A influência da microgravidade na musculatura esquelética: alterações musculares e intervenção terapêutica

Introdução – O incremento do tempo de exposição à microgravidade origina um descondicionamento músculo-esquelético que precisa de ser prevenido através do treino. Objetivos – Identificar os padrões destas alterações e descrever os programas de treino em microgravidade e estratégias pós-exposição. Método – A pesquisa da revisão da literatura foi conduzida através da MEDLINE/PubMed e PEDro com as seguintes palavras--chave: “spaceflight rehabilitation”, “spaceflight muscle”, “microgravity muscle” e “bed rest muscle”, seguida de uma seleção dos artigos. Resultados – Os estudos encontrados apresentam uma resposta músculo-tendinosa diferencial sendo que o treino protege total ou parcialmente estas estruturas. Conclusão – O treino de resistance de intensidade elevada e baixas repetições associado a exercícios específicos é o mais adequado para responder ao descondicionamento. - ABSTRACT - Introduction – The increased microgravity exposition time raised the need for training programs to avoid muscle and tendinous deconditioning. Objectives – To identify the deconditioning patterns and to identify and describe the training programs used for its prevention during and after microgravity exposure. Methods – This literature review is based on a search conducted via MEDLINE/PubMed and PEDro using the following search words: “spaceflight rehabilitation”, “spaceflight muscle”, “microgravity muscle” and “bed rest muscle”. The search was followed by an article selection. Results – The studies reveal a differential exposure phenomenon for which the training programs reviewed are partly effective. Conclusion – According to the literature the high intensity low volume resistance programs with specific exercises are more appropriate to address the deconditioning problem.

Revisão sistemática da resposta da musculatura esquelética aos programas de treino em microgravidade

Mestrado em Fisioterapia.

Viability of the use of thin-film A-SiC:H photodiodes for protein identification

In this paper, we present a multilayer device based on a-Si:H/a-SiC:H that operates as photodetector and optical filter. The use of such device in protein detection applications is relevant in Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) measurements. This method demands the detection of fluorescent signals located at specific wavelengths bands in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The device operates in the visible range with a selective sensitivity dependent on electrical and optical bias. Several nanosensors were tested with a commercial spectrophotometer to assess the performance of FRET signals using glucose solutions of different concentrations. The proposed device was used to demonstrate the possibility of FRET signals detection, using visible signals of similar wavelength and intensity. The device sensitivity was tuned to enhance the wavelength band of interest using steady state optical bias at 400 nm. Results show the ability of the device to detect signals in this range. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Surface morphology and phase transformations of femtosecond laser-processed saphire

The morphological and structural modifications induced in sapphire by surface treatment with femtosecond laser radiation were studied. Single-crystal sapphire wafers cut parallel to the (0 1 2) planes were treated with 560 fs, 1030 nm wavelength laser radiation using wide ranges of pulse energy and repetition rate. Self-ordered periodic structures with an average spatial periodicity of similar to 300 nm were observed for fluences slightly higher than the ablation threshold. For higher fluences the interaction was more disruptive and extensive fracture, exfoliation, and ejection of ablation debris occurred. Four types of particles were found in the ablation debris: (a) spherical nanoparticles about 50 nm in diameter; (b) composite particles between 150 and 400 nm in size; (c) rounded resolidified particles about 100-500 nm in size; and (d) angular particles presenting a lamellar structure and deformation twins. The study of those particles by selected area electron diffraction showed that the spherical nanoparticles and the composite particles are amorphous, while the resolidified droplets and the angular particles, present a crystalline a-alumina structure, the same of the original material. Taking into consideration the existing ablation theories, it is proposed that the spherical nanoparticles are directly emitted from the surface in the ablation plume, while resolidified droplets are emitted as a result of the ablation process, in the liquid phase, in the low intensity regime, and by exfoliation, in the high intensity regime. Nanoparticle clusters are formed by nanoparticle coalescence in the cooling ablation plume. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Group-to-group bidirectional Wi-Fi direct communication with two relay nodes

The current capabilities of mobile phones in terms of communication, processing and storage, enables its use to form autonomous networks of devices that can be used in case of collapse or inexistent support from a communication infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a network configuration of nodes that provides high-speed bidirectional device-to-device communication, with symmetrical data transfer rates, in Wi-Fi Direct multi-group scenarios, without using performance hindering broadcasts. Copyright © 2015 ICST.

Treino de músculos inspiratórios em indivíduos saudáveis: estudo randomizado controlado

Introdução – O treino dos músculos inspiratórios (TMI) surge como uma intervenção importante na população com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC), mas com interesse crescente na população saudável. No entanto, não existem estudos suficientes que comprovem se o treino dos músculos inspiratórios se traduz também numa melhoria da capacidade aeróbia objetivada no consumo de oxigénio (VO2). Assim, a relação entre o TMI e os seus resultados no indivíduo saudável carece de estudo que comprove os efeitos reais do treino. Considerou-se, pelo anteriormente exposto, pertinente a realização de um estudo de investigação na população saudável que permitisse avaliar em que medida um programa de TMI induz alterações na força muscular inspiratória e na capacidade aeróbia. Métodos e análise – A amostra foi constituída por indivíduos saudáveis (n=19) com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 21 anos que realizam exercício físico regularmente (≥3 vezes por semana ou ≥4h por semana). A capacidade aeróbia foi estimada através do Teste de Ebbeling e a força dos músculos inspiratórios foi medida pela pressão inspiratória máxima (PIM) obtida num dinamómetro específico (MicroRPM®), em dois momentos distintos (pré e pós-treino). A referida amostra foi dividida aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=9 no grupo experimental e n=10 no grupo de controlo). O grupo experimental (GE) foi submetido a um TMI de alta intensidade (≥50% Pi,máx), enquanto o grupo de controlo (GC) não foi sujeito a qualquer intervenção. O TMI foi realizado através do PowerBreathe Classic® Level 1 e Level 2, que fornece uma pressão consistente e específica para a força muscular inspiratória, independentemente do fluxo inspiratório do indivíduo. Conclusões – Após o treino verificou-se um aumento de 37% na PIM do GE, enquanto o GC apresentou uma melhoria de 7%. Na comparação intragrupos, ambos os grupos aumentaram significativamente tanto a PIM como o VO2 (p<0,05). Já na comparação intergrupos, a diferença foi significativa para a PIM (p=0,000), mas não para o VO2. Serão necessários mais estudos no sentido de concluir e avaliar em que condições o TMI produz alterações na capacidade aeróbia.

Mass spectrometry improvement on an high current ion implanter

The development of accurate mass spectrometry, enabling the identification of all the ions extracted from the ion source in a high current implanter is described. The spectrometry system uses two signals (x-y graphic), one proportional to the magnetic field (x-axes), taken from the high-voltage potential with an optic fiber system, and the other proportional to the beam current intensity (y-axes), taken from a beam-stop. The ion beam mass register in a mass spectrum of all the elements magnetically analyzed with the same radius and defined by a pair of analyzing slits as a function of their beam intensity is presented. The developed system uses a PC to control the displaying of the extracted beam mass spectrum, and also recording of all data acquired for posterior analysis. The operator uses a LabView code that enables the interfacing between an I/O board and the ion implanter. The experimental results from an ion implantation experiment are shown. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optical nonlinearity in Tandem SI-C photodetectors

The behavior of tandem pin heterojunctions based on a-SiC: H alloys is investigated under different optical and electrical bias conditions. The devices are optimized to act as optically selective wavelength filters. Depending on the device configuration (optical gaps, thickness, sequence of cells in the stack structure) and on the applied voltage (positive or negative) and optical bias (wavelength, intensity, frequency) it is possible to combine the wavelength discrimination function with the self amplification of the signal. This wavelength nonlinearity allows the amplification or the rejection of a weak signal-impulse. The device works as an active tunable optical filter for wavelength selection and can be used as an add/drop multiplexer (ADM) which enables data to enter and leave an optical network bit stream without having to demultiplex the stream. Results show that, even under weak transient input signals, the background wavelength controls the output signal. This nonlinearity, due to the transient asymmetrical light penetration of the input channels across the device together with the modification on the electrical field profile due to the optical bias, allows tuning an input channel without demultiplexing the stream. This high optical nonlinearity makes the optimized devices attractive for the amplification of all optical signals. Transfer characteristics effects due to changes in steady state light, control d.c. voltage and applied light pulses are presented. Based on the experimental results and device configuration an optoelectronic model is developed. The transfer characteristics effects due to changes in steady state light, dc control voltage or applied light pulses are simulated and compared with the experimental data. A good agreement was achieved.

Light memory function in a double pin SiC device

A double pi'npin heterostructure based on amorphous SiC has a non linear spectral gain which is a function of the signal wavelength that impinges on its front or back surface. An impulse of a configurable length and amplitude is applied to a 390 nm LED which illuminates one of the sensor surfaces, followed by a time period without any illumination after which an input signal with a different wavelength is impinged upon the front surface. Results show that the intensity and duration of the impulse illumination of the surfaces influences the sensor's response with different output for the same input signal. This paper studies this effect and proposes an application as a short term light memory. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.