Electric vehicle scenario simulator tool for smart grid operators

This paper presents a simulator for electric vehicles in the context of smart grids and distribution networks. It aims to support network operator´s planning and operations but can be used by other entities for related studies. The paper describes the parameters supported by the current version of the Electric Vehicle Scenario Simulator (EVeSSi) tool and its current algorithm. EVeSSi enables the definition of electric vehicles scenarios on distribution networks using a built-in movement engine. The scenarios created with EVeSSi can be used by external tools (e.g., power flow) for specific analysis, for instance grid impacts. Two scenarios are briefly presented for illustration of the simulator capabilities.

An integrated approach for distributed energy resource short term scheduling in smart grids considering realistic power system simulation

The large increase of distributed energy resources, including distributed generation, storage systems and demand response, especially in distribution networks, makes the management of the available resources a more complex and crucial process. With wind based generation gaining relevance, in terms of the generation mix, the fact that wind forecasting accuracy rapidly drops with the increase of the forecast anticipation time requires to undertake short-term and very short-term re-scheduling so the final implemented solution enables the lowest possible operation costs. This paper proposes a methodology for energy resource scheduling in smart grids, considering day ahead, hour ahead and five minutes ahead scheduling. The short-term scheduling, undertaken five minutes ahead, takes advantage of the high accuracy of the very-short term wind forecasting providing the user with more efficient scheduling solutions. The proposed method uses a Genetic Algorithm based approach for optimization that is able to cope with the hard execution time constraint of short-term scheduling. Realistic power system simulation, based on PSCAD , is used to validate the obtained solutions. The paper includes a case study with a 33 bus distribution network with high penetration of distributed energy resources implemented in PSCAD .

Demand response in electrical energy supply: an optimal real time pricing approach

In competitive electricity markets with deep concerns for the efficiency level, demand response programs gain considerable significance. As demand response levels have decreased after the introduction of competition in the power industry, new approaches are required to take full advantage of demand response opportunities. This paper presents DemSi, a demand response simulator that allows studying demand response actions and schemes in distribution networks. It undertakes the technical validation of the solution using realistic network simulation based on PSCAD. The use of DemSi by a retailer in a situation of energy shortage, is presented. Load reduction is obtained using a consumer based price elasticity approach supported by real time pricing. Non-linear programming is used to maximize the retailer’s profit, determining the optimal solution for each envisaged load reduction. The solution determines the price variations considering two different approaches, price variations determined for each individual consumer or for each consumer type, allowing to prove that the approach used does not significantly influence the retailer’s profit. The paper presents a case study in a 33 bus distribution network with 5 distinct consumer types. The obtained results and conclusions show the adequacy of the used methodology and its importance for supporting retailers’ decision making.

Emergency energy resource management in SmartGrids

Energy resources management can play a very relevant role in future power systems in a SmartGrid context, with intensive penetration of distributed generation and storage systems. This paper deals with the importance of resource management in incident situations. The paper presents DemSi, an energy resources management simulator that has been developed by the authors to simulate electrical distribution networks with high distributed generation penetration, storage in network points and customers with demand response contracts. DemSi is used to undertake simulations for an incident scenario, evidencing the advantages of adequately using flexible contracts, storage, and reserve in order to limit incident consequences.

Demsi - a demand response simulator in the context of intensive use of distributed generation

Demand response can play a very relevant role in future power systems in which distributed generation can help to assure service continuity in some fault situations. This paper deals with the demand response concept and discusses its use in the context of competitive electricity markets and intensive use of distributed generation. The paper presents DemSi, a demand response simulator that allows studying demand response actions and schemes using a realistic network simulation based on PSCAD. Demand response opportunities are used in an optimized way considering flexible contracts between consumers and suppliers. A case study evidences the advantages of using flexible contracts and optimizing the available generation when there is a lack of supply.

A probabilistic methodology for distributed generation location in isolated electrical service area

Distributed generation unlike centralized electrical generation aims to generate electrical energy on small scale as near as possible to load centers, interchanging electric power with the network. This work presents a probabilistic methodology conceived to assist the electric system planning engineers in the selection of the distributed generation location, taking into account the hourly load changes or the daily load cycle. The hourly load centers, for each of the different hourly load scenarios, are calculated deterministically. These location points, properly weighted according to their load magnitude, are used to calculate the best fit probability distribution. This distribution is used to determine the maximum likelihood perimeter of the area where each source distributed generation point should preferably be located by the planning engineers. This takes into account, for example, the availability and the cost of the land lots, which are factors of special relevance in urban areas, as well as several obstacles important for the final selection of the candidates of the distributed generation points. The proposed methodology has been applied to a real case, assuming three different bivariate probability distributions: the Gaussian distribution, a bivariate version of Freund’s exponential distribution and the Weibull probability distribution. The methodology algorithm has been programmed in MATLAB. Results are presented and discussed for the application of the methodology to a realistic case and demonstrate the ability of the proposed methodology for efficiently handling the determination of the best location of the distributed generation and their corresponding distribution networks.

Demand response in future power systems management – a conceptual framework and simulation tool

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica – Sistemas Eléctricos de Energia

Modified particle swarm optimization for day-ahead distributed energy resources scheduling including vehicle-to-grid

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica – Sistemas Eléctricos de Energia

Redes de distribuição de gás natural: projeto e desenvolvimento

Atualmente o gás natural é a principal fonte de energia utilizada pela maioria dos europeus nos setores doméstico, terciário e industrial. É considerado a alternativa energética do futuro e a mais ecologicamente correta de que podemos dispor, numa escala compatível com as elevadas necessidades energéticas da Humanidade a nível global. Aliado a estes factos, surgem cada vez mais regras de boa prática, normas e legislação, nomeadamente especificações técnicas de forma a regular o setor e dotar as entidades intervenientes na conceção e controlo de uma instalação de rede de gás, de um conhecimento mais detalhado e atualizado sobre esta matéria. Esta dissertação pretende assim contribuir para a melhoria e modernização do desempenho de todos os que exercem funções neste setor, com vista ao aperfeiçoamento da qualidade e utilidade dos seus serviços. Este trabalho reúne o conjunto de informação técnica presente na legislação e normas de forma a preencher a eventual falha do conhecimento neste ramo por parte destes profissionais dotando-os de um conhecimento mais aprofundado, de modo a que possam executar corretamente e de forma eficaz o seu trabalho. Por outro lado, esta dissertação tem como objetivo o projeto e desenvolvimento de uma rede de distribuição de gás natural aplicado a três redes concretas: rede de distribuição, edifício e moradia. A conceção do projeto de instalação de gás inicia-se com a recolha de informação, seguindo-se o desenvolvimento do estudo do traçado. Assim, estão reunidas as condições para dimensionar e providenciar a escolha de materiais mais adequados para a execução da obra. A metodologia de dimensionamento adotada teve por base a equação dos gases perfeitos e a fórmula de Renouard simplificada, encontrando-se implementada numa folha de cálculo. Esta ferramenta de cálculo aliada à metodologia permite realizar de forma expedita o correto dimensionamento de uma rede de gás, bem como apurar se a velocidade de escoamento se encontra em conformidade com o definido no projeto.

GAIC: Um sistema inteligente e flexível para simulação e apoio à participação de pequenos e médios consumidores na gestão ativa de cargas no âmbito de smart grids

A liberalização dos mercados de energia e a utilização intensiva de produção distribuída tem vindo a provocar uma alteração no paradigma de operação das redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. A continuidade da fiabilidade das redes de distribuição no contexto destes novos paradigmas requer alterações estruturais e funcionais. O conceito de Smart Grid vem permitir a adaptação das redes de distribuição ao novo contexto. Numa Smart Grid os pequenos e médios consumidores são chamados ao plano ativo das participações. Este processo é conseguido através da aplicação de programas de demand response e da existência de players agregadores. O uso de programas de demand response para alcançar benefícios para a rede encontra-se atualmente a ser estudado no meio científico. Porém, existe a necessidade de estudos que procurem benefícios para os pequenos e médios consumidores. O alcance dos benefícios para os pequenos e médios consumidores não é apenas vantajoso para o consumidor, como também o é para a rede elétrica de distribuição. A participação, dos pequenos e médios consumidores, em programas de demand response acontece significativamente através da redução de consumos energéticos. De modo a evitar os impactos negativos que podem provir dessas reduções, o trabalho aqui proposto faz uso de otimizações que recorrem a técnicas de aprendizagem através da utilização redes neuronais artificiais. Para poder efetuar um melhor enquadramento do trabalho com as Smart Grids, será desenvolvido um sistema multiagente capaz de simular os principais players de uma Smart Grid. O foco deste sistema multiagente será o agente responsável pela simulação do pequeno e médio consumidor. Este agente terá não só que replicar um pequeno e médio consumidor, como terá ainda que possibilitar a integração de cargas reais e virtuais. Como meio de interação com o pequeno e médio consumidor, foi desenvolvida no âmbito desta dissertação um sistema móvel. No final do trabalho obteve-se um sistema multiagente capaz de simular uma Smart Grid e a execução de programas de demand response, sSendo o agente representante do pequeno e médio consumidor capaz de tomar ações e reações de modo a poder responder autonomamente aos programas de demand response lançados na rede. O desenvolvimento do sistema permite: o estudo e análise da integração dos pequenos e médios consumidores nas Smart Grids por meio de programas de demand response; a comparação entre múltiplos algoritmos de otimização; e a integração de métodos de aprendizagem. De modo a demonstrar e viabilizar as capacidades de todo o sistema, a dissertação inclui casos de estudo para as várias vertentes que podem ser exploradas com o sistema desenvolvido.

Maximizing the Social Welfare of Virtual Power Players Operation in Case of Excessive Wind Power

The integration of growing amounts of distributed generation in power systems, namely at distribution networks level, has been fostered by energy policies in several countries around the world, including in Europe. This intensive integration of distributed, non-dispatchable, and natural sources based generation (including wind power) has caused several changes in the operation and planning of power systems and of electricity markets. Sometimes the available non-dispatchable generation is higher than the demand. This generation must be used; otherwise it is wasted if not stored or used to supply additional demand. New policies and market rules, as well as new players, are needed in order to competitively integrate all the resources. The methodology proposed in this paper aims at the maximization of the social welfare in a distribution network operated by a virtual power player that aggregates and manages the available energy resources. When facing a situation of excessive non-dispatchable generation, including wind power, real time pricing is applied in order to induce the increase of consumption so that wind curtailment is minimized. This method is especially useful when actual and day-ahead resources forecast differ significantly. The distribution network characteristics and concerns are addressed by including the network constraints in the optimization model. The proposed methodology has been implemented in GAMS optimization tool and its application is illustrated in this paper using a real 937-bus distribution network with 20.310 consumers and 548 distributed generators, some of them non-dispatchable and with must take contracts. The implemented scenario corresponds to a real day in Portuguese power system.

Defining Electricity Tariffs Using the Knowledge About the Consumers Profiles in ELECON Project

The increasing importance of the integration of distributed generation and demand response in the power systems operation and planning, namely at lower voltage levels of distribution networks and in the competitive environment of electricity markets, leads us to the concept of smart grids. In both traditional and smart grid operation, non-technical losses are a great economic concern, which can be addressed. In this context, the ELECON project addresses the use of demand response contributions to the identification of non-technical losses. The present paper proposes a methodology to be used by Virtual Power Players (VPPs), which are entities able to aggregate distributed small-size resources, aiming to define the best electricity tariffs for several, clusters of consumers. A case study based on real consumption data demonstrates the application of the proposed methodology.

Distributed Energy Resources Management using Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles as a Fuel-Shifting Demand Response Resource

In the smart grids context, distributed energy resources management plays an important role in the power systems’ operation. Battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles should be important resources in the future distribution networks operation. Therefore, it is important to develop adequate methodologies to schedule the electric vehicles’ charge and discharge processes, avoiding network congestions and providing ancillary services. This paper proposes the participation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in fuel shifting demand response programs. Two services are proposed, namely the fuel shifting and the fuel discharging. The fuel shifting program consists in replacing the electric energy by fossil fuels in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles daily trips, and the fuel discharge program consists in use of their internal combustion engine to generate electricity injecting into the network. These programs are included in an energy resources management algorithm which integrates the management of other resources. The paper presents a case study considering a 37-bus distribution network with 25 distributed generators, 1908 consumers, and 2430 plug-in vehicles. Two scenarios are tested, namely a scenario with high photovoltaic generation, and a scenario without photovoltaic generation. A sensitivity analyses is performed in order to evaluate when each energy resource is required.

Analysis of Consumption Data to Detect Commercial Losses Using Performance Evaluation Methods in a Smart Grid

Electric power networks, namely distribution networks, have been suffering several changes during the last years due to changes in the power systems operation, towards the implementation of smart grids. Several approaches to the operation of the resources have been introduced, as the case of demand response, making use of the new capabilities of the smart grids. In the initial levels of the smart grids implementation reduced amounts of data are generated, namely consumption data. The methodology proposed in the present paper makes use of demand response consumers’ performance evaluation methods to determine the expected consumption for a given consumer. Then, potential commercial losses are identified using monthly historic consumption data. Real consumption data is used in the case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.

Real-time Energy Resource Scheduling considering a Real Portuguese Scenario

The development in power systems and the introduction of decentralized generation and Electric Vehicles (EVs), both connected to distribution networks, represents a major challenge in the planning and operation issues. This new paradigm requires a new energy resources management approach which considers not only the generation, but also the management of loads through demand response programs, energy storage units, EVs and other players in a liberalized electricity markets environment. This paper proposes a methodology to be used by Virtual Power Players (VPPs), concerning the energy resource scheduling in smart grids, considering day-ahead, hour-ahead and real-time scheduling. The case study considers a 33-bus distribution network with high penetration of distributed energy resources. The wind generation profile is based on a real Portuguese wind farm. Four scenarios are presented taking into account 0, 1, 2 and 5 periods (hours or minutes) ahead of the scheduling period in the hour-ahead and realtime scheduling.