Are air-borne mycotoxins a public health concern in Portugal?

Introduction - Microscopic filamentous fungi, under suitable environmental conditions, can lead to the production of highly toxic chemical substances, commonly known as mycotoxins. The most widespread and studied mycotoxins are metabolites of some genera of moulds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Quite peculiar conditions may influence mycotoxin biosynthesis, such as climate, geographical location, cultivation practices, storage and type of substrate. Toxicity has been extensively investigated for the most important mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and Fusarium toxins, and much information derived from toxicokinetics in animal models has also been obtained. The adverse effects are mainly related to genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity and immunotoxicity. Aim of the study - To identify fungal species able to produce important mycotoxins in different Portuguese settings.

Microbiota assessment in optical shops: an ignored concern to public health

The presence of microorganisms in ophthalmic instruments and surfaces can lead to the exposure of patients to several infections. However, there is no information regarding fungal and bacteria contamination in optical shops. This study aims to characterize fungi and bacteria contamination in air and surfaces from 10 optical shops covering also ophthalmic instruments. Air samples were collected through an impaction method onto malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with chloramphenicol (0.05%) used for fungi and Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) supplemented with nystatin (0.2%) used for bacteria. Outdoor samples were also performed to be used as reference. Surface and equipment’s swab samples were also collected side-by-side. All the collected samples were incubated at 27ºC for 5 to 7 days (fungi) or at 30º for 7 days (bacteria). Regarding fungal distribution, thirteen different species/genera were found in the air, being the most common Alternaria sp. (62.0%). Eight different species/genera were identified in the surfaces, ranging from 2 to 5x104 CFU/m2, being the most common A. versicolor complex and Penicillium sp. (40.0%). The trial frames were the most contaminated equipment, since 50.0% of the collected samples were with countless colonies. The airborne bacterial population indicated higher concentrations in the contactology office (average: 133 CFU/m3) than in the client’s waiting rooms (average: 126 CFU/m3). The surface samples indicated bacterial concentrations ranging from 2x104 to 1x106 CFU/m2, pointing out the automatic refractometer as the surface with higher bacterial load.

Prevalence of Aspergillus section Fumigati in Portuguese slaughterhouses: a fungal and mycotoxin concern

Introduction - Within the Aspergillus genus, Aspergillus fumigatus species is one of the most ubiquitous saprophytic fungi and is considered the species with higher clinical relevance. The fungi belonging to the Fumigati section are the most common cause of invasive aspergillosis and a major source of infection related mortality in immunocompromised patients. One of the most abundant metabolites produced by Aspergillus fumigatus is the metabolite gliotoxin, which exhibits a diverse array of biologic effects on the immune system. Further, environments contaminated with A. fumigatus may be the cause or enhance respiratory problems in the workers of those specific settings. These species produce specific allergens and mycotoxins that could cause respiratory disorders. Aim of the study - The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence of Aspergillus section Fumigati by cultural and molecular methods in poultry; swine and bovine; and large animal (bovine and horses) slaughterhouses.

Fungal contamination in coffee samples: a public health concern

Introduction - Fungi are natural coffee contaminants and under certain environmental conditions have the potential to produce toxins. Many studies revealed that the important toxigenic fungal genera (Aspergillus and Penicillium) are natural coffee contaminants, and are present from the field to storage. Aspergilli from the Circumdati and Nigri sections are known to produce high levels of ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin known as nephrotoxic for animals and humans. This work aimed to evaluate fungal distribution and also the prevalence of Aspergillus sections Fumigati, Flavi, Nigri and Circumdati from Coffea arabica (Arabica coffee) and Coffea canephora (Robusta coffee) green samples.

A inspecção da educação na República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe: concepções, dinâmicas e estruturas organizacionais

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para Obtenção de Grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação - Especialização em Supervisão da Educação

Concepções e práticas de um centro de actividades ocupacionais

O presente trabalho tem como principal objectivo tentar conhecer e compreender as concepções educativas de um Centro de Actividades Ocupacionais face ao seu público-alvo em particular, as suas dimensões mais relevantes, os factores que as condicionam e os contextos que as limitam ou facilitam. Procurou-se conhecer as concepções e práticas dos actores educativos que intervêm na formação/educação junto de pessoas portadoras de deficiência mental adultas, clientes de um Centro de Actividades Ocupacionais, geograficamente situado em Lisboa. Para tal, elaborou-se um Estudo de Caso utilizando entrevistas semi estruturadas a sete profissionais do centro como técnica de recolha de dados, sendo estes posteriormente tratados através da análise de conteúdo. Assim, definiram-se como objectivos específicos do estudo: caracterizar as finalidades educativas do Centro de Actividades Ocupacionais; caracterizar as práticas de desenvolvimento para os adultos deficientes mentais; caracterizar o modo de participação dos clientes nas actividades: aspectos facilitadores e constrangimentos; identificar as dificuldades dos funcionários do Centro de Actividades Ocupacionais no atendimento aos clientes; caracterizar as iniciativas da instituição face à actualização profissional dos seus funcionários no sentido de fornecer respostas mais adequadas às necessidades dos clientes e, ainda, caracterizar de acordo com o ponto de vista dos actores educativos, a participação das famílias no processo de desenvolvimento dos clientes. Os resultados do estudo evidenciam que as actividades desenvolvidas no Centro de Actividades Ocupacionais se dividem entre as consideradas como socialmente úteis, como a montagem de material eléctrico, por exemplo, e as estritamente ocupacionais. Embora um dos objectivos do Centro de Actividades Ocupacionais seja a inserção do cliente na comunidade, da análise de dados ressalta que não existem muitas actividades que divulguem para o exterior o trabalho desenvolvido pelos adultos portadores de deficiência mental, promovendo pouca interacção dos indivíduos com a comunidade. As profissionais que participaram no estudo revelam motivação para trabalhar junto dos clientes e preocupação em melhorar o seu desempenho profissional, daí sentirem necessidade em adquirir formação contínua e partilhar experiências com outros profissionais. As famílias dos clientes são consideradas pelas participantes do estudo como sendo participativas no quotidiano do seu familiar, contudo existem factores que condicionam essa participação, como o envelhecimento dos progenitores. Abstract The present work aims to know and understand the educational conceptions of an Occupational Activities Center taking into consideration its target audience, particularly, its most relevant dimensions, the conditioning factors and its respective restrictive or facilitating contexts. The objective was to understand the concepts and daily practices of the educational actors that participate in the training/education of the mentally disabled adults who attend an Occupational Activities Center located in Lisbon. In that light, a Case Study was conducted using as the data collection technique semistructured interviews made to seven employees from the Center. This data was later on processed through content analysis. Thus, the following was defined as the study’s specific goals. To: characterize the educational purposes of the Occupational Activities Center; characterize development practices for the mentally disabled adults; characterize the clients’ participation process in the activities and the respective enabling and restrictive aspects; identify the Occupational Activities Center employees’ problems regarding client assistance; characterize the institution’s initiatives regarding the professional update of its employees in order to provide more adequate answers to its clients’ needs and, finally to identify from the educational actors’ perspective the participative role families’ take on when it comes to the clients’ development processes. The study results determine that the activities developed in the Occupational Activities Center are distinguished between the ones considered socially useful, such as the assembly of electric material, and the strictly occupational activities. Although one of the Occupational Activities Center goals is the insertion of the client within the community itself, the data analysis shows that there aren’t many activities that promote to the outside world the work performed by these mentally disabled adults, not advertising enough the individuals’ interaction with the community. The professional women who participated in the study show determination and motivation in working with the clients and also a concern in improving their professional performances, from this derives their need to attend continuous training and to share experiences with other professionals. The study's participants find the clients’ families involved in the daily routines of their relatives. Nonetheless, there are some factors that condition that involvement, such as the parents’ aging.

SAR determination and influence of the human head in the radiation of a mobile antenna for two different frequencies

The big proliferation of mobile communication systems has caused an increased concern about the interaction between the human body and the antennas of mobile handsets. In order to study the problem, a multiband antenna was designed, fabricated and measured to operate over two frequency sub bands 900 and 1800 MHz. After that, we simulated the same antenna, but now, in the presence of a human head model to analyze the head's influence. First, the influence of the human head on the radiation efficiency of the antenna has been investigated as a function of the distance between the head and the antenna and with the inclination of the antenna. Furthermore, the relative amount of the electromagnetic power absorbed in the head has been obtained.

Formaldehyde's genotoxicity effects in pathology anatomy technologists and medical pathologists

Formaldehyde (FA) had been considered to be carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (group1), on the basis of sufficient evidence both in humans and in experimental animals, making it a subject of major environmental concern, especially in the occupational context. Manifold in vitro studies clearly indicated that FA is genotoxic, inducing various genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay is used extensively in molecular epidemiology, and the chromosomal alterations most reported and studied by the CBMN are: micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). The pathology anatomy laboratories are work places that manipulate routinely FA and pathology anatomy technologists and pathologists contact daily with this chemical compound particularly in the macroscopic exam and grossing procedures. The aim of this study was to identify genotoxicity biomarkers in the set workers groups, such as micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) and nuclear buds (NBUD) in peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Risco e incerteza no pensamento biomédico: notas teóricas sobre o advento da quantificação e da prova experimental na medicina moderna

A biomedicina é um domínio do saber no qual a proliferação do conceito de risco se tem evidenciado de forma expressiva, o que revela uma preocupação em proceder ao controlo sistemático dos problemas através de um modelo de racionalização instrumental. Tal procedimento é elucidativo do investimento que é feito na interpretação das incertezas como riscos. Consequentemente, a dimensão estatística que lhe está associada é cada vez mais um dos principais traços do seu perfil científico. Biomedicine is a field where the concept of risk has shown an impressive increase in its importance. This fact demonstrates a concern with a systematic problem control through an instrumental rationalizing model, expressing eloquently the investment being made in interpreting uncertainty as risk and the consequent statistical dimension as an ever-more quintessential feature of its scientific profile.

Influence of the Human Head in the Radiation of a Mobile Antenna

The big proliferation of mobile communication systems has caused an increased concern about the interaction between the human body and the antennas of mobile handsets. In order to study the problem, a multiband antenna was designed, fabricated and measured to operate over two frequency sub bands 900 and 1800 MHz. After that, we simulated the same antenna, but now, in the presence of a human head model to analyze the head's influence. First, the influence of the human head on the radiation efficiency of the antenna has been investigated as a function of the distance between the head and the antenna and with the inclination of the antenna. Furthermore, the relative amount of the electromagnetic power absorbed in the head has been obtained. In this study the electromagnetic analysis has been performed via FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain).

Formaldeído em habitações domésticas: contaminação ambiental e potenciais fontes

Do ponto de vista das preocupações de saúde, os níveis de contaminação do ar interior assumem actualmente uma elevada importância quando se tem em consideração que as pessoas passam a maior parte do seu tempo no interior de edifícios. Neste contexto, o formaldeído é um dos poluentes mais preocupantes e, inclusivamente, os resultados de concentração obtidos em habitações do espaço Europeu foram considerados preocupantes devido ao facto de estarem relacionados com efeitos negativos para a saúde. O estudo exploratório desenvolvido pretendeu disponibilizar informação acerca das concentrações de formaldeído existentes em habitações domésticas portuguesas. Estudou‑se a presença de formaldeído em habitações novas e habitações domésticas com ocupação, abrangendo 6 unidades de cada um dos tipos considerados. Para a avaliação ambiental foi utilizado um equipamento de leitura direta que deteta as concentrações de formaldeído por fotoionização com uma lâmpada de 11,7 eV. A temperatura ambiente e a humidade relativa foram igualmente medidas, de acordo com o estipulado na Norma Internacional ISO 7726:1998. No caso das habitações novas foram registados valores de concentração superiores a 0,08 ppm em 3 das unidades estudadas. Por outro lado, em 4 das habitações com ocupação foram obtidos valores superiores a 0,08 ppm. O desenvolvimento deste estudo permitiu reconhecer algumas das possíveis fontes emissoras e os factores que influenciam as concentrações de formaldeído nas habitações em Portugal. ABSTRACT - Nowadays, indoor air contamination is considering an important health issue considering that people spend most of their time indoors. In this context, formaldehyde is a pollutant of major concern and, recently, concentration results obtained in European dwellings reveal high concentrations and values related with negative health effects in occupants. The present exploratory study sought to provide information about formaldehyde concentrations in Portuguese dwellings. It was studied formaldehyde presence in new dwellings and dwellings with occupation and included 6 units of each setting. For concentrations measure, it was used a direct‑reading equipment that detects formaldehyde concentration by photoionization. Temperature and relative humidity were also measured in accordance with International Standard ISO 7726:1998. In the case of new dwellings, in 3 units concentration values were higher than 0.08 ppm. In addition, in 4 units of the 6 dwellings with occupation, concentrations higher than this reference value were obtained. The development of this study permitted to recognize some of the possible indoors emissions sources and to define several of the preventive measures that can be applied.

Indoor air quality in primary schools

Clean air is a basic requirement of life. The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) has been the object of several studies due to an increasing concern within the scientific community on the effects of indoor air quality upon health, especially as people tend to spend more time indoors than outdoors. The quality of air inside homes, offices, schools or other private and public buildings is an essential determinant of healthy life and people’s well-being. People can be exposed to contaminants by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. In the past, scientists have paid much attention to the study of exposure to outdoor air contaminants, because they have realised the seriousness of outdoor air pollution problems. However, each indoor microenvironment has unique characteristics, determined by the local outdoor air, specific building characteristics and indoor activities. Indeed, hazardous substances are emitted from buildings, construction materials and indoor equipment or due to human activities indoors.

A practical approach for profit-based unit commitment with emission limitations

This paper proposes a practical approach for profit-based unit commitment (PBUC) with emission limitations. Under deregulation, unit commitment has evolved from a minimum-cost optimisation problem to a profit-based optimisation problem. However, as a consequence of growing environmental concern, the impact of fossil-fuelled power plants must be considered, giving rise to emission limitations. The simultaneous address of the profit with the emission is taken into account in our practical approach by a multiobjective optimisation (MO) problem. Hence, trade-off Curves between profit and emission are obtained for different energy price profiles, in a way to aid decision-makers concerning emission allowance trading. Moreover, a new parameter is presented, ratio of change, and the corresponding gradient angle, enabling the proper selection of a compromise commitment for the units. A case study based on the standard IEEE 30-bus system is presented to illustrate the proficiency Of Our practical approach for the new competitive and environmentally constrained electricity supply industry.

Modelação da contribuição do tráfego automóvel para a qualidade do ar em zona industrial

A preocupação sobre a qualidade do ar nas zonas industriais confere aos estudos sobre a qualidade do ar uma importância acrescida. Este trabalho teve como objectivo saber qual a contribuição dos principais poluentes provenientes do tráfego automóvel para a qualidade do ar na zona do parque industrial da Sapec, da Península da Mitrena, concelho de Setúbal, recorrendo ao modelo meteorológico e de qualidade do ar, TAPM (The Air Pollution Model). Neste trabalho analisaram-se dados da estação de monitorização da qualidade do ar, mais próxima da zona de estudo (Subestação) por forma a caracterizar-se a zona em causa, a nível meteorológico e da qualidade do ar. Os dados metereológico desta estação também foram utilizados com o objectivo de se validar os resultados meteorológicos obtidos pelo modelo. Na avaliação da contribuição do tráfego para a qualidade do ar, recorreu-se a um estudo de tráfego realizado pela Estradas de Portugal (EP) em 2004. Este estudo realizou a contagem dos veículos que se dirigiram ao parque industrial nos dias 14 e 15 de Dezembro, num período de 24 horas. A partir dessa contagem e de factores de emissão foi possível determinar a contribuição, de cada classe de veículo, para as concentrações atmosféricas de PM10 (resultantes de processos de combustão e ressuspensão), NOx, CO e HC. A comparação entre os dados meteorológicos simulados e medidos mostram que o modelo teve um bom comportamento, isto é, as discrepâncias entre os valores simulados e medidos foram mínimas. Relativamente à contribuição de cada categoria de veículos para a qualidade do ar, verificou-se que a classe de pesados de mercadorias foi aquela que mais contribui para as emissões de PM10, NOx e HC, enquanto que para as emissões de CO foram os veículos ligeiros de passageiros que tiveram uma maior contribuição. As classes dos motociclos e ciclomotores foram aquelas que tiveram uma menor contribuição para as concentrações atmosféricas de poluentes. Comparando as emissões de PM10 provenientes dos processos de combustão e de ressuspensão conclui-se que a maior percentagem provem da ressuspensão.

Ferromagnetic order in aged Co-doped TiO2 anatase nanopowders

Oxide based diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) materials have been a subject of increasing interest due to reports of room temperature ferromagnetism in several systems and their potential use in the development of spintronic devices. However, concerns on the stability of the magnetic properties of different DMS systems have been raised. Their magnetic moment is often unstable, vanishing with a characteristic decay time of weeks or months, which precludes the development of real applications. This paper reports on the ferromagnetic properties of two-year-aged Ti1-xCoxO2-δ reduced anatase nanopowders with different Co contents (0.03≤x≤0.10). Aged samples retain rather high values of magnetization, remanence and coercivity which provide strong evidence for a quite preserved long-range ferromagnetic order. In what concern Co segregation, some degree of metastability of the diluted Co doped anatase structure could be inferred in the case of the sample with the higher Co content.