Control of a power supply with cycling current using different controllers

Fast Field Cycling (FFC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometers require controlled current sources in order to get accurate flux density with respect to its magnet. The main elements of the proposed solution are a power semiconductor, a DC voltage source and the magnet. The power semiconductor is commanded in order to get a linear control of the flux density. To implement the flux density control, a Hall Effect sensor is used. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the current source is analyzed and compared when using a PI controller and a PD2I controller.

Control of a power supply with cycling current using different controllers

Fast Field Cycling (FFC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometers require controlled current sources in order to get accurate flux density with respect to its magnet. The main elements of the proposed solution are a power semiconductor, a DC voltage source and the magnet. The power semiconductor is commanded in order to get a linear control of the flux density. To implement the flux density control, a Hall Effect sensor is used. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the current source is analyzed and compared when using a PI controller and a PD2I controller.

Reversible current power supply for fast-field cycling nuclear magnetic resonance equipment

The Fast Field-Cycling Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FFC-NMR) is a technique used to study the molecular dynamics of different types of materials. The main elements of this equipment are a magnet and its power supply. The magnet used as reference in this work is basically a ferromagnetic core with two sets of coils and an air-gap where the materials' sample is placed. The power supply should supply the magnet being the magnet current controlled in order to perform cycles. One of the technical issues of this type of solution is the compensation of the non-linearities associated to the magnetic characteristic of the magnet and to parasitic magnetic fields. To overcome this problem, this paper describes and discusses a solution for the FFC-NMR power supply based on a four quadrant DC/DC converter.

Automação e controlo de um sistema de armazenamento de bicicletas

A crescente procura da bicicleta como meio de transporte alternativo torna relevante a criação e desenvolvimento de infra-estruturas de apoio, tais como ciclovias e parques para bicicletas. Os sistemas tradicionais de parqueamento de bicicletas com recurso a correntes e cadeados não fornecem segurança nem comodidade. No entanto, começam a surgir, em várias cidades do mundo, parque automáticos onde é possível guardar uma bicicleta em segurança, protegendo-a quer das intempéries quer de actos de vandalismo. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para um parque automático de armazenamento de bicicletas, com recurso a caixas individualizadas que garantem a sua segurança, e também de outros bens que podem ser guardados junto da mesma, como por exemplo um capacete ou uma mochila. O sistema proposto no âmbito deste trabalho é um complemento às alternativas existentes. As vantagens apresentadas pelo sistema proposto são: a sua construção modular e personalizada; e a possibilidade de instalação num terreno plano, sem recurso a obras de construção civil. O objectivo foi criar um projecto de automação e controlo de um protótipo, com base na proposta apresentada. O projecto de automação e controlo engloba a escolha dos sensores e dos actuadores. Para o dimensionamento dos motores foi necessário recorrer a um cálculo simplificado da estrutura do robô manipulador. Foi feita a escolha dos sensores, actuadores e do controlador com base nos requisitos funcionais. A programação foi desenvolvida numa linguagem normalizada. O modelo desenvolvido poderá servir de base para um projecto multidisciplinar entre vários departamentos do Instituto e dessa cooperação poderá surgir um novo projecto optimizado para produção e de menor custo.

Paleomagnetic study of the Great Foum Zguid dyke (southern Morocco): A positive contact test related to metasomatic processes

When a paleomagnetic pole is sought for in an igneous body, the host rocks should be subjected to a contact test to assure that the determined paleopole has the age of the intrusion. If the contact test is positive, it precludes the possibility that the measured magnetization is a later effect. Therefore, we investigated the variations of the remanent magnetization along cross-sections of rocks hosting the Foum Zguid dyke (southern Morocco) and the dyke itself. A positive contact test was obtained, but it is mainly related with Chemical/Crystalline Remanent Magnetization due to metasomatic processes in the host-rocks during magma intrusion and cooling, and not only with Thermo-Remanent Magnetization as ordinarily assumed in standard studies. Paleomagnetic data obtained within the dyke then reflect the Earth magnetic field during emplacement of this well-dated (196.9 +/- 1.8 Ma) intrusion.

Perspectives on the electrically induced properties of electrospun cellulose/liquid crystal devices

A mat of electrospun cellulose fibers are deposed on transparent conductive oxide covered glass, and two such plates enclose a nematic liquid crystal. Thus two new types of Cellulose based Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal devices, based on hydroxypropylcellulose and Cellulose Acetate and the nematic liquid crystal E7 have been obtained. The current-voltage characteristics indicates ionic type conduction. Heating-cooling cycles have been applied on the samples and the activation energies have been determined. Simultaneously with the thermo-stimulated currents, the optical transmission dependence on the d.c. electric field and temperature was registered. ON-OFF switching times have been determined for different control voltages. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estudo da eficiência de deteção de um monitor portátil de contaminação de superfícies em função da distância e do débito de emissão da fonte

Introdução – No caso de uma eventual contaminação radioativa esta deve ser quantificada, pelo que é necessário garantir que as condições de funcionamento de um monitor de contaminação de superfícies se encontrem adequadamente caracterizadas, através da determinação da sua eficiência de deteção. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a eficiência de deteção de um monitor de contaminação e analisar a influência da distância e da atividade. Metodologia – O monitor de contaminação Thermo Mini 900E e as fontes radioativas planas de referência de Carbono – 14 (C-14), Césio – 137 (Cs-137), Estrôncio – 90 (Sr-90), Cloro – 36 (Cl-36) e Amerício – 241 (Am-241) com débito de emissão superficial rastreável ao Physikalish Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB) foram utilizadas. Fontes de Sr-90 e C-14 com dois débitos de emissão distintos para cada e distâncias de 1 a 20mm foram usados para estudar a sua influência na eficiência de deteção. Resultados – Verificou-se que as fontes radioativas emissoras de partículas de maior energia apresentam uma maior eficiência de deteção e que esta diminui com o aumento da distância do detetor à fonte, sendo que os radioisótopos de maior energia apresentam um decréscimo na eficiência de 15% ao longo de 20mm, enquanto os radioisótopos de menor energia apresentam um decréscimo de 10%. Não se verificou uma influência expressiva do débito de emissão na eficiência de deteção deste monitor de contaminação. Conclusão – A eficiência de deteção de um monitor de contaminação portátil é dependente da distância deste à contaminação bem como do tipo de radiação emitida e energia dos radioisótopos presentes na contaminação. - ABSTRACT - Introduction – A radioactive contamination needs to be quantified in case it eventually occurs. Therefore it is necessary to ensure that the operating conditions of a surface contamination monitor are characterized by determining its detection efficiency. This experimental study aims to determine the detection efficiency of a contamination monitor and evaluate the distance and surface emission rate influence on the detection efficiency. Methodology – A contamination monitor Thermo Mini 900E was tested with reference radiation sources of Carbon – 14 (C-14), Cesium – 137 (Cs-137), Strontium – 90 (Sr-90), Chlorine – 36 (Cl-36) and Americium – 241 (Am-241) with its emission rate traced to the Physikalish Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB). Sources of Sr-90 and C-14 with two different emission rates for each one and distances of 1 to 20mm were used to study its influence in the detection efficiency. Results – With the increasing of distance, the detection efficiency decreases. The most energetic radiation sources have higher detection efficiency, boasting a 15% decrease over 20mm whereas the sources bearing a smaller efficiency decrease 10%. No influence of the surface emission rate in the detection efficiency was verified. Conclusion – Thus, it is concluded that the detection efficiency of a contamination monitor is dependent of the distance between it and the contamination as well as the type and energy of the radioisotopes present in the contamination.

Simulation of the Magnetic Induction Vector of a Magnetic Core to be Used in FFC NMR Relaxometry

This paper is a contribution for the assessment and comparison of magnet properties based on magnetic field characteristics particularly concerning the magnetic induction uniformity in the air gaps. For this aim, a solver was developed and implemented to determine the magnetic field of a magnetic core to be used in Fast Field Cycling (FFC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry. The electromagnetic field computation is based on a 2D finite-element method (FEM) using both the scalar and the vector potential formulation. Results for the magnetic field lines and the magnetic induction vector in the air gap are presented. The target magnetic induction is 0.2 T, which is a typical requirement of the FFC NMR technique, which can be achieved with a magnetic core based on permanent magnets or coils. In addition, this application requires high magnetic induction uniformity. To achieve this goal, a solution including superconducting pieces is analyzed. Results are compared with a different FEM program.

O impacto do patrocínio na intenção de compra dos consumidores: estudo do caso do patrocínio da volta a Portugal pela Liberty Seguros

O patrocínio, enquanto meio de comunicação, tem assumido uma importância cada vez maior nas estratégias de marketing das organizações. O mercado empresarial atual obriga a que as marcas encontrem formas diferentes das convencionais de comunicar com os seus clientes e passar-lhes a sua mensagem. Assim, as empresas procuram, por via do patrocínio, interagir com os consumidores e criar laços afetivos que os liguem às marcas que representam. A presente investigação procura perceber de que forma uma ação de patrocínio pode ter impacto na intenção de compra dos consumidores relativamente aos produtos/serviços da marca patrocinadora. Pretende-se igualmente explorar os efeitos da congruência entre o evento patrocinado e a marca patrocinadora, da atitude relativamente ao evento patrocinado e da atitude relativamente à marca patrocinadora na intenção de compra dos consumidores. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que o patrocínio tem influência na intenção de compra dos consumidores em relação aos produtos/serviços da marca patrocinadora do evento. Confirmam também que a congruência entre o evento e a marca, a atitude relativamente à marca e a atitude relativamente ao evento são variáveis que se encontram interligadas e que exercem um efeito de influência entre si, bem como em relação à intenção de compra dos consumidores.

Electrodeposition and characterization of nickel–copper metallic foams for application as electrodes for supercapacitors

Nickel-copper metallic foams were electrodeposited from an acidic electrolyte, using hydrogen bubble evolution as a dynamic template. Their morphology and chemical composition was studied by scanning electron microscopy and related to the deposition parameters (applied current density and deposition time). For high currents densities (above 1 A cm(-2)) the nickel-copper deposits have a three-dimensional foam-like morphology with randomly distributed nearly-circular pores whose walls present an open dendritic structure. The nickel-copper foams are crystalline and composed of pure nickel and a copper-rich phase containing nickel in solid solution. The electrochemical behaviour of the material was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry (charge-discharge curves) aiming at its application as a positive electrode for supercapacitors. Cyclic voltammograms showed that the Ni-Cu foams have a pseudocapacitive behaviour. The specific capacitance was calculated from charge-discharge data and the best value (105 F g(-1) at 1 mA cm(-2)) was obtained for nickel-copper foams deposited at 1.8 A cm(-2) for 180 s. Cycling stability of these foams was also assessed and they present a 90 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 mA cm(-2).

Electrodeposition and characterization of nikel-copper metallic foams for application as electrodes for supercapacitors

Nickel-copper metallic foams were electrodeposited from an acidic electrolyte, using hydrogen bubble evolution as a dynamic template. Their morphology and chemical composition was studied by scanning electron microscopy and related to the deposition parameters (applied current density and deposition time). For high currents densities (above 1 A cm(-2)) the nickel-copper deposits have a three-dimensional foam-like morphology with randomly distributed nearly-circular pores whose walls present an open dendritic structure. The nickel-copper foams are crystalline and composed of pure nickel and a copper-rich phase containing nickel in solid solution. The electrochemical behaviour of the material was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry (charge-discharge curves) aiming at its application as a positive electrode for supercapacitors. Cyclic voltammograms showed that the Ni-Cu foams have a pseudocapacitive behaviour. The specific capacitance was calculated from charge-discharge data and the best value (105 F g(-1) at 1 mA cm(-2)) was obtained for nickel-copper foams deposited at 1.8 A cm(-2) for 180 s. Cycling stability of these foams was also assessed and they present a 90 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 mA cm(-2).

Rede de mobilidade sustentável de Beja: viabilidade de implementação de um sistema de bicicletas elétricas

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

"Lazarillo de Tormes": melhoria da mobilidade em Salamanca

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Vias de Comunicação e Transportes

Magnetic flux density distribution in the air gap of a ferromagnetic core with superconducting blocks: three-dimensional analysis and experimental NMR results

The design of magnetic cores can be carried out by taking into account the optimization of different parameters in accordance with the application requirements. Considering the specifications of the fast field cycling nuclear magnetic resonance (FFC-NMR) technique, the magnetic flux density distribution, at the sample insertion volume, is one of the core parameters that needs to be evaluated. Recently, it has been shown that the FFC-NMR magnets can be built on the basis of solenoid coils with ferromagnetic cores. Since this type of apparatus requires magnets with high magnetic flux density uniformity, a new type of magnet using a ferromagnetic core, copper coils, and superconducting blocks was designed with improved magnetic flux density distribution. In this paper, the designing aspects of the magnet are described and discussed with emphasis on the improvement of the magnetic flux density homogeneity (Delta B/B-0) in the air gap. The magnetic flux density distribution is analyzed based on 3-D simulations and NMR experimental results.

Mobile cockpit system for enhanced electric bicycle use

This paper presents the project of a mobile cockpit system (MCS) for smartphones, which provides assistance to electric bicycle (EB) cyclists in smart cities' environment. The presented system introduces a mobile application (MCS App) with the goal to provide useful personalized information to the cyclist related to the EB's use, including EB range prediction considering the intended path, management of the cycling effort performed by the cyclist, handling of the battery charging process, and the provisioning of information regarding available public transport. This work also introduces the EB cyclist profile concept, which is based on historical data analysis previously stored in a database and collected from mobile devices' sensors. From the tests performed, the results show the importance of route guidance, taking into account the energy savings. The results also show significant changes on range prediction based on user and route taken. It is important to say that the proposed system can be used for all bicycles in general.