Valorização de lamas de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas para utilização agrícola

Trabalho de Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Hidráulica

Exposure to volatile organic compounds, particulate matter and fungi in a composting plant

Composting is an important process of solid waste management and it can be used for treatment of a variety of different wastes (green waste, household waste, sewage sludge and more). This process aims to: 1. Reduce the volumes of waste and; 2. Create a valuable product which can be recycled as a soil amendment in agriculture and gardening. A natural self-heating process involving the biological degradation of organic matter under aerobic conditions. The handling of waste and compost is responsible for the release of airborne microorganisms and their compounds in the air. Possible contaminants: a) Dust; b) Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms; c) Volatile organic compounds; d) Endotoxins and mycotoxins…. Aim: assess exposure/contamination to: a) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); b) Particulate matter (PM); c) Fungi. In a composting plant located in Lisbon. An additional goal was to identify the workplace with higher level of contamination. In a totally indoor composting plant. The composting operations consisted: 1º Waste already sorted is unloaded in a reception area; 2º Pretreatment - remove undesirable materials from the process (glass, rocks, plastics, metals…); 3º Anaerobic digestion; 4º Dehydration; 5º Open composting with forced aeration. All the process takes thirteen weeks.

Behaviour and fate of metals in urban wastewater treatment plants: a review

The concerns on metals in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mainly related to its contents in discharges to environment, namely in the final effluent and in the sludge produced. In the near future, more restrictive limits will be imposed to final effluents, due to the recent guidelines of the European Water Framework Directive (EUWFD). Concerning the sludge, at least seven metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) have been regulated in different countries, four of which were classified by EUWFD as priority substances and two of which were also classified as hazardous substances. Although WWTPs are not designed to remove metals, the study of metals behaviour in these systems is a crucial issue to develop predictive models that can help more effectively the regulation of pre-treatment requirements and contribute to optimize the systems to get more acceptable metal concentrations in its discharges. Relevant data have been published in the literature in recent decades concerning the occurrence/fate/behaviour of metals in WWTPs. However, the information is dispersed and not standardized in terms of parameters for comparing results. This work provides a critical review on this issue through a careful systematization, in tables and graphs, of the results reported in the literature, which allows its comparison and so its analysis, in order to conclude about the state of the art in this field. A summary of the main consensus, divergences and constraints found, as well as some recommendations, is presented as conclusions, aiming to contribute to a more concerted action of future research. © 2015, Islamic Azad University (IAU).

Gestão de empreendimentos de iniciativa municipal na área da educação

A requalificação e a modernização do parque escolar do 1º ciclo de ensino básico e do pré-escolar é uma competência atribuída aos municipios e implica a existência de um plano de intervenção e a construção de novos centros escolares, bem como a ampliação e requalificação dos edifícios existentes.Procura-se com esta dissertação e a partir de uma situação específica associada a empreendimentos escolares de iniciativa municipal, abordar a temática da gestão de projectos.A dissertação ora apresentada encontra-se estruturada em cinco partes essenciais: A primeira, corresponde ao estado actual, abordando as metodologias da gestão de projectos mais usadas. A segunda, parte do conceito de ciclo de vida de um projecto, descreve o modelo de fases sucessivas e integra-o no modelo de grupos de processos. A terceira, apresenta uma proposta de modelo de gestão de projectos gerado por distintos processos e inclui um guia de referência e de técnicas. A quarta, descreve os processos de gestão dos custos e determina com base num conjunto de projectos analisados: i) indicadores específicos, para uso em estimação de custos; ii) funções lineares, que relacionam características físicas de um edifício escolar com custo estimado de execução; iii) estrutura de custos, para obter informação valiosa do ponto de vista técnico-económico no domínio da promoção deste tipo de empreendimentos. Finalmente a última, reúne as conclusões e aponta orientações futuras de pesquisa.Propõe-se, portanto, uma forma diferente de observar a gestão de projectos no âmbito da Administração Local, considerando-se a implementação do modelo de processos uma via para a obtenção de resultados mais rigorosos e participativos e ao mesmo tempo aponta-se para uma nova orientação sobre qualidade em gestão de projectos.

A importância da fiscalização municipal na obras promovidas por particulares

O presente trabalho tem como objectivo ser um elemento de reflexão do exercício das competências de fiscalização dos Municípios, no actual contexto legal (Decreto-Lei nº 555/99 de 16 de Dezembro na redacção que lhe foi conferida pela Lei nº 60/2007 de 4 de Setembro). Este regime jurídico que visa aligeirar os procedimentos de controlo prévio das operações urbanísticas vem, numa linha inovadora, remeter para um controlo “a posteriori” o controlo administrativo das operações urbanísticas promovidas por particulares. Os limites de intervenção da Administração, num quadro em que os interesses dos particulares e o interesse público têm por vezes objectivos distintos, fazem com que a actividade de fiscalização se manifeste de alguma dificuldade. O universo deste documento abrange os municípios da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, num total de dezoito, com uma população residente de 2.830.867 habitantes. Espera-se que as conclusões obtidas sejam dinamizadoras de melhoria futura.

Projecto de execução e remodelação da rede predial de abastecimento de água e da rede de drenagem de águas residuais domésticas do mercado municipal da Tapada das Mercês e da casa da Juventude

Este trabalho final de mestrado baseia-se no projecto de execução e remodelação de uma rede predial de abastecimento de água e de uma rede predial de drenagem de águas residuais domésticas de um edifício existente na localidade da Tapada das Mercês (freguesia de Algueirão - Mem Martins, Concelho de Sintra). Este prédio está dividido em dois pisos: o Mercado da Tapada das Mercês - Piso 0 - e a Casa da Juventude - Piso-1. Com este trabalho, respondeu-se a uma solicitação da Divisão de Projectos Municipais e da Divisão de Mercados da Câmara Municipal de Sintra e procurou-se: Melhorar o desempenho das redes existentes; Diminuir os custos de operação e manutenção dessas mesmas redes; Resolver o problema das infiltrações no tecto da Casa da Juventude, que está a afectar a rede de distribuição eléctrica perturbando o normal funcionamento desses serviços. Pretende-se também fornecer sugestões de melhoria do Regulamento -Decreto Regulamentar nº 23/95 e aumentar os meus conhecimentos nesta área, atendendo a que a minha formação base é em Vias de Comunicação e Transportes. A título de reflexão, propõe-se uma actualização em termos de materiais para o regulamento acima mencionado.

Water quality issues in rivers, lakes and reservoirs in Asian countries: an approach to the problems and the methodologies

Water covers over 70% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life. But only 3% of the Earth's water is fresh water, and less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the atmosphere. However, rivers and lakes are an important part of fresh surface water, amounting to about 89%. In this Master Thesis dissertation, the focus is on three types of water bodies – rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and their water quality issues in Asian countries. The surface water quality in a region is largely determined both by the natural processes such as climate or geographic conditions, and the anthropogenic influences such as industrial and agricultural activities or land use conversion. The quality of the water can be affected by pollutants discharge from a specific point through a sewer pipe and also by extensive drainage from agriculture/urban areas and within basin. Hence, water pollutant sources can be divided into two categories: Point source pollution and Non-point source (NPS) pollution. Seasonal variations in precipitation and surface run-off have a strong effect on river discharge and the concentration of pollutants in water bodies. For example, in the rainy season, heavy and persistent rain wash off the ground, the runoff flow increases and may contain various kinds of pollutants and, eventually, enters the water bodies. In some cases, especially in confined water bodies, the quality may be positive related with rainfall in the wet season, because this confined type of fresh water systems allows high dilution of pollutants, decreasing their possible impacts. During the dry season, the quality of water is largely related to industrialization and urbanization pollution. The aim of this study is to identify the most common water quality problems in Asian countries and to enumerate and analyze the methodologies used for assessment of water quality conditions of both rivers and confined water bodies (lakes and reservoirs). Based on the evaluation of a sample of 57 papers, dated between 2000 and 2012, it was found that over the past decade, the water quality of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in developing countries is being degraded. Water pollution and destruction of aquatic ecosystems have caused massive damage to the functions and integrity of water resources. The most widespread NPS in Asian countries and those which have the greatest spatial impacts are urban runoff and agriculture. Locally, mine waste runoff and rice paddy are serious NPS problems. The most relevant point pollution sources are the effluents from factories, sewage treatment plant, and public or household facilities. It was found that the most used methodology was unquestionably the monitoring activity, used in 49 of analyzed studies, accounting for 86%. Sometimes, data from historical databases were used as well. It can be seen that taking samples from the water body and then carry on laboratory work (chemical analyses) is important because it can give an understanding of the water quality. 6 papers (11%) used a method that combined monitoring data and modeling. 6 papers (11%) just applied a model to estimate the quality of water. Modeling is a useful resource when there is limited budget since some models are of free download and use. In particular, several of used models come from the U.S.A, but they have their own purposes and features, meaning that a careful application of the models to other countries and a critical discussion of the results are crucial. 5 papers (9%) focus on a method combining monitoring data and statistical analysis. When there is a huge data matrix, the researchers need an efficient way of interpretation of the information which is provided by statistics. 3 papers (5%) used a method combining monitoring data, statistical analysis and modeling. These different methods are all valuable to evaluate the water quality. It was also found that the evaluation of water quality was made as well by using other types of sampling different than water itself, and they also provide useful information to understand the condition of the water body. These additional monitoring activities are: Air sampling, sediment sampling, phytoplankton sampling and aquatic animal tissues sampling. Despite considerable progress in developing and applying control regulations to point and NPS pollution, the pollution status of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in Asian countries is not improving. In fact, this reflects the slow pace of investment in new infrastructure for pollution control and growing population pressures. Water laws or regulations and public involvement in enforcement can play a constructive and indispensable role in environmental protection. In the near future, in order to protect water from further contamination, rapid action is highly needed to control the various kinds of effluents in one region. Environmental remediation and treatment of industrial effluent and municipal wastewaters is essential. It is also important to prevent the direct input of agricultural and mine site runoff. Finally, stricter environmental regulation for water quality is required to support protection and management strategies. It would have been possible to get further information based in the 57 sample of papers. For instance, it would have been interesting to compare the level of concentrations of some pollutants in the diferente Asian countries. However the limit of three months duration for this study prevented further work to take place. In spite of this, the study objectives were achieved: the work provided an overview of the most relevant water quality problems in rivers, lakes and reservoirs in Asian countries, and also listed and analyzed the most common methodologies.

Acompanhamento dos trabalhos de reabilitação de espaços exteriores à Casa Museu dos Patudos e edifício de apoio: Câmara Municipal de Alpiarça

Relatório de Estágio para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Perfil de Edificações

Sobre a interpretação das batalhas ibéricas para órgão do século XVII: uma leitura da "Batalha famoza" do manuscrito MM 43 da Biblioteca Pública Municipal do Porto

A batalha é geralmente considerada como um dos géneros mais característicos da literatura organística ibérica do Barroco. Paradoxalmente é, de todas os géneros da música de órgão peninsular, aquele acerca do qual se possuem menos dados sobre a prática interpretativa. A informação que se pode obter a partir da generalidade dos textos seiscentistas sobre música de tecla, aplica-se sobretudo à interpretação das obras contrapontísticas, deixando em aberto muitas questões relacionadas com o carácter eminentemente descritivo das batalhas. Por outro lado, é também interessante verificar que algumas das mais convincentes interpretações de batalhas que actualmente escutamos são aquelas que resultam de uma leitura menos literal do texto musical e de uma intenção clara de sublinhar o seu carácter descritivo. A informação extraída da Batalha famoza (presente no manuscrito MM 43 da Biblioteca Pública Municipal do Porto) e apresentada ao longo deste texto parece pôr em evidência o apelo que a execução das batalhas fazia a um esforço interpretativo por parte do organista, não só através da utilização de recursos específicos do órgão ibérico, mas também mediante o emprego de uma ornamentação mais livre que pusesse em evidência o carácter descritivo daquele género musical.

Is it possible to remove polymeric nanoparticles from aqueous paints during the activated sludge treatment?

The market for emulsion polymers (latexes) is large and growing at the expense of other manufacturing processes that emit higher amounts of volatile organic solvents. The paint industry is not an exception and solvent-borne paints have been gradually substituted by aqueous paints. In their life-cycle, much of the aqueous paint used for architectural or decorative purposes will eventually be discharged into wastewater treatment facilities, where its polymeric nanoparticles (mainly acrylic and styrene-acrylic) can work as xenobiotics to the microbial communities present in activated sludge. It is well established that these materials are biocompatible at macroscopic scale. But is their behaviour the same at nanoscale? What happens to the polymeric nanoparticles during the activated sludge process? Do nanoparticles agregate and are discharged together with the sludge or remain in emulsion? How do microorganisms interact with these nanoparticles? Are nanoparticles degradated by them? Are they adsorbed? Are these nanoparticles toxic to the microbial community? To study the influence of these xenobiotics in the activated sludge process, an emulsion of cross-linked poly(butyl methacrylate) nanoparticles of ca. 50 nm diameter was produced and used as model compound. Activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant was tested by the OCDE’s respiration inhibition test using several concentrations of PBMA nanoparticles. Particle aggregation was followed by Dynamic Light Scattering and microorganism surfaces were observed by Atomic Force Microscopy. Using sequential batch reactors (SBRs) and continuous reactors, both inoculated with activated sludge, the consumption of carbon, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate was monitored and compared, in the presence and absence of nanoparticles. No particles were detected in all treated waters by Dynamic Light Scattering. This can either mean that microorganisms can efficiently remove all polymer nanoparticles or that nanoparticles tend to aggregate and be naturally removed by precipitation. Nevertheless respiration inhibition tests demonstrated that microorganisms consume more oxygen in the presence of nanoparticles, which suggests a stress situation. It was also observed a slight decrease in the efficiency of nitrification in the presence of nanoparticles. AFM images showed that while the morphology of some organisms remained the same both in the presence and absence of nanoparticles, others assumed a rough surface with hilly like shapes of ca. 50 nm when exposed to nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are thus likely to be either incorporated or adsorbed at the surface of some organisms, increasing the overall respiration rate and decreasing nitrification efficiency. Thus, despite its biocompatibility at macroscopic scale, PBMA is likely to be no longer innocuous at nanoscale.

Integração num plano municipal de segurança rodoviária: Cidade da Amadora: Freguesia da Venteira

Trabalho de Projeto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia na Área de Especialização em Vias de Comunicação e Transportes

Implementação de um sistema de gestão municipal com recurso a sistemas de informação geográfica

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Vias de Comunicação e Transportes