Standing balance in individuals with Parkinson's disease during single and dual-task conditions

This study aimed to examine the differences in standing balance between individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and subjects without PD (control group), under single and dual-task conditions. A cross-sectional study was designed using a non-probabilistic sample of 110 individuals (50 participants with PD and 60 controls) aged 50 years old and over. The individuals with PD were in the early or middle stages of the disease (characterized by Hoehn and Yahr as stages 1-3). The standing balance was assessed by measuring the centre of pressure (CoP) displacement in single-task (eyes-open/eyes-closed) and dual-task (while performing two different verbal fluency tasks). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding sociodemographic variables. In general, the standing balance of the individuals with PD was worse than the controls, as the CoP displacement across tasks was significantly higher for the individuals with PD (p<0.01), both in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. Moreover, there were significant differences in the CoP displacement based parameters between the conditions, mainly between the eyes-open condition and the remaining conditions. However, there was no significant interaction found between group and condition, which suggests that changes in the CoP displacement between tasks were not influenced by having PD. In conclusion, this study shows that, although individuals with PD had a worse overall standing balance than individuals without the disease, the impact of performing an additional task on the CoP displacement is similar for both groups.

Effects of dual-task training on balance and executive functions in Parkinson's disease: A pilot study

The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of cognitive-motor dual-task training compared with single-task training on balance and executive functions in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Fifteen subjects, aged between 39 and 75 years old, were randomly assigned to the dual-task training group (n = 8) and single-task training group (n = 7). The training was run twice a week for 6 weeks. The single-task group received balance training and the dual-task group performed cognitive tasks simultaneously with the balance training. There were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline. After the intervention, the results for mediolateral sway with eyes closed were significantly better for the dual-task group and anteroposterior sway with eyes closed was significantly better for the single-task group. The results suggest superior outcomes for the dual-task training compared to the single-task training for static postural control, except in anteroposterior sway with eyes closed.

Estudo sobre Perdas de Água

O presente relatório resulta de um estudo realizado na empresa Águas do Douro e Paiva, S.A. (AdDP), atual Águas do Norte, S.A., sob a forma de estágio curricular, com a duração de seis meses e que teve como tema as perdas de água na rede da empresa. Inicialmente é feito um enquadramento ao tema onde se aborda o setor das águas em Portugal, a importância do mesmo na sociedade Portuguesa e as suas principais características. É apresentada também uma introdução à empresa onde foi realizado o estágio e, posteriormente, são apresentados fundamentos teóricos relativos às perdas de água onde se incluem as diversas fases de abordagem ao problema, métodos de medição dos caudais e técnicas de localização de fugas. De modo a comparar resultados já obtidos pela empresa, foi feito um levantamento de dados anuais e mensais para o cálculo do balanço hídrico e indicadores de desempenho para toda a rede da empresa. A informação obtida foi traduzida sob a forma de gráficos e os resultados foram comparados com os resultados da empresa e com os valores recomendados pela Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços de Águas e Resíduos (ERSAR). Tendo em conta a problemática em estudo, foi desenvolvida uma folha de cálculo de auxílio à gestão que permite obter valores para as perdas de água diárias para os subsistemas de Lever e do Vale do Sousa e onde a informação é apresentada sob a forma de gráficos. Os vários passos necessários ao desenvolvimento da folha de cálculo são descritos no presente relatório e é explicado o funcionamento e distribuição dos diversos componentes da rede.