Desenvolvimento de sistema de apoio dinâmico da chapa no corte em guilhotina

Guilhotinas são máquinas robustas, de corte rectilíneo, normalmente associadas a equipamentos de baixo custo, devido à pequena quantidade de dispositivos tecnológicos incorporados. No entanto, esta situação pode ser alterada através da criatividade dos projetistas deste tipo de equipamento. Analisando algumas operações específicas, pode-se observar que algumas ferramentas, quando associadas ao equipamento, podem aumentar substancialmente a produtividade do processo de corte e a qualidade do produto final. Em relação ao processo de corte de chapas finas de metal, pode-se observar que na fase final de corte, o peso do material a cortar é suspenso por uma pequena porção de material que ainda não foi sujeita ao corte. Este facto leva a uma deformação plástica nesta última zona, causando problemas de qualidade no produto final, que não ficará completamente plano. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em torno deste problema, estudando a melhor solução para desenvolver uma nova ferramenta, capaz de evitar a falta de nivelamento da placa, após corte. Um novo equipamento foi concebido, capaz de ser facilmente incorporado na guilhotina, permitindo o acompanhamento da inclinação da lâmina durante a operação de corte. O sistema é totalmente automatizado, sendo operado por uma única instrução de corte dada pelo operador da máquina. Este sistema permite à empresa fabricante aumentar o valor agregado de cada máquina, oferecendo aos clientes soluções avançadas, contribuindo desta forma para a sustentabilidade do negócio da empresa.

Effect of the compact Ti layer on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells assembled using stainless steel sheets

Titanium films have been deposited on stainless steel metal sheets using dc magnetron sputtering technique at different substrate temperatures. The structure of the titanium films strongly depend on the substrate temperature. The titanium film deposited at the substrate temperature lower than 300 ◦C has a loose flat sheet grains structure and the titanium film prepared at the substrate temperature higher than 500 ◦C has a dense nubby grains structure. The DSSC assembled using stainless steel sheet coated with titanium film deposited at high substrate temperature has a low charge transfer resistance in the TiO2/Ti interface and results in a high conversion efficiency. The DSSC assembled using stainless steel sheet coated with titanium film deposited at temperature higher than 500 ◦C has higher conversion efficiency than that assembled using titanium metal sheet as the substrate. The maximum conversion efficiency, 2.26% is obtained for DSSC assembled using stainless steel sheet coated with titanium film deposited at 700 ◦C substrate temperature, which is about 70% of the conversion efficiency of the FTO reference cell used in this study.

Effect of temperature on the shear strength of aluminium single lap bonded joints for high temperature applications

An experimental and numerical investigation into the shear strength behaviour of adhesive single lap joints (SLJs) was carried out in order to understand the effect of temperature on the joint strength. The adherend material used for the experimental tests was an aluminium alloy in the form of thin sheets, and the adhesive used was a high-strength high temperature epoxy. Tensile tests as a function of temperature were performed and numerical predictions based on the use of a bilinear cohesive damage model were obtained. It is shown that at temperatures below Tg, the lap shear strength of SLJs increased, while at temperatures above Tg, a drastic drop in the lap shear strength was observed. Comparison between the experimental and numerical maximum loads representing the strength of the joints shows a reasonably good agreement.

Modification of cell volume and proliferative capacity of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata cells exposed to metal stress

The impact of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn) on growth, cell volume and cell division of the freshwateralga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata exposed over a period of 72 h was investigated. The algal cells wereexposed to three nominal concentrations of each metal: low (closed to 72 h-EC10values), intermediate(closed to 72 h-EC50values) and high (upper than 72 h-EC90values). The exposure to low metal concen-trations resulted in a decrease of cell volume. On the contrary, for the highest metal concentrations anincrease of cell volume was observed; this effect was particularly notorious for Cd and less pronouncedfor Zn. Two behaviours were found when algal cells were exposed to intermediate concentrations ofmetals: Cu(II) and Cr(VI) induced a reduction of cell volume, while Cd(II) and Zn(II) provoked an oppositeeffect. The simultaneous nucleus staining and cell image analysis, allowed distinguishing three phases inP. subcapitata cell cycle: growth of mother cell; cell division, which includes two divisions of the nucleus;and, release of four autospores. The exposure of P. subcapitata cells to the highest metal concentrationsresulted in the arrest of cell growth before the first nucleus division [for Cr(VI) and Cu(II)] or after thesecond nucleus division but before the cytokinesis (release of autospores) when exposed to Cd(II). Thedifferent impact of metals on algal cell volume and cell-cycle progression, suggests that different toxic-ity mechanisms underlie the action of different metals studied. The simultaneous nucleus staining andcell image analysis, used in the present work, can be a useful tool in the analysis of the toxicity of thepollutants, in P. subcapitata, and help in the elucidation of their different modes of action.

Serpentine bacteria influence metal translocation and bioconcentration of Brassica juncea and Ricinus communis grown in multi-metal polluted soils

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of inoculation of rhizosphere or endophytic bacteria (Psychrobacter sp. SRS8 and Pseudomonas sp. A3R3, respectively) isolated from a serpentine environment on the plant growth and the translocation and accumulation of Ni, Zn, and Fe by Brassica juncea and Ricinus communis on a multi-metal polluted serpentine soil (SS). Field collected SS was diluted to 0, 25, 50, and 75% with pristine soil in order to obtain a range of heavy metal concentrations and used in microcosm experiments. Regardless of inoculation with bacteria, the biomass of both plant species decreased with increase of the proportion of SS. Inoculation of plants with bacteria significantly increased the plant biomass and the heavy metal accumulation compared with non-inoculated control in the presence of different proportion of SS, which was attributed to the production of plant growth promoting and/or metal mobilizing metabolites by bacteria. However, SRS8 showed a maximum increase in the biomass of the test plants grown even in the treatment of 75% SS. In turn, A3R3 showed maximum effects on the accumulation of heavy metals in both plants. Regardless of inoculation of bacteria and proportion of SS, both plant species exhibited low values of bioconcentration factor (<1) for Ni and Fe. The inoculation of both bacterial strains significantly increased the translocation factor (TF) of Ni while decreasing the TF of Zn in both plant species. Besides this contrasting effect, the TFs of all metals were <1, indicating that all studied bacteria–plant combinations are suitable for phytostabilization. This study demonstrates that the bacterial isolates A3R3 and SRS8 improved the growth of B. juncea and R. communis in SS soils and have a great potential to be used as inoculants in phytostabilization scenarios of multi-metal contaminated soils.

Electroanalysis of urinary L-dopa using tyrosinase immobilized on gold nanoelectrode ensembles

The performance of an amperometric biosensor constructed by associating tyrosinase (Tyr) enzyme with the advantages of a 3D gold nanoelectrode ensemble (GNEE) is evaluated in a flow-injection analysis (FIA) system for the analysis of l-dopa. GNEEs were fabricated by electroless deposition of the metal within the pores of polycarbonate track-etched membranes. A simple solvent etching procedure based on the solubility of polycarbonate membranes is adopted for the fabrication of the 3D GNEE. Afterward, enzyme was immobilized onto preformed self-assembled monolayers of cysteamine on the 3D GNEEs (GNEE-Tyr) via cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The experimental conditions of the FIA system, such as the detection potential (−0.200 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and flow rates (1.0 mL min−1) were optimized. Analytical responses for l-dopa were obtained in a wide concentration range between 1 × 10−8 mol L−1 and 1 × 10−2 mol L−1. The limit of quantification was found to be 1 × 10−8 mol L−1 with a resultant % RSD of 7.23% (n = 5). The limit of detection was found to be 1 × 10−9 mol L−1 (S/N = 3). The common interfering compounds, namely glucose (10 mmol L−1), ascorbic acid (10 mmol L−1), and urea (10 mmol L−1), were studied. The recovery of l-dopa (1 × 10−7 mol L−1) from spiked urine samples was found to be 96%. Therefore, the developed method is adequate to be applied in the clinical analysis.

Metal deposition using Ionic liquids

There is an interest to create zinc/tin alloys to replace cadmium as a corrosion protective coating material. Existing aqueous electroplating systems for these alloys are commercially available but have several limitations. Dangerous and highly toxic complexing agents are uses e.g. cyanides. To overcome these problems, ionic liquids could provide a solution to obtain an alloy containing 20 to 30% of zinc. Ionic liquids (IL’s) often have wider electrochemical windows which allow the deposition of e.g. refractive metals that can not be deposited from aqueous solutions. In IL’s it is often not necessary to add complexing agents. The Zn/Sn alloy deposition from IL’s is therefore a promising application for the plating industry. Nevertheless, there are some issues with this alternative for aqueous systems. The degradation of the organic components, the control of the concentration of two metals and the risk of a two phase deposition instead of an alloy had to be overcome first. It is the main purpose of this thesis to obtain a Zn/Sn alloy with 20% zinc using IL’s as an electrolyte. First a separate study was performed on both the zinc and the tin deposition. Afterwards, an attempt to deposit a Zn/Sn alloy was made. An introduction to a study about the electrodeposition of refractive metals concludes this work. It initiated the research for oxygen-free IL’s to deposit molybdenum or tungsten. Several parameters (temperature, metal source and concentration, organic complexing agents,…) were optimized for both the zinc, tin and zinc/tin deposition. Experiments were performed both in a parallel plate cell and a Hull cell, so as to investigate the effect of current density as well. Ethaline200 was selected as electrolyte. As substrate, brass and iron were selected, while as anode a plate of the metal to deposit was chosen, tin for the alloy. The best efficiencies were always obtained on brass; however the iron substrate resulted in the best depositions. A concentration of 0.27M ZnCl2, 0.07M SnCl2 with 0.015M of K3-HEDTA as complexant resulted in a deposition containing the desired alloy with the amount of 20% zinc and 80% tin with good appearance. Refractory metals as molybdenum and tungsten cannot be electrodeposited from aqueous solutions without forming a co-deposition with Ni, Co or Fe. Here, IL’s could again provide a solution. A first requirement is the dissolution of a metal source. MoO3 could be suitable, however there are doubts about using oxides. Oxygen-free IL’s were sought for. A first attempt was the combination of ZnCl2 with chlormequat (CCC), which gave liquids below 150°C in molar ratios of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1. Unfortuna tely, MoO3 didn’t dissolve in these IL’s. Another route to design oxygen-free IL’s was the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts. None of the methods used, proved viable as reaction time was long and resulted in very low yields. Therefore, no sufficient quantities were obtained to perform the possible electrochemical behavior of refractive metals.

Mixed extractant systems for metal recovery

Hoje em dia, a prevenção dos resíduos de metais é uma questão muito importante para um grande número de empresas, pois necessitam optimizar o seu sistema de tratamento de águas residuais a fim de alcançarem os limites legais dos teores em iões metálicos e poderem efectuar a descarga das águas residuais no domínio hídrico público. Devido a esta problemática foram efectuados estudos inovadores relacionados com a remoção de iões metálicos de águas residuais, verificando-se que as tecnologias de membrana oferecem uma série de vantagens para o efeito. Uma dessas tecnologias, referida como Membrana Líquida de Suporte (SLM), é baseada num mecanismo de extracção. A membrana hidrofóbica, impregnada com uma solução extractora, funciona como barreira entre a água residual e uma solução, geralmente ácida. A diferença de pH entre a água residual e a solução actua como força motriz para o transporte de iões metálicos da água residual para a referida solução. Poderá ocorrer um problema de falta de estabilidade, resultante da possível fuga da solução extractora para fora dos poros das membranas. Estudos anteriores mostraram que os ácidos alquilfosfóricos ou ácidos fosfónicos, como os reagentes D2EHPA e CYANEX e hidroxioximas como o LIX 860-I podem ser muito úteis para a extração de iões metálicos como ferro, cobre, níquel, zinco e outros. A clássica extracção líquido-líquido também tem mostrado que a mistura de diferentes extractores pode ter um efeito sinergético. No entanto, não é claro que haja um efeito óptimo da razão de extractor ou que tipo de complexo é formado durante o processo de extracção. O objectivo deste projecto é investigar este comportamento sinergético e as complexas formações por meio de um método espectrofotométrico, o “Job’s method” e “Mole-ratio method”. Estes métodos são utilizados para estimar a estequiometria dos vários complexos entre dois solutos, a partir da variação de absorvância dos complexos quando comparado com a absorvância do soluto. Com este projecto, o Job’s method e mole-ratio method serão aplicados a um sistema de três componentes, para conseguir mais informações sobre a complexação de níquel (II) e a fim de determinar a razão extractor: metal dos complexos formados durante a aplicação de mistura de extractores D2EHPA e LIX 860-I. Segundo Job’s method a elavada absorvância situa-se na região de 0,015-0,040 M de LIX 860-I e uma baixa concentração de D2EHPA. Quando as diferentes experiências são encontradas num conjunto experimental foram avaliadas de acordo com o método de trabalho, o valor máximo do gráfico foi encontrado para uma baixa fração molar do ião metálico e uma maior concentração de D2EHPA. Esta mudança foi encontrado de 0,50 até 0,30, que poderia apontar para a direção da formação de diferentes complexos. Para o Mole-Ratio method, a estequiometria dos complexos metal pode ser determinada a partir do ponto de intersecção das linhas tangente do gráfico da absorbância versus a concentração do ligante. Em todos os casos, o máximo foi obtido em torno de uma concentração total de 0,010 M. Quando D2EHPA foi aplicado sozinho, absorvâncias muito baixos foram obtidas.

Optimização do corte de chapas

O presente trabalho visa denotar a importância de ferramentas e técnicas utilizadas como apoio à tomada de decisão. Foi proposto um problema de corte cujo objectivo primordial procura minimizar o desperdício gerado resultante do processo de obtenção de um produto, utilizando um caso representativo de um produto em chapa, fabricado por uma empresa que conta três décadas de laboração contínua, proposeram-se e realizaram-se estudos no sentido de solucionar recursos causadores de desperdício. Neste trabalho aplicou-se um problema de corte bi-dimensional a uma indústria que recorre ao fabrico de produtos em chapa, por forma a minimizar o desperdício relativo ao processo utilizado. Propôs-se quatro alternativas à solução actual realizada na empresa, que passa pela disposição e combinação de vários tipos de cortes-padrão que podem ser executados nas diferentes dimensões de matéria-prima disponibilizada. Estas alternativas têm como vantagem apresentar reduções que se traduzam significativas para os custos implícitos à realização do processo produtivo. Os estudos computacionais praticados mostraram que as soluções propostas como alternativa obtiveram melhores resultados que os obtidos pela empresa, excepto num caso.

Evaluation of atmospheric deposition and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in façades of historic monuments of Oporto (Portugal)

Atmospheric pollution by motor vehicles is considered a relevant source of damage to architectural heritage. Thus the aim of this work was to assess the atmospheric depositions and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in façades of historical monuments. Eighteen PAHs (16 PAHs considered by US EPA as priority pollutants, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) were determined in thin black layers collected from façades of two historical monuments: Hospital Santo António and Lapa Church (Oporto, Portugal). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for morphological and elemental characterisation of thin black layers; PAHs were quantified by microwave-assisted extraction combined with liquid chromatography (MAE-LC). The thickness of thin black layers were 80–110 μm and they contained significant levels of iron, sulfur, calcium and phosphorus. Total concentrations of 18 PAHs ranged from 7.74 to 147.92 ng/g (mean of 45.52 ng/g) in thin black layers of Hospital Santo António, giving a range three times lower than at Lapa Church (5.44– 429.26 ng/g; mean of 110.25 ng/g); four to six rings compounds accounted at both monuments approximately for 80–85% of ΣPAHs. The diagnostic ratios showed that traffic emissions were significant source of PAHs in thin black layers. Composition profiles of PAHs in thin black layers of both monuments were similar to those of ambient air, thus showing that air pollution has a significant impact on the conditions and stone decay of historical building façades. The obtained results confirm that historical monuments in urban areas act as passive repositories for air pollutants present in the surrounding atmosphere.

Microstructure, mechanical properties and chemical degradation of brazed AISI 316 stainless steel/alumina systems

The main aims of the present study are simultaneously to relate the brazing parameters with: (i) the correspondent interfacial microstructure, (ii) the resultant mechanical properties and (iii) the electrochemical degradation behaviour of AISI 316 stainless steel/alumina brazed joints. Filler metals on such as Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti and Ag–34.5Cu–1.5Ti were used to produce the joints. Three different brazing temperatures (850, 900 and 950 °C), keeping a constant holding time of 20 min, were tested. The objective was to understand the influence of the brazing temperature on the final microstructure and properties of the joints. The mechanical properties of the metal/ceramic (M/C) joints were assessed from bond strength tests carried out using a shear solicitation loading scheme. The fracture surfaces were studied both morphologically and structurally using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The degradation behaviour of the M/C joints was assessed by means of electrochemical techniques. It was found that using a Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti brazing alloy and a brazing temperature of 850 °C, produces the best results in terms of bond strength, 234 ± 18 MPa. The mechanical properties obtained could be explained on the basis of the different compounds identified on the fracture surfaces by XRD. On the other hand, the use of the Ag–34.5Cu–1.5Ti brazing alloy and a brazing temperature of 850 °C produces the best results in terms of corrosion rates (lower corrosion current density), 0.76 ± 0.21 μA cm−2. Nevertheless, the joints produced at 850 °C using a Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti brazing alloy present the best compromise between mechanical properties and degradation behaviour, 234 ± 18 MPa and 1.26 ± 0.58 μA cm−2, respectively. The role of Ti diffusion is fundamental in terms of the final value achieved for the M/C bond strength. On the contrary, the Ag and Cu distribution along the brazed interface seem to play the most relevant role in the metal/ceramic joints electrochemical performance.

Iron Overload Favors the Elimination of Leishmania

Iron plays a central role in host-parasite interactions, since both intervenients need iron for survival and growth, but are sensitive to iron-mediated toxicity. The host’s iron overload is often associated with susceptibility to infection. However, it has been previously reported that iron overload prevented the growth of Leishmania major, an agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in BALB/c mice. In order to further clarify the impact of iron modulation on the growth of Leishmania in vivo, we studied the effects of iron supplementation or deprivation on the growth of L. infantum, the causative agent of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis, in the mouse model. We found that dietary iron deficiency did not affect the protozoan growth, whereas iron overload decreased its replication in the liver and spleen of a susceptible mouse strain. The fact that the iron-induced inhibitory effect could not be seen in mice deficient in NADPH dependent oxidase or nitric oxide synthase 2 suggests that iron eliminates L. infantum in vivo through the interaction with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Iron overload did not significantly alter the mouse adaptive immune response against L. infantum. Furthermore, the inhibitory action of iron towards L. infantum was also observed, in a dose dependent manner, in axenic cultures of promastigotes and amastigotes. Importantly, high iron concentrations were needed to achieve such effects. In conclusion, externally added iron synergizes with the host’s oxidative mechanisms of defense in eliminating L. infantum from mouse tissues. Additionally, the direct toxicity of iron against Leishmania suggests a potential use of this metal as a therapeutic tool or the further exploration of iron anti-parasitic mechanisms for the design of new drugs.

Otimização do processo de corte de chapa a laser na SERMEC LASER

O presente trabalho visa apresentar a temática da otimização da produção de corte laser numa empresa do ramo da indústria metalomecânica, denominada Sermec Laser e situada no concelho da Maia no Distrito do Porto. Para alcançar este objetivo foi necessário conhecer o funcionamento atual do processo, como por exemplo, os seus intervenientes, as taxas de ocupação do equipamento de corte a laser e os procedimentos. Só depois de ser explorada essa vertente será possível desenvolver um plano com vista a melhorar esse processo. Este projeto espera criar um plano de melhoria que será testado e, quando for validado, será implementado. As melhorias propostas por este plano passam pelo aumento da eficiência do processo de corte a laser e a alteração de parte do layout da empresa de forma a facilitar e agilizar este mesmo processo. O objetivo final será acrescentar mais valor ao processo, reduzindo os seus desperdícios. Com esta melhoria a empresa ficará a ganhar, pois irá produzir de forma mais ajustada às suas necessidades.

Estudo comparativo do comportamento de diferentes ferramentas na fresagem de aços duplex

A maquinagem por arranque de apara é, na actualidade, um dos processos de fabrico mais utilizados e de maior relevo no panorama da indústria metalomecânica mundial. Para além da forte evolução que se tem registado ao longo das últimas décadas nos equipamentos ligados à maquinagem, também as ferramentas têm visto o seu desempenho fortemente melhorado, graças essencialmente ao desenvolvimento de revestimentos finos, mono e multicamada, que têm proporcionado o conjunto de propriedades mais indicado a cada situação. Por outro lado, os aços inoxidáveis duplex têm registado um forte incremento na sua aplicação, a qual requer, em muitos casos, o uso da maquinagem para a obtenção das formas necessárias. Tendo em consideração estes dois factores, o presente trabalho visa, essencialmente avaliar qual a ferramenta mais adequada para trabalhar este tipo de ligas, em função do tipo de maquinagem e condições de corte. Para tal, foram utilizadas diferentes ferramentas dotadas da mesma geometria, e seleccionados parâmetros que constituíssem um denominador comum entre os valores indicados pelos diferentes fabricantes. Foram consideradas apenas condições de maquinagem com utilização de fluido de corte e realizados percursos de corte previamente determinados na fresagem, utilizando fresas de topo em condições de maquinagem de alta velocidade. A análise comparativa recaiu sobre a qualidade da superfície gerada por maquinagem, avaliada através de perfilometria, e o desgaste registado por cada uma das ferramentas utilizadas.

The hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola harbors metal-resistant endophytic bacteria that improve its phytoextraction capacity in multi-metal contaminated soil

Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation has recently been suggested as a successful approach for ecological restoration of metal contaminated soils, however little information is available on the influence of endophytic bacteria on the phytoextraction capacity of metal hyperaccumulating plants in multi-metal polluted soils. The aims of our study were to isolate and characterize metal-resistant and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) utilizing endophytic bacteria from tissues of the newly discovered Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola and to examine if these endophytic bacterial strains could improve the efficiency of phytoextraction of multi-metal contaminated soils. Among a collection of 42 metal resistant bacterial strains isolated from the tissues of S. plumbizincicola grown on Pb/Zn mine tailings, five plant growth promoting endophytic bacterial strains (PGPE) were selected due to their ability to promote plant growth and to utilize ACC as the sole nitrogen source. The five isolates were identified as Bacillus pumilus E2S2, Bacillus sp. E1S2, Bacillus sp. E4S1, Achromobacter sp. E4L5 and Stenotrophomonas sp. E1L and subsequent testing revealed that they all exhibited traits associated with plant growth promotion, such as production of indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores and solubilization of phosphorus. These five strains showed high resistance to heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Pb) and various antibiotics. Further, inoculation of these ACC utilizing strains significantly increased the concentrations of water extractable Cd and Zn in soil. Moreover, a pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of inoculating metal-resistant ACC utilizing strains on the growth of S. plumbizincicola and its uptake of Cd, Zn and Pb in multi-metal contaminated soils. Out of the five strains, B. pumilus E2S2 significantly increased root (146%) and shoot (17%) length, fresh (37%) and dry biomass (32%) of S. plumbizincicola as well as plant Cd uptake (43%), whereas Bacillus sp. E1S2 significantly enhanced the accumulation of Zn (18%) in plants compared with non-inoculated controls. The inoculated strains also showed high levels of colonization in rhizosphere and plant tissues. Results demonstrate the potential to improve phytoextraction of soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals by inoculating metal hyperaccumulating plants with their own selected functional endophytic bacterial strains.