sido sujeitos a processos de validao que contemplem amostras portuguesas, mantendo-se desconhecimento da especificidade dos fatores contextuais na nossa populao. O presente estudo tem como objetivos conhecer a evoluo da funcionalidade dos idosos assistidos na RNCCI na regio do Algarve nas unidades de convalescena e mdia durao, validar o Core Set Geritrico da OMS e propor uma verso abreviada da sua modalidade abrangente, no contexto destes cuidados. A amostra constituda por 451 idosos, dos quais 62,1% eram mulheres, revelou na pr-morbilidade nveis favorveis de funcionalidade, com exceo para as Atividades Domsticas. Contudo, os mais idosos ( 85 anos), os indivduos sem escolaridade, as mulheres e os vivos/solteiros apresentaram mais casos desfavorveis quando comparados com os seus pares. Na evoluo da funcionalidade observmos melhorias significativas em todos os domnios avaliados, com diferenas relativamente idade e escolaridade; apesar dos resultados positivos os mais idosos e os indivduos sem escolaridade apresentaram nveis inferiores de evoluo. No entanto, a funcionalidade alcanada revelou ficar com resultados significativamente inferiores na comparao com aquela que os indivduos possuam na pr-morbilidade. Os modelos de regresso revelaram que as Funes Mentais, a Perceo do Estado de Sade e a atividade Usar o Telefone, foram as variveis que melhor explicaram os outcomes da funcionalidade alcanada. A validao do Core Set Geritrico foi possvel na maioria das categorias, sendo que foi no componente das Funes do Corpo onde esse processo revelou maior fragilidade. As Funes Neuromusculoesquelticas e Relacionadas com o Movimento foram aquelas que registaram em ambos os momentos avaliativos frequncias mais elevadas de deficincia, enquanto no componente Atividades & Participao isso ocorreu na atividade Utilizao dos Movimentos Finos da Mo. Os captulos Apoios e Relacionamentos e Atitudes foram considerados os Fatores Ambientais mais Facilitadores mas tambm com maior impacto Barreira. A proposta para o Core Set Geritrico Abreviado resultou das categorias independentes que explicaram os modelos da funcionalidade alcanada e cujo resultado engloba um conjunto de 27 categorias, com um enfoque importante no componente Atividades/Participao de onde se destacam os domnios da Mobilidade e dos Auto Cuidados. A funcionalidade dos indivduos e das populaes deve ser considerada uma varivel incontornvel da Sade Pblica, cuja avaliao deve refletir uma abordagem biopsicossocial, apoiada na Classificao Internacional de Funcionalidade. A operacionalizao da Classificao a partir dos Core Sets necessita de pesquisa mais aprofundada relativamente s caratersticas psicomtricas dos seus qualificadores e dos seus processos de validao.-----------ABSTRACT: The studies about the functioning of the elderly play an important role on what the present knowledge of the demography in the world is. Portugal figures high on the most aged countries, having a network of post-acute care - the National Network of Integrated Continuous Care (RNCCI) - which assists a large part of that population. The conceptual aspects of functioning according to WHO and operated by the International Classification of Functioning (ICF), have been insufficiently addressed concerning its adequate applicability in our country, hindering the contributions of its operation. In the same way, also the Core Sets of the Classification have not been subjected to validation procedures that include portuguese samples, keeping the unawareness of specificity of the contextual factors in our population. The objectives of the present study were to know the evolution of the functioning of the elderly assisted in the RNCCI in the Algarve region in units of convalescence and average duration, validate the WHO Geriatric Core Set and propose an abridged version of this comprehensive core set in this healthcare context. The sample was composed by 451 elderly people, of which 62.1% were women, they showed favourable levels in functioning in the pre-morbid state, except for Domestic Activities. However, the oldest ( 85 years), the individuals with no education, women and widowed/ unmarried showed more unfavourable cases when compared to their peers. In the evolution of functioning we observed significant improvements in all domains assessed, with diferences with respect to age and education. In spite of positive results, the oldest and the individuals with no education showed lower levels of evolution. However, the functioning achieved showed significantly lower results when compared to the those observed in pre-morbidity state. Regression models reveal that Mental Functions, the Perceived Health Status and the Use of the Phone activity, were the variables that better explain the functioning of the outcomes achieved. The validation of the Geriatric Core Set of ICF was possible in most categories, and Body Functions was the component where this process showed greatest weakness. Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-Related Functions experienced in both evaluation times with higher rates of disability, while in the Activities & Participation component this occurred in the Fine Hand Use activity. The Support and Relationships and Attitudes chapters were considered the Environmental Factors most Facilitators but also with greater impact Barrier. The proposal for the Brief Geriatric Core Set has resulted from the independent categories that explained the regression models of functioning and includes a set of 27 categories, with na important emphasis on Activities & Participation component where we can highlight the areas of Mobility and Self Care domains. The functioning of individuals and populations should be considered as an unavoidable variable of Public Health, of which the assessment should reflect a biopsychosocial approach, based on the International Classification of Functioning. The operationalization of the Classification from the Core Sets requires further research regarding the psychometric characteristics of their qualifiers and their validation procedure.
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Brazil is an emerging country where community school is being promoted in order to respond to the still significant gap between the poor and the rich population. This paper attempts to analyze one community school. Although other social programs whose scopes are also to enhance education have been implemented, such as the "Bolsa Familia", the impact of community schools need attention as well. Indeed, community schools must be studied due to the relevant positive attributes they can provide. Moreover, by improving the quality of education, studies show an enhancement of a higher-skilled nation and a better qualified labour force for the future. To clearly demonstrate the impacts of these communities, the treatment effect will be measured by using a matching estimator.
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Salmonella enterica serovars are Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that infect a wide variety of animals. Salmonella infections are common in humans, causing usually typhoid fever and gastrointestinal diseases. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), which is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis, has been extensively used to study the molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella, because of the availability of sophisticated genetic tools, and of suitable animal and tissue culture models mimicking different aspects of Salmonella infections.(...)
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Work Projected presented in the context of a Directed Research Internship at the Directorate-General of Statistics of the Portuguese Ministry of Education, and as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA - School of Business and Economics
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RESUMO: As clulas dendrticas (CDs) so fundamentais na imunomodulao e iniciao de respostas imunes adaptativas, enquanto os cidos silicos (Sias) so potenciais imunomoduladores. Estas clulas expressam nveis elevados da sialiltransferase ST6Gal-1, que transfere Sias para a posio terminal de oligossacridos. De facto, a maturao de CDs est associada a uma diminuio da sialilao na sua superfcie celular. Apesar de ter funo biolgica desconhecida, a forma solvel, extracelular de ST6Gal-1 aumenta em cancros e inflamao. Ainda assim, esta foi recentemente identificada como moduladora da hematopoiese. Considerando o importante papel das CDs na iniciao de respostas anticancergenas, uma ligao entre a sialilao extrnseca induzida por ST6Gal-1 extracelular e o seu papel na modulao de CDs deve ser identificada. Neste trabalho hipotetizou-se que a sialilao 2,6 extrnseca de CDs diminui o seu perfil de maturao mediante ativao por lipopolissacardeo (LPS). O objetivo principal foi sialilar extrinsecamente em 2,6 CDs da medula ssea de murganhos, avaliando os seus perfis de maturao e de libertao de citocinas, aps estimulao com LPS (por Citometria de Fluxo e ELISA, respetivamente). Ao contrrio da hiptese, o perfil celular no foi modulado, usando vrias abordagens. Por outro lado, a consequncia da falta de 2,6 Sias na maturao de CDs foi avaliada analisando: 1) CDs da medula ssea de murganhos tratadas com sialidase, 2) CDs da medula ssea e 3) CDs das vias areas, ambas de murganhos deficientes em ST6Gal-1, comparando com a estirpe selvagem. Estes resultados sugerem que a perta total de 2,6 Sias se relaciona com o aumento da expresso do complexo de histocompatibilidade principal de classe II. Apesar de controverso, provvel existirem mecanismos inerentes ativao por LPS, reduzindo a eficcia de ST6Gal-1 extracelular. Por outro lado, a modificao no perfil de CDs de murganhos deficientes em ST6Gal-1 poder relacionar-se com uma predisposio para um estado inflamatrio severo. Com isto, o trabalho desenvolvido abriu futuras linhas de investigao, nomeadamente explorar outros fatores envolvidos na (de)sialilao 2,6 de CDs, podendo ter impacto em imunoterapia com uso de CDs.--------------------------ABSTRACT: Dendritic cells (DCs) are vital for immunomodulation and the initiation of adaptive immune responses, whereas sialic acids (Sias) are potential immunomodulators. These cells express high levels of sialyltransferase ST6Gal-1, responsible for transferring Sias to the terminal position of oligosaccharide chains. Indeed, DCs maturation is associated with decreased cell surface sialylation. Although its biological significance is unknown, the soluble, extracellular form of ST6Gal-1 increases in cancers and inflammation. However, extracellular ST6Gal-1 was recently identified as modulator of hematopoiesis. Considering that DCs play a crucial role in the initiation of a productive anti-cancer immune response, a link between extrinsic sialylation by the extracellular ST6Gal-1 on DC function needs to be investigated. We hypothesize that extrinsic 2,6 sialylation of DCs diminishes their maturation features upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The main goal was to extrinsically 2,6 sialylate mice bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) and to evaluate their maturation and cytokine profiles upon LPS stimulation (by Flow Cytometry and ELISA, respectively). Unlike the hypothesis, we observed that BMDCs profile is not modulated, even using several approaches. In contrast, the consequence of lacking cell surface 2,6 Sias in DC maturation was assessed by analysing: 1) sialidase treated BMDCs, 2) BMDCs from mice lacking ST6Gal-1 and 3) DCs from mice airways, comparing wild type with ST6Gal-1 knockout mice. These results suggest that overall lack in 2,6 Sias is related with increased expression of major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II). Although appearing to be controversial findings, other intracellular mechanisms might be occurring upon LPS-induced BMDC activation, probably reducing extracellular ST6Gal-1 effect. In opposite, the modification observed in DC profile of ST6Gal-1 knockout mice might be related to its predisposition to a more severe inflammatory status. With this, the developed work opened future lines of investigation, namely exploring other factors involved in 2,6 (de)sialylation of DC, which might have influence in immunotherapy using DCs.
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RESUMO: Objetivo Principal Determinar a consistncia da utilizao dos instrumentos de avaliao da capacidade intelectual escalas de Griffiths e WISC III no enquadramento dos domnios e dos qualificadores da CIF-CJ, restrita s funes mentais do corpo. Objetivo secundrio: Estudar a efetividade e concordncia inter-observador da aplicao da CIF, com base na leitura dos dados obtidos em avaliao efetuada com os instrumentos referidos, por duas observadoras independentes, em contexto de articulao sade, respetivamente educao e segurana social Mtodos Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal e prospetivo. Foi estudada uma amostra de convenincia 355 crianas, num perodo de trs anos (Maio de 2010 a 30 de Abril de 2013), com patologia da rea da pediatria do neurodesenvolvimento (total de 4000 consultas) no Centro de Desenvolvimento (CD) do Hospital de Dona Estefnia (HDE), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE (CHLC, EPE). Critrios de incluso: crianas de ambos os sexos, observadas no CD do HDE, CHLC (primeiras consultas e consultas de reavaliao) com idade 12 meses e 17 anos e incapacidade intelectual definida de acordo com os critrios da DSM-IV-TR, DSM 5 e CID-10. Critrios de excluso: crianas com autismo, perturbaes especficas da linguagem, hiperatividade, dfice de ateno e concentrao, dfices sensoriais congnitos (baixa viso e ou audio), ou com outros diagnsticos de perturbaes de neurodesenvolvimento. O estudo teve duas fases: na primeira, a investigadora principal colheu ou atualizou a histria clnica, observou clinicamente as crianas solicitando os exames complementares considerados necessrios e foi efetuada avaliao psicolgica com os instrumentos adiante descritos, pela mesma psicloga clnica, devidamente credenciada, e com larga experincia nas escalas referidas. Com base nos dados colhidos, quer por observao direta, quer atravs dos resultados das escalas Griffiths e WISC III, a investigadora aplicou a CIF-CJ, circunscrita aos domnios e funes (variveis): 1. FUNESMENTAIS GLOBAIS (b110- Funes da conscincia, b114- Funes da orientao no espao e no tempo, b117 Funes intelectuais, b122- Funes psicossociais globais, b125- Funes intrapessoais, b126- Funes do temperamento e da personalidade); 2.FUNES MENTAIS ESPECFICAS (b140- funes da ateno, b147- Funes psicomotoras, b152- Funes emocionais, b156- Funes da perceo, b163- Funes cognitivas bsicas, b164- Funes cognitivas de nvel superior, b167- Funes mentais da linguagem 3. FUNES DA VOZ E DA FALA (b320- Funes da articulao, b330- Funes da fluncia e do ritmo da fala). Numa segunda fase, foi solicitada a colaborao de duas co-investigadoras, com formao especfica nas escalas utilizadas e na CIF-CJ, a aplicao da CIF nos mesmos domnios e funes. Estas observadoras no efetuaram observaes diretas das crianas envolvidas. Para efetuar a anlise estatstica e analisar a relao entre os qualificadores (0 a 4) das variveis da CIF em estudo (b117, b122, b147, b163, b164, b167, b320 e b330) e os instrumentos psicomtricos (escalas de Griffiths e WISC III), que constitui a primeira parte do estudo, recorreu-se tcnica estatstica no paramtrica do coeficiente de correlao de Spearman, que quantifica a intensidade e sinal da eventual correlao existente entre as variveis em estudo. Para determinar as correlaes referentes segunda parte do estudo, foram utilizados os programas SPSS, (IBM SPSS Statistics) e Statistica (StatSoft, Inc., 2011). STATISTICA (data analysis software system, version 10. www.statsoft.com.), tendo-se dado preferncia aos grficos deste ltimo. Resultados 1. Observou-se um predomnio do sexo masculino (relao de 1:1,9); relativamente idade no momento de avaliao, 242 crianas (68,1%) tinham entre zero e seis anos e, dentro destas, a maioria (189) situava-se entre os trs e os seis anos. 2. De acordo com a DSM-IV e DSM-5, 261 (73,4%) crianas apresentavam incapacidade intelectual ligeira. 3. A avaliao da competncia intelectual pelas escalas de Ruth Griffiths e WISC III (QI), revelaram correlao negativa predominantemente forte e muito forte (ndice de Spearman) com os qualificadores das funes do corpo estudadas (funes mentais, mentais especficas e da voz). Os resultados obtidos pela co-investigadora A foram sobreponveis aos da investigadora principal. Os resultados obtidos pela co-investigadora B revelaram correlao negativa moderada e forte, correlao inferior da investigadora principal; Concluses Os resultados permitem inferir que as escalas de Ruth Griffiths e WISC-III so instrumentos adequados para caracterizar a incapacidade intelectual na CIF-CJ; a concordncia inter-observador, moderada, nos qualificadores atribudos nas funes em anlise pela investigadora e co-investigadoras, permite concluir que as escalas de Ruth Griffiths e WISC IIIl so bons instrumentos para caracterizar os qualificadores nos domnios e funes estudados, por diferentes grupos de profissionais ligados infncia. Subsistem dificuldades na diferenciao entre qualificadores, designadamente entre os qualificadores 1 e 2, o que tem necessariamente implicaes na elegibilidade das crianas para os apoios preconizados pelo DL 3/2008. ------------------------ ABSTRACT: Main objective To determine the consistency of the use of assessment tools for intellectual ability - Griffiths and WISC III scales - in the context of domains and qualifiers for the ICF-CY, restricted to the mental functions of the body. Secondary objective Studying the effectiveness and inter-observer concordance concerning the application of the ICF, based on the data recovered from the assessment made with the mentioned instruments, carried out by two independent observers including their perspective on health, education and social security. Methods Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study. A convenience sample of 355 children was studied over a period of three years (May 2010 to April 2013), with a pathology in the area of pediatric neurodevelopment intellectual disability (total of 4000 consultations, including first consultations and revaluations) were observed in the Development Centre (CD) in Hospital de Dona Estefnia (HDE), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE (CHLC). Inclusion criteria: children of both sexes aged 12 months and years 17 and intellectual disability defined according to the criteria in the DSM-IV-TR, DSM 5 and ICD-10. Exclusion criteria: children with autism; specific language impairment, hyperactivity; attention deficit disorder; severe birth sensory deficits (eg, impaired vision and hearing); amongst other diagnoses for neurodevelopmental disorders. The study was conducted in two phases: in the first phase the principal investigator collected or updated medical history, clinically observed children requesting additional investigations if she deemed necessary. Psychological evaluation was performed by a single, duly licensed clinical psychologist with extensive experience in the referred scales using the instruments described below. Based on data collected, either by direct observation or through the results of Griffiths scales and WISC - III, the researcher applied the ICF-CY confined to the following fields and functions (variables): 1. GLOBAL MENTAL FUNCTIONS (b110- functions of consciousness, b114- Functions referring to space and time orientation , b117 - intellectual functions, b122- global psychosocial functions, b125- intrapersonal functions, b126- functions related to temperament and personality); 2. SPECIFIC MENTAL FUNCTIONS ( b140- attention functions, b147-psychomotor functions, b152- Emotional functions, b156- perception functions, b163- basic cognitive functions and cognitive functions b164- top level b167- language related mental functions. ) 3. VOICE AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS (b320-articulation functions, b330- fluency and rhythm of speech functions). In the second phase, two co-investigators, with specific training on the scales used and the ICF-CY have applied the ICF in the domains and functions mentioned above, based on the scales results. These co-investigators did not make any direct observation of the studied children. To perform the statistical analysis and analyze the relationship between the qualifiers (0-4) of the variables in the ICF study (b117, b122, b147, B163, B164, b167, b320 and B330) and psychometric instruments (Griffiths scale and WISC III), which is the first part of the study, the statistical technique of non-parametric Spearman correlation coefficient was used, which quantifies the strength and sign of the possible correlation between the variables under study. For submission of correlations related to the second part of the study, SPSS (IBM SPSS) and Statistica (StatSoft, Inc., 2011) programs were used. STATISTICA (data analysis software system, version 10 www.statsoft.com.). Preference was given to graphs computed in Statistica. Results Male predominated (ratio of 1: 1.9). 242 children (68.1% of the sample) were aged between zero and six years and, among these, the majority (189) was aged largest number between three and six years. According to the DSM-IV and DSM-5, 261 (73.4%) children had mild intellectual disability. The correlation between the assessment of intellectual competence by Ruth Griffiths scales and WISC III (QI), was predominantly negative strong and very strong correlation with the qualifiers of body functions studied (specific mental functions, mental and voice functions using Spearman index). The levels of correlation obtained by the co-investigatores were in agreeance with the results from the principal investigator. The results obtained by co-investigator B showed moderate to strong negative correlation, levels that were lower to the those registered by the principal investigator; Conclusions These results indicate that Ruth Griffiths and WISC-III scales are adequate tools to characterize intellectual disability in the ICF-CY; moderate inter-observer agreement in the qualifiers assigned the functions under analysis by the researcher and co-researchers, shows that the scales are also good tools to measure CIF qualifyers by diferent technicians with different professional orientations, related to children. However, there are still difficulties in differentiating qualifiers, namely between qualifiers 1/2 and 3/4, which necessarily has implications for the eligibility of children for the state support advocated by the Portuguese Decret Law 3/2008.
Resumo:
This paper analyses the determinants of success of undergraduate Nova SBE students from 2008 to 2011. We account for the question of selection that is likely to occur when we just observe the success of those students who were admitted and enrolled at school. The main result of our empirical analysis is that the high school score appears to be a stronger predictor of the students success than the national Maths exam score. In addition, the evidence also suggests that male students tend to have a better performance in Economics than female students and displaced management students have more difficulties in terms of their scores. Finally, it does not seem to exist a strong visible difference on the final GPA between students from public and private schools.
