Recycling old screen-printed electrodes with newly designed plastic antibodies on the wall of carbon nanotubes as sensory element for in situ detection of bacterial toxins in water

Using low cost portable devices that enable a single analytical step for screening environmental contaminants is today a demanding issue. This concept is here tried out by recycling screen-printed electrodes that were to be disposed of and by choosing as sensory element a low cost material offering specific response for an environmental contaminant. Microcystins (MCs) were used as target analyte, for being dangerous toxins produced by cyanobacteria released into water bodies. The sensory element was a plastic antibody designed by surface imprinting with carefully selected monomers to ensure a specific response. These were designed on the wall of carbon nanotubes, taking advantage of their exceptional electrical properties. The stereochemical ability of the sensory material to detect MCs was checked by preparing blank materials where the imprinting stage was made without the template molecule. The novel sensory material for MCs was introduced in a polymeric matrix and evaluated against potentiometric measurements. Nernstian response was observed from 7.24 × 10−10 to 1.28 × 10−9 M in buffer solution (10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 6.6), with average slopes of −62 mVdecade−1 and detection capabilities below 1 nM. The blank materials were unable to provide a linear response against log(concentration), showing only a slight potential change towards more positive potentials with increasing concentrations (while that ofthe plastic antibodies moved to more negative values), with a maximum rate of +33 mVdecade−1. The sensors presented good selectivity towards sulphate, iron and ammonium ions, and also chloroform and tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and fast response (<20 s). This concept was successfully tested on the analysis of spiked environmental water samples. The sensors were further applied onto recycled chips, comprehending one site for the reference electrode and two sites for different selective membranes, in a biparametric approach for “in situ” analysis.

Re-Use Assessment of Thermoset Composite Wastes as Aggregate and Filler Replacement for Concrete-Polymer Composite Materials: A case study regarding GFRP pultrusion wastes

Glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRP), nowadays commonly used in the construction, transportation and automobile sectors, have been considered inherently difficult to recycle due to both the cross-linked nature of thermoset resins, which cannot be remoulded, and the complex composition of the composite itself, which includes glass fibres, polymer matrix and different types of inorganic fillers. Hence, to date, most of the thermoset based GFRP waste is being incinerated or landfilled leading to negative environmental impacts and additional costs to producers and suppliers. With an increasing awareness of environmental matters and the subsequent desire to save resources, recycling would convert an expensive waste disposal into a profitable reusable material. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of mechanically recycled GFRP pultrusion wastes on flexural and compressive behaviour of polyester polymer mortars (PM) was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of GFRP recyclates (0%, 4%, 8% and 12%, w/w), with distinct size grades (coarse fibrous mixture and fine powdered mixture), were incorporated into polyester PM as sand aggregates and filler replacements. The effect of the incorporation of a silane coupling agent was also assessed. Experimental results revealed that GFRP waste filled polymer mortars show improved mechanical behaviour over unmodified polyester based mortars, thus indicating the feasibility of GFRP waste reuse as raw material in concrete-polymer composites.

Otimização energética da máquina de impregnar telas para pneus

Este trabalho realizou-se na empresa Continental – Indústria Têxtil do Ave, S.A (CITA) em colaboração com a empresa Cofely GDF Suez – Energia e Serviços Portugal, S.A. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi a otimização energética da máquina de impregnar telas para pneus – a máquina ZELL, tendo em conta as principais utilidades envolvidas: eletricidade e gás natural. Deste modo foi feito um levantamento prévio das condições de operação desta máquina relativamente às telas mais representativas da produção da empresa. Tendo-se verificado que as telas em poliéster representam 65% da produção total da máquina ZELL. Para este tipo de produto, foi feita uma análise dos consumos energéticos anuais para avaliar qual das utilidades referidas corresponde à maior parcela energética. Verificou-se que o consumo de gás natural representa a maior parcela da fatura energética anual da empresa correspondendo a 47%. Além disso, da energia total consumida anualmente pela ZELL, que corresponde a 1360 tep, 32% é relativo à energia elétrica e os restantes 68% ao consumo de gás natural. Por fim, procedeu-se à otimização energética estudando as alterações possíveis no sentido de reduzir os consumos energéticos da máquina, sem prejuízo da qualidade do produto final. Para isso propôs-se a instalação de permutadores de fluxo cruzado para pré-aquecer quer o ar fresco quer o ar de combustão. A implementação desta medida tem um período de retorno à volta de três anos e pode levar a uma poupança anual entre 1.359.639 kWh e 2.370.114 kWh para o ar fresco e 393.523 kWh e 639.475 kWh para o ar de combustão.