8 resultados para Noncommutative Differential Forms
em Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
Resumo:
A geração de trajectórias de robôs em tempo real é uma tarefa muito complexa, não
existindo ainda um algoritmo que a permita resolver de forma eficaz. De facto, há
controladores eficientes para trajectórias previamente definidas, todavia, a adaptação a
variações imprevisíveis, como sendo terrenos irregulares ou obstáculos, constitui ainda um
problema em aberto na geração de trajectórias em tempo real de robôs.
Neste trabalho apresentam-se modelos de geradores centrais de padrões de locomoção
(CPGs), inspirados na biologia, que geram os ritmos locomotores num robô quadrúpede.
Os CPGs são modelados matematicamente por sistemas acoplados de células (ou
neurónios), sendo a dinâmica de cada célula dada por um sistema de equações diferenciais
ordinárias não lineares. Assume-se que as trajectórias dos robôs são constituídas por esta
parte rítmica e por uma parte discreta. A parte discreta pode ser embebida na parte rítmica,
(a.1) como um offset ou (a.2) adicionada às expressões rítmicas, ou (b) pode ser calculada
independentemente e adicionada exactamente antes do envio dos sinais para as articulações
do robô. A parte discreta permite inserir no passo locomotor uma perturbação, que poderá
estar associada à locomoção em terrenos irregulares ou à existência de obstáculos na
trajectória do robô. Para se proceder á análise do sistema com parte discreta, será variado o
parâmetro g. O parâmetro g, presente nas equações da parte discreta, representa o offset do
sinal após a inclusão da parte discreta.
Revê-se a teoria de bifurcação e simetria que permite a classificação das soluções
periódicas produzidas pelos modelos de CPGs com passos locomotores quadrúpedes. Nas
simulações numéricas, usam-se as equações de Morris-Lecar e o oscilador de Hopf como
modelos da dinâmica interna de cada célula para a parte rítmica. A parte discreta é
modelada por um sistema inspirado no modelo VITE. Medem-se a amplitude e a
frequência de dois passos locomotores para variação do parâmetro g, no intervalo [-5;5].
Consideram-se duas formas distintas de incluir a parte discreta na parte rítmica: (a) como
um (a.1) offset ou (a.2) somada nas expressões que modelam a parte rítmica, e (b) somada
ao sinal da parte rítmica antes de ser enviado às articulações do robô. No caso (a.1),
considerando o oscilador de Hopf como dinâmica interna das células, verifica-se que a amplitude e frequência se mantêm constantes para -5
Resumo:
A square-wave voltammetric (SWV) method and a flow injection analysis system with amperometric detection were developed for the determination of tramadol hydrochloride. The SWV method enables the determination of tramadol over the concentration range of 15-75 µM with a detection limit of 2.2 µM. Tramadol could be determined in concentrations between 9 and 50 µM at a sampling rate of 90 h-1, with a detection limit of 1.7 µM using the flow injection system. The electrochemical methods developed were successfully applied to the determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical dosage forms, without any pre-treatment of the samples. Recovery trials were performed to assess the accuracy of the results; the values were between 97 and 102% for both methods.
Resumo:
In this paper, we establish the controllability for a class of abstract impulsive mixed-type functional integro-differential equations with finite delay in a Banach space. Some sufficient conditions for controllability are obtained by using the Mönch fixed point theorem via measures of noncompactness and semigroup theory. Particularly, we do not assume the compactness of the evolution system. An example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.
Resumo:
This paper presents a differential evolution heuristic to compute a solution of a system of nonlinear equations through the global optimization of an appropriate merit function. Three different mutation strategies are combined to generate mutant points. Preliminary numerical results show the effectiveness of the presented heuristic.
Resumo:
Aiming for teaching/learning support in sciences and engineering areas, the Remote Experimentation concept (an E-learning subset) has grown in last years with the development of several infrastructures that enable doing practical experiments from anywhere and anytime, using a simple PC connected to the Internet. Nevertheless, given its valuable contribution to the teaching/learning process, the development of more infrastructures should continue, in order to make available more solutions able to improve courseware contents and motivate students for learning. The work presented in this paper contributes for that purpose, in the specific area of industrial automation. After a brief introduction to the Remote Experimentation concept, we describe a remote accessible lab infrastructure that enables users to conduct real experiments with an important and widely used transducer in industrial automation, named Linear Variable Differential Transformer.
Resumo:
A genetic algorithm used to design radio-frequency binary-weighted differential switched capacitor arrays (RFDSCAs) is presented in this article. The algorithm provides a set of circuits all having the same maximum performance. This article also describes the design, implementation, and measurements results of a 0.25 lm BiCMOS 3-bit RFDSCA. The experimental results show that the circuit presents the expected performance up to 40 GHz. The similarity between the evolutionary solutions, circuit simulations, and measured results indicates that the genetic synthesis method is a very useful tool for designing optimum performance RFDSCAs.
Resumo:
The paper presents a RFDSCA automated synthesis procedure. This algorithm determines several RFDSCA circuits from the top-level system specifications all with the same maximum performance. The genetic synthesis tool optimizes a fitness function proportional to the RFDSCA quality factor and uses the epsiv-concept and maximin sorting scheme to achieve a set of solutions well distributed along a non-dominated front. To confirm the results of the algorithm, three RFDSCAs were simulated in SpectreRF and one of them was implemented and tested. The design used a 0.25 mum BiCMOS process. All the results (synthesized, simulated and measured) are very close, which indicate that the genetic synthesis method is a very useful tool to design optimum performance RFDSCAs.
Resumo:
The paper presents a RFDSCA automated synthesis procedure. This algorithm determines several RFDSCA circuits from the top-level system specifications all with the same maximum performance. The genetic synthesis tool optimizes a fitness function proportional to the RFDSCA quality factor and uses the epsiv-concept and maximin sorting scheme to achieve a set of solutions well distributed along a non-dominated front. To confirm the results of the algorithm, three RFDSCAs were simulated in SpectreRF and one of them was implemented and tested. The design used a 0.25 mum BiCMOS process. All the results (synthesized, simulated and measured) are very close, which indicate that the genetic synthesis method is a very useful tool to design optimum performance RFDSCAs.