Solid-state Marx based two-switch voltage modulator for the On-Line Isotope Mass Separator accelerator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research

A new circuit topology is proposed to replace the actual pulse transformer and thyratron based resonant modulator that supplies the 60 kV target potential for the ion acceleration of the On-Line Isotope Mass Separator accelerator, the stability of which is critical for the mass resolution downstream separator, at the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The improved modulator uses two solid-state switches working together, each one based on the Marx generator concept, operating as series and parallel switches, reducing the stress on the series stacked semiconductors, and also as auxiliary pulse generator in order to fulfill the target requirements. Preliminary results of a 10 kV prototype, using 1200 V insulated gate bipolar transistors and capacitors in the solid-state Marx circuits, ten stages each, with an electrical equivalent circuit of the target, are presented, demonstrating both the improved voltage stability and pulse flexibility potential wanted for this new modulator.

Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Farms Using Modular Marx Multilevel Converters

This paper proposes the use of a Modular Marx Multilevel Converter, as a solution for energy integration between an offshore Wind Farm and the power grid network. The Marx modular multilevel converter is based on the Marx generator, and solves two typical problems in this type of multilevel topologies: modularity and dc capacitor voltage balancing. This paper details the strategy for dc capacitor voltage equalization. The dynamic models of the converter and power grid are presented in order to design the converter ac output voltages and the dc capacitor voltage controller. The average current control is presented and used for power flow control, harmonics and reactive power compensation. Simulation results are presented in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed (MC)-C-3 topology.

Solid-State Bipolar Marx Generator with Voltage Droop Compensation

This paper addresses the voltage droop compensation associated with long pulses generated by solid-stated based high-voltage Marx topologies. In particular a novel design scheme for voltage droop compensation in solid-state based bipolar Marx generators, using low-cost circuitry design and control, is described. The compensation consists of adding one auxiliary PWM stage to the existing Marx stages, without changing the modularity and topology of the circuit, which controls the output voltage and a LC filter that smoothes the voltage droop in both the positive and negative output pulses. Simulation results are presented for 5 stages Marx circuit using 1 kV per stage, with 1 kHz repetition rate and 10% duty cycle.

Solid-State Bipolar Marx Converter with Output Transformer and Energy Recovery

The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss a general HV topology of the solid-state Marx modulator, for unipolar or bipolar generation connected with a step-up transformer to increase the output voltage applied to a resistive load. Due to the use of an output transformer, discussion about the reset of the transformer is made to guarantee zero average voltage applied to the primary. It is also discussed the transformer magnetizing energy recovering back to the energy storage capacitors. Simulation results for a circuit that generates 100 kV pulses using 1000 V semiconductors are presented and discussed regarding the voltage and current stress on the semiconductors and result obtained.

A New Modular Marx Derived Multilevel Converter

A new Modular Marx Multilevel Converter, M(3)C, is presented. The M(3)C topology was developed based on the Marx Generator concept and can contribute to technological innovation for sustainability by enabling wind energy off-shore modular multilevel power switching converters with an arbitrary number of levels. This paper solves both the DC capacitor voltage balancing problem and modularity problems of multilevel converters, using a modified cell of a solid-state Marx modulator, previously developed by authors for high voltage pulsed power applications. The paper details the structure and operation of the M(3)C modules, and their assembling to obtain multilevel converters. Sliding mode control is applied to a M(3)C leg and the vector leading to automatic capacitor voltage equalization is chosen. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed M(3)C topology.

Solid State Marx Modulator with Blumlein Stack for Bipolar Pulse Generation

Sub-nanosecond bipolar high voltage pulses are a very important tool for food processing, medical treatment, waste water and exhaust gas processing. A Hybrid Modulator for sub-microsecond bipolar pulse generation, comprising an unipolar solid-state Marx generator connected to a load through a stack Blumlein system that produces bipolar pulses and further multiplies the pulse voltage amplitude, is presented. Experimental results from an assembled prototype show the generation of 1000 V amplitude bipolar pulses with 100 ns of pulse width and 1 kHz repetition rate.

‘O meio é a mensagem’, de Harold A. Innis a Marshall McLuhan

Os contributos para pensar a comunicação, os media e a cultura de Harold A. Innis e Marshall McLuhan foram durante muitas décadas ou praticamente esquecidos ou ignorados, no caso de Innis, ou olhados com desconfiança ou fascínio, no caso de McLuhan, no seio do que se designa hoje por ciências da comunicação. Nos últimos anos, essa situação alterou-se significativamente e hoje Innis desperta um enorme interesse na teoria da comunicação e na economia política dos media. Estes dois autores canadianos, o primeiro escrevendo entre os anos 20 e 40 do século XX e o segundo a partir dos anos 50 e até ao final da década de 70, centraram a sua atenção nas formas/suportes técnicos através dos quais comunicamos e como esses dispositivos produzem efeitos a longo prazo na sociedade, na cultura, na política e na ordem do sensorium humano. Como se está já a ver, ao contrário das tradições mainstream norte-americanas do mesmo período, centradas na análises quantitativas de curto-médio prazo dos efeitos e usos dos contéudos das mensagens, Innis e McLuhan, optaram por formas ensaísticas, de história das civilizações, mobilizando recursos da cultura, da literatura, da economia e da tecnologia, que privilegiam a reflexão de longo prazo (mudanças na ordem social e no sensorium operadas à escala histórica, civilizacional). Embora esta perspectiva de largo alcance temporal tenha tido diversos cultores durante o século XIX e XX, como são exemplos Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Arnold Toynbee, Oswald Spengler, entre outros, nos estudos de comunicação, ela tinha muito pouca tradição. O impacto destes teóricos radica na introdução na investigação em comunicação e media de uma problemática que durante muito tempo se encontrou ausente da quer na Europa, quer na América do Norte (particularmente nos EUA) que é a relação entre os modos (meios, técnicas) de comunicação e a sociedade. O seu maior contributo para os estudos sociológicos da comunicação foi chamar a atenção para os efeitos a longo prazo das formas técnicas de comunicação na sociedade e na cultura. Pela primeira vez, se questionou a dimensão técnica da comunicação. Ou seja, exploraram a ideia de que as técnicas de comunicação são responsáveis pela configuração das sociedades e da cultura; que os processos de comunicação e as instituições a eles associadas têm efeitos penetrantes na natureza das sociedades e no curso da sua história, erguendo novas constelações culturais; mudam os meios/os suportes técnicos através dos quais comunicamos, muda a cultura, muda a sociedade. Defendem que a história da comunicação é uma das grandes chave da historia universal, o que os faz ler a história universal à luz da história da comunicação. Há quem afirme que exploram uma certa determinação comunicacional da sociedade (perspectiva que já se encontrava presente nos economistas políticos alemães e nos primeiros sociólogos americanos, como Albion Small, William Sumner e Edward Ross, entre outros), segundo a qual a sociedade é um organismo, mas muito mais complexo do que propunha Herbert Spencer, um organismo com formas de consciência forjadas através da comunicação. Eu diria que isto é basicamente aquilo que une estes dois autores, tudo o resto tende a afastá-los como vou tentar mostrar de seguida.

Multifunctional controller architecture for sold-state marx modulator based on FPGA

This paper proposes a multifunctional architecture to implement field-programmable gate array (FPGA) controllers for power converters and presents a prototype for a pulsed power generator based on a solid-state Marx topology. The massively parallel nature of reconfigurable hardware platforms provides very high processing power and fast response times allowing the implementation of many subsystems in the same device. The prototype includes the controller, a failure detection system, an interface with a safety/emergency subsystem, a graphical user interface, and a virtual oscilloscope to visualize the generated pulse waveforms, using a single FPGA. The proposed architecture employs a modular design that can be easily adapted to other power converter topologies.

Solid-State bipolar Marx modulator modeling

A mathematical model that simulates the operation of a solid-state bipolar Marx modulator topology, including the influence of parasitic capacitances is presented and discussed as a tool to analyze the circuit behavior and to assist the design engineer to select the semiconductor components and to enhance the operating performance. Simulations show good agreement with experimental results, considering a four stage circuit assembled with 1200 V isolated gate bipolar transistors and diodes, operating at 1000 V dc input voltage and 1-kHz frequency, giving 4 kV and 10-mu s output pulses into several resistive loads. Results show that parasitic capacitances between Marx cells to ground can significantly load the solid-state switches, adding new operating circuit conditions.

Marx-Type solid-state bipolar modulator topologies: Performance comparison

The operation of generalized Marx-type solid-state bipolar modulators is discussed and compared with simplified Marx-derived circuits, to evaluate their capability to deal with various load conditions. A comparative analysis on the number of switches per cell, fiber optic trigger count, losses, and switch hold-off voltages has been made. A circuit topology is obtained as a compromise in terms of operating performance, trigger simplicity, and switching losses. A five-stage laboratory prototype of this circuit has been assembled using 1200 V insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and diodes, operating with 1000 V dc input voltage and 1 kHz frequency, giving 5 kV bipolar pulses, with 2.5 mu s pulse width and 5 mu s relaxation time into resistive, capacitive, and inductive loads.

25 kV bipolar solid-state Marx generator for industrial food applications

The preliminary results from a bipolar industrial solidstate based Marx generator, developed for the food industry, capable of delivering 25 kV/250 A positive and negative pulses with 12 kW average power, are presented and discussed. This modular topology uses only four controlled switches per cell, 27 cells in total that can be charged up to 1000V each, the two extra cells are used for droop compensation. The triggering signals for all the switches are generated by a FPGA. Considering that biomaterials are similar to resistive type loads, experimental results from this new bipolar 25 kV modulator into resistive loads are presented and discussed.