Teas, dietary supplements and fruit juices: a comparative study regarding antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds

Nowadays, new emerging products claiming antioxidant properties are becoming more frequent. However, information about this topic in their labels is usually scarce. In this paper, we analyzed total phenolics, total flavonoids and ascorbic acid contents, as well as DPPH scavenging activity of several commercial samples, namely green tea and other herbal infusions, dietary supplements, and fruit juices, available in the Portuguese market. In general, beverages containing green tea and hibiscus showed higher phenolics contents (including flavonoids) and antioxidant activity than those without these ingredients. A borututu infusion presented the lowest concentrations of bioactive compounds and scavenging activity, due to the low recommended amount of plant to prepare the beverage. Some juices without antioxidant claims in the label presented similar values to those with it.

Evaluation of 99mTc-Sestamibi as a potential tool to investigate PgP activity in inflammation

Introduction: In the XXI Century ’s Society the scientific investigation process has been growing steadily , and the field of the pharmaceutical research is one of the most enthusiastic and relevant . Here, it is very important to correlate observed functional alterations with possibly modified drug bio distribution patterns . Cancer, inflammation and inf ection are processes that induce many molecular intermediates like cytokines, chemokines and other chemical complexes that can alter the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. One cause of such changes is thought to be the modulator action of these complexes in t he P - Glyco p rotein activity, because they can act like inducers/inhibitors of MDR - 1 expression. This protein results from the expression of MDR - 1 gene, and acts as an ATP energy - dependent efflux pump, with their substrates including many drugs , like antiretrovirals, anticancers, anti - infectives, immunosuppressants, steroids or opioids . Objectives: Because of the lack of methods to provide helpful information in the investigation of in vivo molecular changes in Pgp activity during infection/infl ammation processes, and its value in the explanation of the altered drug pharmacokinetic, this paper want to evaluate the potential utility of 99m Tc - Sestamibi scintigraphy during this kind of health sciences investigation. Although the a im is indeed to create a technique to the in vivo study of Pgp activity, this preliminary Project only reaches the in vitro study phase, assumed as the first step in a n evaluation period for a new tool development. Materials and Methods: For that reason , we are performing in vitro studies of influx and efflux of 99m Tc - Sestamibi ( that is a substrate of Pgp) in hepatocytes cell line (HepG2). We are interested in clarify the cellular behavior of this radiopharmaceutical in Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) stimulated cells ( well known in vitro model of inflammation) to possibly approve this methodology. To validate the results, the Pgp expression will be finally evaluated using Western Blot technique. Results: Up to this moment , we still don’t have the final results, but we have already enough data to let us believe that LPS stimulation induce a downregulation of MDR - 1, and consequently Pgp, which could conduce to a prolonged retention of 99m Tc - Sestamibi in the inflamed cells . Conclusions: If and when this methodology demonstrate the promising results we expect, one will be able to con clude that Nuclear Medicine is an important tool to help evidence based research also on this specific field .

Controlo postural na sequência de movimento de sentado para de pé em crianças com alterações do desenvolvimento neuromotor

A Sequência de Movimento de Sentado para de Pé (SMSP) é um marco importante na independência funcional da criança, sendo a sua qualidade afetada em casos de alteração do controlo postural do tronco. É por isso motivo de especial foco neste estudo, como elemento avaliativo e interventivo. Este estudo tem como objetivo a análise da modificação de componentes motores relacionados com o controlo postural, durante a SMSP, em 5 crianças com alterações neuromotoras, face à aplicação de um programa de intervenção baseado no Tratamento de Neuro Desenvolvimento (TND). Foi para tal utilizada a análise cinemática da SMSP - nomeadamente as variáveis “variação do deslocamento dos segmentos cabeça e tronco” e “variação do ângulo perna-pé” entre o momento inicial e o seat-off – complementada com a aplicação do Teste de Medida da Função Motora 88 (TMFM-88) e a Classificação Internacional da Funcionalidade Incapacidade e Saúde-Versão Crianças e Jovens (CIF-CJ), bem como a avaliação de componentes de movimento com recurso a registo de imagem. A análise cinemática demonstrou uma diminuição do deslocamento dos segmentos cabeça e tronco na maioria dos casos, bem como uma maior mobilidade da tíbia sobre pé. Verificou-se um aumento do score final do TMFM-88, em todos os casos. A CIF-CJ não evidenciou alterações entre o início e o término do período de intervenção. O registo de imagem demonstrou alterações positivas visíveis no alinhamento de segmentos, nível de atividade, controlo postural, e recurso a estratégias compensatórias no conjunto postural sentado e na SMSP. Após o período de intervenção as crianças deste estudo evidenciaram modificações positivas nas variáveis em estudo, nomeadamente 1) diminuição do deslocamento dos segmentos cabeça e tronco na fase inicial da SMSP, 2) aumento da variação do ângulo perna-pé na fase inicial da SMSP, 3) aumento do score total da TMFM-88, 4) alteração positiva dos componentes de movimento alinhamento de segmentos e nível de atividade e 5) redução do recurso a estratégias compensatórias de movimento na SMSP. Estas modificações sugerem um controlo postural mais eficiente.

Implementação e validação de um método de avaliação do perfil de ácidos gordos e do teor de gordura em alimentos por cromatografia gasosa

Nos dias de hoje é necessário criar hábitos de vida mais saudáveis que contribuam para o bem-estar da população. Adoptar medidas e práticas de modo regular e disciplinado, pode diminuir o risco do aparecimento de determinadas doenças, como a obesidade, as doenças cardiovasculares, a hipertensão, a diabetes, alguns tipos de cancro e tantas outras. É também importante salientar que, uma alimentação cuidada dá saúde e aumenta a esperança média de vida. Em Portugal, nos últimos anos, os costumes alimentares da população têm vindo a alterar-se significativamente. As refeições caseiras confeccionadas com produtos frescos dão lugar à designada “cultura do fast food”. Em contrapartida, os consumidores são cada vez mais exigentes, estando em permanente alerta no que se refere ao estado dos alimentos. A rotulagem de um produto, para além da função publicitária, tem vindo a ser objecto de legislação específica de forma a fornecer informação simples e clara, correspondente à composição, qualidade, quantidade, validade ou outras características do produto. Estas informações devem ser acessíveis a qualquer tipo de público, com mais ou menos formação e de qualquer estrato social. A qualidade e segurança dos produtos deve basear-se na garantia de que todos os ingredientes, materiais de embalagem e processos produtivos são adequados à produção de produtos seguros, saudáveis e saborosos. A Silliker Portugal, S.A. é uma empresa independente de prestação de serviços para o sector agro-alimentar, líder mundial na prestação de serviços para a melhoria da qualidade e segurança alimentar. A Silliker dedica-se a ajudar as empresas a encontrar soluções para os desafios actuais do sector, oferecendo uma ampla gama de serviços, onde se inclui o serviço de análises microbiológicas, químicas e sensorial; consultadoria em segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento; auditorias; rotulagem e legislação. A actualização permanente de procedimentos na procura de uma melhoria contínua é um dos objectivos da empresa. Para responder a um dos desafios colocados à Silliker, surgiu este trabalho, que consistiu no desenvolvimento de um novo método para determinação de ácidos gordos e da gordura total em diferentes tipos de alimentos e comparação dos resultados, com os obtidos com o método analítico até então adoptado. Se a gordura é um elemento de grande importância na alimentação, devido às suas propriedades nutricionais e organoléticas, recentemente, os investigadores têm focado a sua atenção nos mais diversos ácidos gordos (saturados, monoinsaturados e polinsaturados), em particular nos ácidos gordos essenciais e nos isómeros do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA), uma mistura de isómeros posicionais e geométricos do ácido linoleico com actividade biológica importante. A técnica usada nas determinações foi a cromatografia gasosa com ionização de chama, GC-FID, tendo as amostras sido previamente tratadas e extraídas de acordo com o tipo de matriz. A metodologia analítica desenvolvida permitiu a correcta avaliação do perfil em ácidos gordos, tendo-se para isso usado uma mistura de 37 ésteres metílicos, em que o ácido gordo C13:0 foi usado como padrão interno. A identificação baseou-se nos tempos de retenção de cada ácido gordo da mistura e para a quantificação usaram-se os factores de resposta. A validação do método implementado foi baseada nos resultados obtidos no estudo de três matrizes relativas a materiais certificados pela BIPEA (Bureau Interprofessionnel des Etudes Analytiques), para o que foram efectuadas doze réplicas de cada matriz. Para cada réplica efectuada foi calculado o teor de matéria gorda, sendo posteriormente o resultado comparado com o emitido pela entidade certificada. Após análise de cada constituinte foi também possível calcular o teor em ácidos gordos saturados, monoinsaturados e polinsaturados. A determinação do perfil em ácidos gordos dos materiais certificados foi aceitável atendendo aos valores obtidos, os quais se encontravam no intervalo de valores admissíveis indicados nos relatórios. A quantificação da matéria gorda no que se refere à matriz de “Paté à Tartinier” apresentou um z-score de 4,3, o que de acordo com as exigências internas da Silliker, não é válido. Para as outras duas matrizes (“Mélange Nutritif” e “Plat cuisiné à base de viande”) os valores de z-score foram, respectivamente, 0,7 e -1,0, o que permite concluir a validade do método. Para que o método possa vir a ser adoptado como método alternativo é necessário um estudo mais alargado relativamente a amostras com diferentes composições. O método foi aplicado na análise de amostras de fiambre, leite gordo, queijo, ovo com ómega 3, amendoim e óleo de girassol, e os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos pelo método até então adoptado.

Antitumor activity of hierridin B, a cyanobacterial secondary metabolite found in both filamentous and unicellular marine strains

Cyanobacteria are widely recognized as a valuable source of bioactive metabolites. The majority of such compounds have been isolated from so-called complex cyanobacteria, such as filamentous or colonial forms, which usually display a larger number of biosynthetic gene clusters in their genomes, when compared to free-living unicellular forms. Nevertheless, picocyanobacteria are also known to have potential to produce bioactive natural products. Here, we report the isolation of hierridin B from the marine picocyanobacterium Cyanobium sp. LEGE 06113. This compound had previously been isolated from the filamentous epiphytic cyanobacterium Phormidium ectocarpi SAG 60.90, and had been shown to possess antiplasmodial activity. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene from both strains confirmed that these cyanobacteria derive from different evolutionary lineages. We further investigated the biological activity of hierridin B, and tested its cytotoxicity towards a panel of human cancer cell lines; it showed selective cytotoxicity towards HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells.

Food consumption, physical activity and socio-economic status related to BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in adolescents

Objective: To examine the association between obesity and food group intakes, physical activity and socio-economic status in adolescents. Design: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2008. Cole’s cut-off points were used to categorize BMI. Abdominal obesity was defined by a waist circumference at or above the 90th percentile, as well as a waist-to-height ratio at or above 0?500. Diet was evaluated using an FFQ, and the food group consumption was categorized using sex-specific tertiles of each food group amount. Physical activity was assessed via a self-report questionnaire. Socio-economic status was assessed referring to parental education and employment status. Data were analysed separately for girls and boys and the associations among food consumption, physical activity, socio-economic status and BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio were evaluated using logistic regression analysis, adjusting the results for potential confounders. Setting: Public schools in the Azorean Archipelago, Portugal. Subjects: Adolescents (n 1209) aged 15–18 years. Results: After adjustment, in boys, higher intake of ready-to-eat cereals was a negative predictor while vegetables were a positive predictor of overweight/ obesity and abdominal obesity. Active boys had lower odds of abdominal obesity compared with inactive boys. Boys whose mother showed a low education level had higher odds of abdominal obesity compared with boys whose mother presented a high education level. Concerning girls, higher intake of sweets and pastries was a negative predictor of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity. Girls in tertile 2 of milk intake had lower odds of abdominal obesity than those in tertile 1. Girls whose father had no relationship with employment displayed higher odds of abdominal obesity compared with girls whose father had high employment status. Conclusions: We have found that different measures of obesity have distinct associations with food group intakes, physical activity and socio-economic status.

Relationship of milk intake and physical activity to abdominal obesity among adolescents

Background: Diet and physical activity (PA) are recognized as important factors to prevent abdominal obesity (AO), which is strongly associated with chronic diseases. Some studies have reported an inverse association between milk consumption and AO. Objective: This study examined the association between milk intake, PA and AO in adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1209 adolescents, aged 15–18 from the Azorean Archipelago, Portugal in 2008. AO was defined by a waist circumference at or above the 90th percentile. Adolescent food intake was measured using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and milk intake was categorized as ‘low milk intake’ (<2 servings per day) or ‘high milk intake’ ( 2 servings per day). PA was assessed via a self-report questionnaire, and participants were divided into active (>10 points) and low-active groups ( 10 points) on the basis of their reported PA. They were then divided into four smaller groups, according to milk intake and PA: (i) low milk intake/low active; (ii) low milk intake/active; (iii) high milk intake/low active and (iv) high milk intake/active. The association between milk intake, PA and AO was evaluated using logistic regression analysis, and the results were adjusted for demographic, body mass index, pubertal stage and dietary confounders. Results: In this study, the majority of adolescents consumed semi-skimmed or skimmed milk (92.3%). The group of adolescents with high level of milk intake and active had a lower proportion of AO than did other groups (low milk intake/low active: 34.2%; low milk intake/active: 26.9%; high milk intake/low active: 25.7%; high milk intake/active: 21.9%, P = 0.008). After adjusting for confounders, low-active and active adolescents with high levels of milk intake were less likely to have AO, compared with low-active adolescents with low milk intake (high milk intake/low active, odds ratio [OR] = 0.412, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.201– 0.845; high milk intake/active adolescents, OR = 0.445, 95% CI: 0.235–0.845).Conclusion: High milk intake seems to have a protective effect on AO, regardless of PA level

Antitumor activity of hierridin B, a cyanobacterial secondary metabolite found in both filamentous and unicellular marine strains

Cyanobacteria are widely recognized as a valuable source of bioactive metabolites. The majority of such compounds have been isolated from so-called complex cyanobacteria, such as filamentous or colonial forms, which usually display a larger number of biosynthetic gene clusters in their genomes, when compared to free-living unicellular forms. Nevertheless, picocyanobacteria are also known to have potential to produce bioactive natural products. Here, we report the isolation of hierridin B from the marine picocyanobacterium Cyanobium sp. LEGE 06113. This compound had previously been isolated from the filamentous epiphytic cyanobacterium Phormidium ectocarpi SAG 60.90, and had been shown to possess antiplasmodial activity. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene from both strains confirmed that these cyanobacteria derive from different evolutionary lineages. We further investigated the biological activity of hierridin B, and tested its cytotoxicity towards a panel of human cancer cell lines; it showed selective cytotoxicity towards HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells.

Brewer's spent grain from different types of malt: Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and identification of the major phenolic compounds

The antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of brewer's spent grain (BSG) extracts obtained by microwave-assisted extraction from twomalt types (light and darkmalts) were investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity among the light BSG extracts (pilsen, melano, melano 80 and carared)were significantly different (p b 0.05) compared to dark extracts (chocolate and black types), with the pilsen BSG showing higher TPC (20 ± 1 mgGAE/g dry BSG). In addition, the antioxidant activity assessed by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and deoxyribose assays decreased as a result of increasing kilning temperatures in the following order: pilsen N melano N melano 80 N carared N chocolate N black. HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of phenolic acids, such as ferulic, p-coumaric and syringic acids, as well as several isomeric ferulate dehydrodimers and one dehydrotrimer. Chocolate and black extracts, obtained frommalts submitted to the highest kilning temperatures, showed the lowest levels of ferulic and p-coumaric acids. These results suggested that BSG extracts from pilsen malt might be used as an inexpensive and good natural source of antioxidants with potential interest for the food, pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic industries after purification.

Angolan cymbopogon citratus used for therapeutic benefits: nutritional composition and influence of solvents in phytochemicals content and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts

Folk medicine is a relevant and effective part of indigenous healthcare systems which are, in practice, totally dependent on traditional healers. An outstanding coincidence between indigenous medicinal plant uses and scientifically proved pharmacological properties of several phytochemicals has been observed along the years. This work focused on the leaves of a medicinal plant traditionally used for therapeutic benefits (Angolan Cymbopogon citratus), in order to evaluate their nutritional value. The bioactive phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts prepared with different solvents (water, methanol and ethanol) were also evaluated. The plant leaves contained ~60% of carbohydrates, protein (~20%), fat (~5%), ash (~4%) and moisture (~9%). The phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids in all extracts. Methanolic extracts also contained alkaloids and steroids. Several methods were used to evaluate total antioxidant capacity of the different extracts (DPPH; NO; and H2O2 scavenging assays, reducing power, and FRAP). Ethanolic extracts presented a significantly higher antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) except for FRAP, in which the best results were achieved by the aqueous extracts. Methanolic extracts showed the lowest radical scavenging activities for both DPPH; and NO; radicals.

Optimization of a microplate-based assay to assess esterase activity in the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

The present work describes the optimization of a short-term assay, based on the inhibition of the esterase activity of the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, in a microplate format. The optimization of the staining procedure showed that the incubation of the algal cells with 20 μmolL−1 fluorescein diacetate (FDA) for 40 min allowed discrimination between metabolic active and inactive cells. The shortterm assay was tested using Cu as toxicant. For this purpose, algal cells, in the exponential or stationary phase of growth, were exposed to the heavy metal in growing conditions. After 3 or 6 h, cells were subsequently stained with FDA, using the optimized procedure. For Cu, the 3- and 6-h EC50 values, based on the inhibition of the esterase activity of algal cells in the exponential phase of growth, were 209 and 130 μg L−1, respectively. P. subcapitata cells, in the stationary phase of growth, displayed higher effective concentration values than those observed in the exponential phase. The 3- and 6-h EC50 values for Cu, for cells in the stationary phase, were 443 and 268 μgL−1, respectively. This short-term microplate assay showed to be a rapid endpoint for testing toxicity using the alga P. subcapitata. The small volume required, the simplicity of the assay (no washing steps), and the automatic reading of the fluorescence make the assay particularly well suited for the evaluation of the toxicity of a high number of environmental samples.

Antioxidant properties of hydroxycinnamic acids: a review of structure- activity relationships

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are important phytochemicals possessing significant biological properties. Several investigators have studied in vitro antioxidant activity of HCAs in detail. In this review, we have gathered the studies focused on the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of these compounds that have used medicinal chemistry to generate more potent antioxidant molecules. Most of the reports indicated that the presence of an unsaturated bond on the side chain of HCAs is vital to their activity. The structural features that were reported to be of importance to the antioxidant activity were categorized as follows: modifications of the aromatic ring, which include alterations in the number and position of hydroxy groups and insertion of electron donating or withdrawing moieties as well as modifications of the carboxylic function that include esterification and amidation process. Furthermore, reports that have addressed the influence of physicochemical properties including redox potential, lipid solubility and dissociation constant on the antioxidant activity were also summarized. Finally, the pro-oxidant effect of HCAs in some test systems was addressed. Most of the investigations concluded that the presence of ortho-dihydroxy phenyl group (catechol moiety) is of significant importance to the antioxidant activity, while, the presence of three hydroxy groups does not necessarily improve the activity. Optimization of the structure of molecular leads is an important task of modern medicinal chemistry and its accomplishment relies on the careful assessment of SARs. SAR studies on HCAs can identify the most successful antioxidants that could be useful for management of oxidative stress-related diseases.

A relação entre a preparação para a parentalidade no terceiro trimestre de gravidez e os níveis de atividade física das gestantes

Introdução: A atividade física (AF) parece ter um impacto positivo na saúde física e mental durante a gravidez, nascimento e puerpério, sendo que os programas de preparação para a parentalidade (PPP) poderão ser fundamentais para o seu suporte e estimulação. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a preparação para a parentalidade no 3º trimestre de gravidez e os níveis de AF da gestante. Especificamente pretendeu-se verificar a relação entre as caraterísticas sociodemográficas das gestantes, os níveis de ansiedade e o PPP. Métodos: Efetuou-se um estudo transversal analítico onde se utilizaram duas amostras. Uma constituída por 42 gestantes que frequentaram o PPP no CHTS (GPP) e outra por 41 gestantes do HSJ que não frequentou (GNPP). A cada gestante foi pedido que preenchessem 3 questionários (caraterização sociodemográfica e saúde obstétrica, Questionário de Atividade Física para gestantes-PPAQ e Escala de ansiedade de Zung), administrados, individualmente, por um Fisioterapeuta. Resultados: Não se verificaram diferenças entre os grupos relativamente ao score da AF total (p=0,615), contudo, o GPP apresentou um número superior de gestantes que praticava desporto organizado durante a gravidez (p=0,016) comparativamente ao GNPP. Relativamente à intensidade da AF, verificou-se que o GPP apresentava uma prática maior de AF vigorosa (p=0,023). No que diz respeito ao tipo de AF, o GPP apresentou um número superior de gestantes a praticar AF desportiva (p<0,001) enquanto no GNPP se verificou uma maior AF ocupacional (p=0,002). Relativamente às caraterísticas sociodemográficas verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos relativamente à idade (p<0,001), paridade (p<0,001) e nível educacional (p<0,001). No que respeita aos níveis de ansiedade não se verificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos (GPP vs GNPP p=0,916). Conclusão: No GPP um maior número de gestantes praticava atividade física desportiva e de intensidade vigorosa. Verificaram-se diferenças entre os dois grupos no que diz respeito à idade, paridade e nível educacional. Não se verificou associação entre o PPP e os níveis de ansiedade durante este período.

Effect of peel and seed removal on the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruits

The effect of peel and seed removal, two commonly practiced procedures either at home or by the processing industry, on the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant capacity of tomato fruits of four typical Portuguese cultivars (cereja, chucha, rama and redondo) were appraised. Both procedures caused significant nutritional and antioxidant activity losses in fruits of every cultivar. In general, peeling was more detrimental, since it caused a higher decrease in lycopene, bcarotene, ascorbic acid and phenolics contents (averages of 71%, 50%, 14%, and 32%, respectively) and significantly lowered the antioxidant capacity of the fruits (8% and 10%, using DPPH. and b-carotene linoleate model assays, correspondingly). Although seeds removal favored the increase of both color and sweetness, some bioactive compounds (11% of carotenoids and 24% of phenolics) as well as antioxidant capacity (5%) were loss. The studied cultivars were differently influenced by these procedures. The fruits most affected by peeling were those from redondo cultivar (-66% lycopene, -44% b-carotene, -26% ascorbic acid and -38% phenolics). Seeds removal, in turn, was more injurious for cereja tomatoes (-10% lycopene, -38% b-carotene, -25% ascorbic acid and -63% phenolics). Comparatively with the remaining ones, the rama fruits were less affected by the trimming procedures.