Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global – with their discoursive productions – have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women’s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. “Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi”, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-­woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. “The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality”, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a “gender shift” in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. “The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan”, Maria Helena Guimarães, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. “Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh”, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. “Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society”, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Università Ca’Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping’s “open policy”. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. “The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India”, Maria de Deus Manso, University of Évora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the “indigenous” female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer’s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. “Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia”, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro­level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Divulgação online da religião católica - estudo de caso: análise do website da Diocese do Porto

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Marketing Digital, sob orientação de Mestre António da Silva Vieira

Áudio digital: uma abordagem ao áudio pela perspectiva de ensino

A sociedade contemporânea tem acompanhado a evolução da Internet, ligando cada vez mais pessoas que exigem mais dela a cada dia que passa e desencadeando uma proliferação tecnológica nunca antes observada. A utilização de recursos, como vídeo e áudio na Internet, tem ganho nos últimos anos um crescente interesse. No entanto, constata-se a carência ou falta de recursos educativos digitais na área do áudio, que sejam capazes de apresentar uma pedagogia eficiente face a um tema muito complexo e extenso, para todos aqueles que queiram aprender de forma mais aprofundada o áudio como componente de engenharia. Na internet, sites de vídeos como Youtube ensinam a usar software de edição de áudio como Audacity, conceitos sobre som e áudio. Contudo, todos estão espalhados, sendo que a maior parte deles não possui fundamentos científicos ou uma bibliografia que acompanhe os conteúdos que leccionam. A proposta desta investigação é pesquisar sobre conhecimentos e recursos de áudio, integrando-os num produto Learning Object, Investigar noções teóricas sobre o som, equipamentos e técnicas usadas na área, assim como obter melhores resultados num espaço para a gravação que o aluno poderia fazer, aglomerando esses conceitos num protótipo mediamente desenvolvido. Foi necessária uma investigação extensa nesta área e avaliar e investigar a possibilidade de um recurso educativo, como o DALCH, capaz de proporcionar uma aprendizagem efectiva dos conceitos relacionados com áudio, que é um conceito complexo. Uma vez realizada essa investigação, foi necessário desenvolver, testar e avaliar um produto Learning Object, que apresentasse o áudio na sua globalidade, desde conceitos básicos até conceitos inerentes à própria produção. Foi possível aferir que esta solução pode contribuir para a formação desses alunos mediante uma experiência de aprendizagem agradável e intuitiva.

"Poster yourself": a construção colaborativa e multimédia do conhecimento no Ensino Precoce de Inglês

Mestrado em Ensino Precoce do Inglês

Reverse problem-based learning - a case study with a Braille machine

Engineering Education includes not only teaching theoretical fundamental concepts but also its verification during practical lessons in laboratories. The usual strategies to carry out this action are frequently based on Problem Based Learning, starting from a given state and proceeding forward to a target state. The possibility or the effectiveness of this procedure depends on previous states and if the present state was caused or resulted from earlier ones. This often happens in engineering education when the achieved results do not match the desired ones, e.g. when programming code is being developed or when the cause of the wrong behavior of an electronic circuit is being identified. It is thus important to also prepare students to proceed in the reverse way, i.e. given a start state generate the explanation or even the principles that underlie it. Later on, this sort of skills will be important. For instance, to a doctor making a patient?s story or to an engineer discovering the source of a malfunction. This learning methodology presents pedagogical advantages besides the enhanced preparation of students to their future work. The work presented on his document describes an automation project developed by a group of students in an engineering polytechnic school laboratory. The main objective was to improve the performance of a Braille machine. However, in a scenario of Reverse Problem-Based learning, students had first to discover and characterize the entire machine's function before being allowed (and being able) to propose a solution for the existing problem.

Impact of different moodle course designs on students? Performance

This work describes the impact of different teachers’ approaches in using Moodle, for supporting their courses, at the Polytechnic of Porto - School of Engineering. The study covers five different courses, from different degrees and different years, and includes a number of Moodle resources especially supporting laboratory classes. These and other active resources are particularly analyzed in order to evaluate students’ adherence to them. One particular course includes a number of remote experiments, made available through VISIR (Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality) and directly accessible through links included in the Moodle course page. The collected data have been correlated with students’ classifications in the lab component and in the exam, each one weighting 50% of their final marks. This analysis benefited from the existence of different teachers’ approaches, which resulted in a diversity of Moodle-supported environments. Conclusions point to the existence of a positive correlation factor between the number of Moodle accesses and the final exam grade, although the quality of the resources made available by the teachers seems to be preponderant over its quantity. In addition, different students perspectives were found regarding active resources: while some seem to encourage students to participate (for instance online quiz or online reports), others, more demanding, are unable to stimulate the majority of them.

Engaging students by moodleing a course? Case studies at the Polytechnic of Porto–School of Engineering

This work presents a comparative study covering four different courses lectured at the Polytechnic of Porto - School of Engineering, regarding the usage of a particular Learning Management System, i.e. Moodle, and its impact on students' results. This study addresses teachers who used this platform as a complement to their courses (b-learning) and identifies some particular issues in order to potentiate students' engagement and learning. Even though positive correlation factors exist, e.g. between the number of Moodle accesses versus the final exam grade obtained by each student, the explanation behind it may not be straightforward. Mapping this particular factor to course numbers reveals that the quality of the resources might be preponderant and not only their quantity. These results point to the fact that some dynamic resources might enlarge students' engagement.

From cheating to teaching: a path for conversion of illegal gambling machines

Video poker machines, a former symbol of fraud and gambling in Brazil, are now being converted into computer-based educational tools for Brazilian public primary schools and also for governmental and non-governmental institutions dealing with communities of poverty and social exclusion, in an attempt to reduce poverty risks (decrease money spent on gambling) and promote social inclusion (increase access and motivation to education). Thousands of illegal gambling machines are seized by federal authorities, in Brazil, every year, and usually destroyed at the end of the criminal apprehension process. This paper describes a project developed by the University of Southern Santa Catarina, Brazil, responsible for the conversion process of gambling machines, and the social inclusion opportunities derived from it. All project members worked on a volunteer basis, seeking to promote social inclusion of Brazilian young boys and girls, namely through digital inclusion. So far, the project has been able to convert over 200 gambling machines and install them in over 40 public primary schools, thus directly benefiting more than 12,000 schoolchildren. The initial motivation behind this project was technology based, however the different options arising from the conversion process of the gambling machines have also motivated a rather innovative and unique experience in allowing schoolchildren and young people with special (educational) needs to access to computer-based pedagogical applications. The availability of these converted machines also helps to place Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the very daily educational environment of these children and youngsters, thus serving social and cultural inclusion aspects, by establishing a dialogue with the community and their technological expectations, and also directly contributing to their digital literacy.

El ocio cotidiano de los estudiantes: de educación secundaria en Espanã

Partiendo de la interrelación existente entre la educación cultural de las personas y el uso que hacen de sus tiempos cotidianos, en el artículo se pone de manifiesto la relevancia que tiene el ocio en el desarrollo humano. Más aún cuando nos referimos a adolescentes y jóvenes que, dada la realidad socio familiar que les ha venido impuesta, ven condicionada la satisfacción de muchas de las necesidades básicas que favorecen una vida de y con calidad, en cuyo logro el derecho al ocio adquiere un protagonismo clave. En este sentido, se presentarán parte de los resultados de un proyecto de investigación, cuyo objetivo principal residía en conocer e interpretar cómo inciden los tiempos escolares en los procesos de socialización adolescente y juvenil, así como en los modos de configurar su tiempo libre. Más en concreto: se analizarán algunos de los datos obtenidos en un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc y aplicado a una muestra de 3.306 alumnos/as de entre 12 y 17 años que cursaban Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) en centros educativos de la geografía española en el curso académico 2010-2011. Conocer la utilización que hace este colectivo de sus tiempos, tiene para nosotros en este artículo una doble finalidad: reflexionar en qué medida las actividades que realizan favorecen la adquisición de aprendizajes de carácter cultural; indagar si existe alguna relación significativa entre la edad, el contexto familiar y las actividades que llevan a cabo.

A educação social em Portugal: novos desafios para a identidade profissional

A Educação Social surge, em Portugal, devido sobretudo à exigência dos sistemas de proteção social. Enquanto profissão, a Educação Social realiza-se no âmbito das ciências da educação, enquadrada pela Pedagogia Social. A Educação Social desenvolve-se pela diversidade de categorias profissionais e de perfis de competências e áreas disciplinares. O reconhecimento da identidade profissional dos educadores sociais portugueses depende, ainda, da polivalência dos contextos de trabalho e populações com os quais interage. A sua identidade profissional deve evidenciar o compromisso educativo do seu trabalho social, que supera lógicas de ação assistencialistas e se centra em lógicas de desenvolvimento e capacitação dos sujeitos. Neste artigo, é dado destaque à Pedagogia Social, enquanto saber matricial de referência dos educadores sociais. A Pedagogia Social constitui-se como a ciência da Educação Social, conferindo-lhe a própria especificidade da profissão. Por outro lado, o exercício profissional da Educação Social requer dos seus profissionais uma formação rigorosa, inicial e contínua, de forma a incorporar novos saberes e posturas para se adaptar a novos desafios e realidades. A educação social deve ser capaz de acompanhar as políticas sociais, participando permanentemente na negociação do contrato social. Partindo destes pressupostos, é dado a conhecer alguns desafios que se colocam à Educação Social em Portugal.

O lugar da Hispanoamérica no processo de ensinoaprendizagem de Espanhol como Língua Estrangeira no Ensino Secundário Português

Tendo em conta um enfoque comunicativo experiencial (Fernández- Corbacho, 2014) e uma pedagogia crítica emancipatória (Jiménez Raya, Lamb & Vieira, 2007), enriquecida por enfoques multissensoriais (Arslan, 2009), é nossa intenção, com este projeto, contribuir para a implementação de práticas que espelhem as variedades linguísticas e culturais da Hispanoamérica (Liceras, 1995; Beave, 2000) na aula de espanhol como língua estrangeira no ensino secundário português. Neste estudo, através duma perspetiva metodológica de índole qualitativa, pretendemos, como ponto de partida, analisar: a) as representações de alunos portugueses sobre o lugar da Hispanoamérica no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de espanhol como língua estrangeira (Altmann & Vences, 2004; Pérez, 2003), através de inquéritos por questionário; e, ainda, b) as abordagens das variedades linguísticas e culturais do espanhol, que surgem nos manuais utilizados no ensino secundário português. Por outro lado, através de um estudo de caso (Benson, Chik, Gao, Huang & Wang, 2009), procurámos evidenciar uma mostra de possíveis boas práticas didático-pedagógicas e materiais, com vista a um trabalho sistemático e próativo com as variedades linguísticas e culturais do espanhol, baseado numa (hiper)pedagogia crítica e encarando a língua enquanto objeto manipulável e potenciador de cidadãos verdadeiramente conscientes do mundo. Para tal, criámos materiais físicos e digitais, que foram posteriormente implementados com alunos do 11º ano de escolaridade, no nível de iniciação de espanhol, num agrupamento de escolas da região de Aveiro. Os resultados mostram que práticas e materiais desta natureza poderão favorecer aprendizagens comunicativas experienciais, quanto à criação de futuros cidadãos críticos e ativos, fomentando o desenvolvimento das suas competências comunicativa plurilingue e pluricultural e duma consciência cultural crítica (Byram, Gribkova & Starkey, 2002) dos alunos, no contexto de ensino-aprendizagem do ensino secundário.

A expansão sistematizada de oportunidades de escolha como estratégia de suporte à participação

Baseado nos pressupostos subjacentes às práticas pedagógicas centradas na criança, este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a perspetiva dos educadores de infância sobre a promoção de oportunidades de escolha em contextos de ensino pré-escolar, tendo por referência o processo de inclusão de crianças com necessidades adicionais de suporte, bem como examinar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção, centrado na expansão de oportunidades de escolha, na participação de uma criança em situação de incapacidade. A fim de responder ao primeiro objetivo foi auscultada a opinião de 71 educadores de infância, através de uma pesquisa por inquérito. Já para o escrutínio dos efeitos do programa de intervenção, foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso único, tipo AB, avaliando o seu impacte na participação de uma criança de 4 anos com Paralisia Cerebral, através do uso de grelhas de observação e de uma entrevista semiestruturada à educadora. Os resultados sugerem que existe uma diferença significativa na facilidade de implementação de oportunidades de escolha, quando consideradas crianças com desenvolvimento típico e com necessidades adicionais de suporte, que parece também variar em função das diferentes rotinas do contexto pré-escolar e correlacionar-se com o nível de severidade da incapacidade. As características das crianças e as exigências curriculares são entendidas como as principais barreiras à implementação destas práticas. Os resultados sugerem, ainda, que o programa de intervenção – baseado no planeamento de oportunidades de escolha embebidas nos diferentes momentos da rotina do contexto pré-escolar - teve impacte positivo na participação da criança, com expansão dos indicadores de envolvimento, interação/comunicação e satisfação

O desenvolvimento da Comunicação e as interações entre pares: uma prática em contexto de creche

Os benefícios de uma prática de qualidade no desenvolvimento infantil e o impacto no futuro da criança, nos diferentes níveis psíquico, emocional, linguístico e cognitivo são evidenciados em várias pesquisas. As pesquisas também salientam a importância da competência e desempenho dos profissionais de educação para a qualidade da experiência e do sucesso das crianças. A presente investigação, de cariz qualitativa e descritiva, apresenta um estudo de caso, sustentada pela investigação ação, procurando conhecimentos acerca das práticas interventivas em creche. A questão principal surgiu de uma preocupação sentida em contexto de creche com uma criança de 33 meses que apresenta um atraso na fala e dificuldades na interação com os pares. Pretende-se estudar a intervenção, no sentido de criar um contexto educativo inclusivo, aumentando o envolvimento e, as interações sociais e, consequentemente, aprendizagens mais significativas e um sentimento de pertença ao grupo. Este estudo permitiu construir conhecimento acerca da qualidade do contexto nas aprendizagens das crianças, fundamentado numa pedagogia sócio construtivista onde se valoriza a voz da criança, a sua ação e a sua competência participativa.