A systematic procedure to enhance reproducibility of SWASV cycles in the determination of toxic metals in real samples

This work presents for the first time a systematic study on the optimization of the electrochemical cleaning time of a mercury film when it is used as a working electrode material in the analysis of toxic metals, such as Pb2+, used as model metal, in real samples by SWASV. The optimization study for the film’s cleaning time aimed at attaining a Pb2+ minimum value in the film after the re-oxidation step of the pre-concentrated metal, given the impossibility of complete removal of traces of the electroactive species from the film. This value was kept constant in each concentration range studied ensuring thus that all assays were performed in initial identical conditions. An assay performed on a synthetic sample was taken as reference. In it, given the absence of matrix effects, and after the electrochemical cleaning step, a direct proportionality was observed between the residual amounts of Pb2+ in the film (which for the cleaning time used was never completely removed) and Pb2+ concentration in the solution. This fact determined a high correlation between Pb2+ peak current and Pb2+ concentration which was not observed when real samples (tree leaves) were analyzed. This behavior may result from the presence of the interfering surfactants always present in real samples of complex matrix. Cleaning time optimization was performed for the following Pb2+ concentration ranges in the real samples of complex matrix: 0.006-0.020, 0.020-0.080, 0.060-0.200 and 0.100-0.600 ppb. As expected, in order to obtain identical levels of film’s cleaning efficiency, the need for longer cleaning times has been observed for higher concentrations. The optimized cleaning times for the concentration ranges under study were 120, 150, 180 e 300 s, respectively.

Compression Efficiency Analysis of Wyner-Ziv Video Coding with Motion Compensated Side Information Interpolation

The Wyner-Ziv video coding (WZVC) rate distortion performance is highly dependent on the quality of the side information, an estimation of the original frame, created at the decoder. This paper, characterizes the WZVC efficiency when motion compensated frame interpolation (MCFI) techniques are used to generate the side information, a difficult problem in WZVC especially because the decoder only has available some reference decoded frames. The proposed WZVC compression efficiency rate model relates the power spectral of the estimation error to the accuracy of the MCFI motion field. Then, some interesting conclusions may be derived related to the impact of the motion field smoothness and the correlation to the true motion trajectories on the compression performance.

Estudo da lixiviação de um concentrado de zinco

Neste trabalho estudou-se a lixiviação em meio sulfúrico do zinco e outros metais de valor de um concentrado zinco, tendo-se realizado ensaios de lixiviação à pressão atmosférica e em autoclave. Nos estudos de lixiviação utilizou-se o ião férrico (sulfato férrico) como agente oxidante e avaliaram-se os efeitos de diversas variáveis como a razão sólido/líquido, concentração do ião Fe (III), temperatura, a pressão de oxigénio e a presença de enxofre elementar na eficiência da lixiviação. Os ensaios de lixiviação em autoclave sob pressão de oxigénio foram realizados para verificar o efeito da manutenção da quantidade de Fe (III) na lixívia, por oxidação do Fe(II) com oxigénio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que à pressão atmosférica para uma razão sólido/líquido de 5% foi possível lixiviar no máximo 59% de zinco e 22% de cobre com solução de 0,25 M de Fe2(SO4)3 e 0,50 M de H2SO4 em 2 horas a 60ºC e com uma razão sólido/líquido de 5% foi possível lixiviar no máximo 65% de zinco e 23% de cobre com uma solução de 0,5 M de Fe2(SO4)3 e 0,25 M de H2SO4 em 2 horas a 80ºC. Efectuar a lixiviação do concentrado de zinco sobre pressão de oxigénio permitiu aumentar a cinética da reacção de lixiviação, tendo sido possível lixiviar 97% de zinco e 48% do cobre em 2 horas de lixiviação com uma solução de 0,25 M Fe2(SO4)3 e 0,5 M H2SO4 a 95 ºC e a 6 bar de pressão de oxigénio (à entrada do reactor) com uma razão sólido/líquido de 5%. Utilizando razão sólido/líquido de 10 % foi possível lixiviar 93% de zinco e 54% do cobre com uma solução de 0,50 M Fe2(SO4)3 e 1,25 M H2SO4 a 95 ºC e a 6 bar de pressão de oxigénio, e para uma razão sólido/líquido de 20 % foi possível lixiviar 84% de zinco e 39% do cobre com uma solução de 0,11 M Fe2(SO4)3 e 2,00 M H2SO4 a 95 ºC e a 10 bar de pressão. As análises de difracção de Raios X efectuados aos resíduos de lixiviação revelaram que o enxofre era maioritariamente oxidado a enxofre elementar. Assim, para um dos ensaios de lixiviação em autoclave, verificou-se que a remoção com tetracloreto de carbono do enxofre elementar formado num primeiro andar de lixiviação (s/l=20%, 0,11 M Fe2(SO4)3 e 2,00 M H2SO4 a 95 ºC e a 10 bar de pressão) permitia aumentar a percentagem de zinco no segundo andar de 42 para 68%. Por último, o estudo do efeito da temperatura permitiu calcular como base nas velocidades iniciais do zinco a energia de activação para a lixiviação do zinco que foi de 39 ± 1.40 kJ/mol para a lixiviação em autoclave e de 38 ± 1.40 kJ/mol para a lixiviação à pressão atmosférica, o que é indicativo do controlo reaccional.

Desenfumagem em edifícios: parque de estacionamento coberto (retail - Oeiras parque)

Os parques de estacionamento surgiram da necessidade de disponibilização de espaço de parqueamento de veículos que fazem parte do quotidiano do Homem, no entanto devido ao facto de poderem ser confinados ou subterrâneos requerem a instalação de ventilação forçada (ventiladores axiais e ventiladores de impulso). Este trabalho tem como objectivo a análise, utilizando métodos de simulação numérica da ventilação forçada criada pelos ventiladores de impulso e pelos ventiladores axiais instalados num parque de estacionamento subterrâneo. Vão ser comparadas várias simulações com situações diferentes em termos de condições de fronteira, obstruções ao escoamento, etc., por forma a tirar conclusões sobre o comportamento do parque numa situação de emergência, ou seja, num incêndio. Este comportamento vai ter em conta a eficiência de evacuação dos gases libertados, as temperaturas no parque que permitem verificar onde estão localizados os gases mais quentes e os campos de velocidade do ar que permitem uma visualização do escoamento e até certo ponto a turbulência do mesmo. No final pretende-se concluir por meio de comparação com outros documentos consultados, a “confiabilidade” do software usado (FDS-Fire Dynamics Simulator) e adicionalmente tirar conclusões sobre o projecto do parque, nomeadamente sobre a necessidade de introdução de alterações.

Reward-risk efficiency in proportional reinsurance with different risk measures

We have studied, in particular under normality of the implied random variables, the connections between different measures of risk such as the standard deviation, the W-ruin probability and the p-V@R. We discuss conditions granting the equivalence of these measures with respect to risk preference relations and the equivalence of dominance and efficiency of risk-reward criteria involving these measures. Then more specifically we applied these concepts to rigorously face the problem of finding the efficient set of de Finetti’s variable quota share proportional reinsurance.

From efficiency to optimality in proportional reinsurance under group correlation

Based on our recent discovery of closed form formulae of efficient Mean Variance retentions in variable quota-share proportional reinsurance under group correlation, we analyzed the influence of different combination of correlation and safety loading levels on the efficient frontier, both in a single period stylized problem and in a multiperiod one.

Light pollution and energy efficiency: a case study of the village of Vialonga

Since industrialization and the formation of larger urban centers in the nineteenth century, pollution of the environment was always present in daily life in various ways, namely in the form of light. Light pollution can cause various consequences, both for humans and for their ecosystem, producing effects on environmental, social, economic and scientific level. In Portugal, the lighting is responsible for 3% of total electricity consumption, energy costs are in some cases more than 50% towards the costs incurred by municipalities with energy, checking-in recent years a trend similar to that improvement of illumination levels in the region (about 4 to 5% per year). Proper use of lighting brings many benefits both to the citizen and environment, since greater energy efficiency can contribute to reducing CO2 emissions, energy costs, as well as to decrease the use of resources not-renewable and/or contamination of renewable resources, which can occurs in the process of obtaining electricity. The present study has a main goal to analyze the illuminance levels associated to the public lighting of the village of Vialonga, Vila Franca de Xira (Portugal), to verify if it is efficient. The aim is also to relate the efficiency of street lighting with the existence of light pollution.

Reabilitação sustentável de edifício de habitação, em construção tradicional, no Baixo Alentejo

Dissertação de Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Especialização em Edificações

Gamma radiation effects on microbial inactivation of two medicinal plants

The consumption of natural products has become a public health problem, since these medicinal teas are prepared using natural plants without an effective hygienic and sanitary control. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of gamma radiation, on the microbial burden of two medicinal plants: Melissa officinalis and Lippia citriodora. Dried samples of the two plants were irradiated at a Co-60 experimental equipment. The applied gamma radiation doses were 1, 3, and 5 kGy at a dose rate of 1.34 kGy/h. Non-irradiated samples followed all the experiments. Bacterial and fungal counts were assessed before and after irradiation by membrane filtration method. Challenging tests with Escherichia coli were performed in order to evaluate the disinfection efficiency of gamma radiation treatment. Characterization of M. officinalis and L. citriadora microbiota indicated an average bioburden value of 102CFU/g. The inactivation studies of the bacterial mesophilic population of both dried plants pointed out to a one log reduction of microbial load after irradiation at 5 kGy. Regarding the fungal population, the initial load of 30 CFU/g was only reduced by 0.5 log by an irradiation dose of 5 kGy. The dynamics with radiation doses of plants microbial population’s phenotypes indicated the prevalence of gram-positive rods for M. officinalis before and after irradiation, and the increase of the frequency of gram-negative rods with irradiation for L. citriadora. Among fungal population of both plants, Mucor, Neoscytalidium, Aspergillus and Alternaria were the most isolated genera. The results obtained in the challenging tests with E. coli on plants pointed out to an inactivation efficiency of 99.5% and 99.9% to a dose of 2 kGy, for M.officinalis and L. citriadora, respectively. The gamma radiation treatment can be a significant tool for the microbial control in medicinal plants.

Projecto e concepção de instalação frigorífica a NH3, para uma unidade de congelação de frangos em contínuo, na Venezuela

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

HFCs e soluções alternativas viáveis

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

A contribuição do marketing interno para o sucesso das empresas

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Comunicação Social como parte dos requisitos para obtenção de grau de mestre em Publicidade e Marketing.

The efficiency of urine dipsticks for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent pathologies in developed countries, particularly in women, characterized by the presence of bacterial growth in any part of the urinary system. Currently, urine culture is considered the gold standard method for the diagnosis of UTI. However, this method has several disadvantages including the time necessary for obtaining the results and the associated high costs. Therefore, it is important to evaluate new efficient and valuable methods for the diagnosis of these infections. Objectives: Presently, dipsticks are considered a possible valuable alternative to urine culture. This method has very low costs associated and the results can be obtained in few minutes. Here we aim to compare the sensibility, specificity, predictive value of a positive test and a negative test of both methods in order to determine the efficiency of the test strips method and also to characterize the microorganism more frequently isolated.

A comprehensive high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy-based method for evaluating the transfection event: estimating the transfection efficiency and extracting associated metabolic responses

Reporter genes are routinely used in every laboratory for molecular and cellular biology for studying heterologous gene expression and general cellular biological mechanisms, such as transfection processes. Although well characterized and broadly implemented, reporter genes present serious limitations, either by involving time-consuming procedures or by presenting possible side effects on the expression of the heterologous gene or even in the general cellular metabolism. Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy was evaluated to simultaneously analyze in a rapid (minutes) and high-throughput mode (using 96-wells microplates), the transfection efficiency, and the effect of the transfection process on the host cell biochemical composition and metabolism. Semi-adherent HEK and adherent AGS cell lines, transfected with the plasmid pVAX-GFP using Lipofectamine, were used as model systems. Good partial least squares (PLS) models were built to estimate the transfection efficiency, either considering each cell line independently (R 2 ≥ 0.92; RMSECV ≤ 2 %) or simultaneously considering both cell lines (R 2 = 0.90; RMSECV = 2 %). Additionally, the effect of the transfection process on the HEK cell biochemical and metabolic features could be evaluated directly from the FT-IR spectra. Due to the high sensitivity of the technique, it was also possible to discriminate the effect of the transfection process from the transfection reagent on KEK cells, e.g., by the analysis of spectral biomarkers and biochemical and metabolic features. The present results are far beyond what any reporter gene assay or other specific probe can offer for these purposes.

Convergência para NZEB de um edifício de serviços em Faro

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil