Comunicação na saúde: a consulta do viajante no IHMT

O presente trabalho, é um Relatório de Estágio onde se descrevem as actividades desenvolvidas ao longo do Estágio Curricular realizado no Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT) no período de 5 de Novembro de 2012 a 8 de Março de 2013. Pretendeu-se aliar o estudo da teoria ao desenvolvimento de algumas acções de comunicação que colmatassem falhas detectadas durante a auditoria à comunicação. O Relatório de Estágio, aqui apresentado, divide-se em duas secções: a investigação e o desenvolvimento dos instrumentos de comunicação. Estas duas secções encontram-se intimamente ligadas pois, a investigação efectuada teve como principal objectivo a obtenção de dados que permitissem caracterizar o público da Consulta do Viajante do IHMT de modo a que fosse possível a alteração e/ou criação de suportes de comunicação adaptados às características – escolares, sociais, demográficas, profissionais, etc. – desse público. Desta forma, e após pesquisa bibliográfica sobre temas pertinentes para o trabalho como Medicina do Viajante, Comunicação em e para a Saúde, Metodologias de Investigação, entre outras tidas como necessárias, foi realizada uma investigação por questionário aos utentes do IHMT que permitiu o desenvolvimento do trabalho final de estágio. A investigação e consequente desenvolvimento dos suportes de comunicação são apresentados neste relatório que se pretende reflexivo sobre as práticas desenvolvidas.

“Os crescidos vão para o colo dos crescidos … é só os crescidos!” direitos de participação das crianças em centros de acolhimento temporário

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para a obtenção de grau de mestre em Ciências da Educação, Especialização em Intervenção Precoce

“Os crescidos vão para o colo dos crescidos …é só os crescidos!” direitos de participação das crianças em centros de acolhimento temporário

O presente artigo parte da questão “quais as vivências e a participação das crianças pequenas e quais as representações sociais dos adultos e crianças relativamente às crianças pequenas?”, em contexto de Centro de Acolhimento Temporário (CAT). Trata-se de uma investigação de natureza qualitativa, nomeadamente com uma natureza etnográfica, em que se procurou colocar em diálogo duas áreas de conhecimento: a educação de infância e a sociologia da infância. As técnicas de investigação utilizadas foram as entrevistas-conversa, com as crianças mais crescidas; o questionário e o focus group, com os adultos; e a observação, com os bebés. Conclui-se que os bebés (0 aos 2 anos) que se encontram em dois CAT parecem permanecer realmente numa invisibilidade social, não lhes sendo totalmente garantido o direito à participação. Isto deve-se ao facto de não existir um modelo pedagógico (participativo) praticado neste contexto com estas crianças e permanecerem representações e imagens sobre as crianças assentes numa perspetiva de passividade, incompetência e incapacidade.

Conceptual, methodological and ethical issues in children's research in Portugal

Methodological issues in research with children have sparked a growing interest by the Sociology of Childhood since the last decades. In Portugal, this interest is more recent, but it has had a significant increase. Considering several researches, namely master thesis, supervised by the authors on the framework of Sociology of Childhood, this proposal intends to characterize some methodological complexities in research with children in Portugal, when we consider their voice and agency in the knowledge producing about them. The goal of this paper is to contribute to the methodological discussion on research with children through the identification of a set of challenges related to: (i) the diversity of methodologies uses in children’s research, (ii) ethical concerns and (iii) the role of the researcher.

Exposure and genotoxicity assessment methodologies: the case of formaldehyde occupational exposure

Formaldehyde (FA) ranks 25th in the overall U.S. chemical production, with more than 5 million tons produced each year. Given its economic importance and widespread use, many people are exposed to FA occupationally. Recently, based on the correlation with nasopharyngeal cancer in humans, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) confirmed the classification of FA as a Group I substance. Considering the epidemiological evidence of a potential association with leukemia, the IARC has concluded that FA can cause this lymphoproliferative disorder. Our group has developed a method to assess the exposure and genotoxicity effects of FA in two different occupational settings, namely FAbased resins production and pathology and anatomy laboratories. For exposure assessment we applied simultaneously two different techniques of air monitoring: NIOSH Method 2541 and Photo Ionization Detection Equipment with simultaneously video recording. Genotoxicity effects were measured by cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes and by micronucleus test in exfoliated oral cavity epithelial cells, both considered target cells. The two exposure assessment techniques show that in the two occupational settings peak exposures are still occurring. There was a statistical significant increase in the micronucleus mean of epithelial cells and peripheral lymphocytes of exposed individuals compared with controls. In conclusion, the exposure and genotoxicity effects assessment methodologies developed by us allowed to determine that these two occupational settings promote exposure to high peak FA concentrations and an increase in the micronucleus mean of exposed workers. Moreover, the developed techniques showed promising results and could be used to confirm and extend the results obtained by the analytical techniques currently available.

Solid-state Marx based two-switch voltage modulator for the On-Line Isotope Mass Separator accelerator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research

A new circuit topology is proposed to replace the actual pulse transformer and thyratron based resonant modulator that supplies the 60 kV target potential for the ion acceleration of the On-Line Isotope Mass Separator accelerator, the stability of which is critical for the mass resolution downstream separator, at the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The improved modulator uses two solid-state switches working together, each one based on the Marx generator concept, operating as series and parallel switches, reducing the stress on the series stacked semiconductors, and also as auxiliary pulse generator in order to fulfill the target requirements. Preliminary results of a 10 kV prototype, using 1200 V insulated gate bipolar transistors and capacitors in the solid-state Marx circuits, ten stages each, with an electrical equivalent circuit of the target, are presented, demonstrating both the improved voltage stability and pulse flexibility potential wanted for this new modulator.

Viability of Two New Mixture Design Methodologies for Self-Consolidating Concrete

This paper presents the results from an experimental study of the technical viability of two mixture designs for self-consolidating concrete (SCC) proposed by two Portuguese researchers in a previous work. The objective was to find the best method to provide the required characteristics of SCC in fresh and hardened states without having to experiment with a large number of mixtures. Five SCC mixtures, each with a volume of 25 L (6.61 gal.) were prepared using a forced mixer with a vertical axis for each of three compressive strength targets: 40, 55, and 70 MPa (5.80, 7.98, and 10.15 ksi). The mixtures' fresh state properties of fluidity, segregation resistance ability, and bleeding and blockage tendency, and their hardened state property of compressive strength were compared. For this study, the following tests were performed. slump-flow, V-funnel, L-box, box, and compressive strength. The results of this study made it possible to identify the most influential factors in the design of the SCC mixtures.

Lesões músculo-esqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho (LMELT) nos cantoneiros de limpeza/recolha de resíduos urbanos

Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene no TRabalho.

Exposição ocupacional a formaldeído: avaliação da exposição e efeitos genotóxicos

O formaldeído (FA) foi classificado, em 2004, pela International Agency for Cancer Research como agente cancerígeno. Este agente químico ocupa a 25ª posição em toda a produção química dos Estados Unidos da América, com mais de 5 milhões de toneladas produzidas por ano. Devido à sua importância económica e uso diversificado, muitos indivíduos estão expostos profissionalmente a FA. Com o estudo desenvolvido pretendeu‑se avaliar a exposição a FA em dois contextos ocupacionais distintos – na produção de FA e resinas e em laboratórios de anatomia patológica (AP) e relacionar com eventuais efeitos para a saúde, comparando a frequência de micronúcleos (MN) em linfócitos do sangue periférico e em células esfoliadas da mucosa bucal dos trabalhadores expostos a FA com indivíduos não expostos (controlos). Como amostra foram estudados 80 trabalhadores ocupacionalmente expostos a FA: 30 trabalhadores da fábrica de produção de FA e resinas e 50 trabalhadores de 10 laboratórios de AP. Foi constituído um grupo controlo de 85 indivíduos com atividades profissionais que não envolviam a exposição a formaldeído ou qualquer outro agente químico com propriedades genotóxicas. Aplicaram‑se duas metodologias distintas de avaliação ambiental do FA com o objetivo de conhecer a exposição profissional. Compararam‑se os resultados obtidos com os valores limite para a exposição média ponderada (TLV‑TWA=0,75 ppm) e para a concentração máxima (VLE‑CM=0,3 ppm). A totalidade dos laboratórios apresentou resultados superiores ao valor de referência existente para a concentração máxima. Nenhum dos resultados obtidos para a exposição média ponderada foi superior ao valor de referência. O exame macroscópico obteve os valores das concentrações máximas mais elevadas em 90% dos laboratórios. Os valores de MN foram mais elevados nos indivíduos expostos a FA comparativamente com os controlos. No caso dos MN nos linfócitos, a média foi de 3,96 nos expostos e de 0,81 nos não expostos. Os MN nas células esfoliadas da boca apresentaram uma média de 0,96 nos expostos e de 0,16 nos controlos. Os resultados obtidos nesta acção de biomonitorização podem revelar‑se particularmente úteis para as organizações responsáveis em definir os níveis aceitáveis para a exposição humana a FA. ABSTRACT: Since 2004, formaldehyde (FA) has been classified by the International Agency for Cancer Research as a carcinogen. The FA ranks 25th in the overall United States chemical production, with more than 5 million tons produced each year. Due to its economic importance and varied use, many individuals are exposed to FA at their occupational settings. This study aimed to assess the exposure to FA in two occupational settings – FA production factory and pathology anatomy (PA) laboratories – and relate it to possible health effects by comparing frequency of micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes and exfoliated cells from the oral mucosa of workers exposed to FA with individuals not exposed to this agent (controls). This study was performed in 80 workers occupationally exposed to FA: 30 workers of the FA factory and 50 workers in 10 PA laboratories. The control group comprised 85 subjects without exposure. We have applied two different methodologies for environmental monitoring of FA. The results were compared with the reference to the exposure weighted average (TLV‑TWA = 0.75 ppm) and ceiling concentration (VLE‑MC = 0.3 ppm). All laboratories had results higher than the reference value to CM (1.41 ppm). None of the results obtained for the TWA exposure (0.16 ppm) were higher than the reference value. Macroscopic examination obtained the highest values of CM in 90% of laboratories. MN values were higher in individuals exposed to FA as compared to controls. As for MN in lymphocytes, the average was 3.96 in exposed compared with 0.81 in the unexposed. The MN in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa had an average of 0.96 in exposed, compared with 0.16 in controls. The results of this biomonitoring can be particularly useful to organizations responsible for defining acceptable levels for human exposure to FA.

Inserção profissional: os desafios nos primeiros anos de ensino

A problemática da inserção profissional dos novos professores tem sido largamente estudada sob várias perspetivas das quais destacamos, as dificuldades enfrentadas no início do seu desempenho como docentes (Alen y Sardi, 2009) Krichesky y Merodo (2009), o vinculo entre inserção e identidade profissional (Martineau y Portelance, 2005), o desenvolvimento da competência ética nos novos professores (St. Vincent 2011) e as trajetórias de emprego, entre outras.Os resultados destas pesquisas têm revelado o tipo de problemas enfrentados pelos novos professores à entrada na carreira docente e confirmado que nem todos os percursos se iniciam de modo tranquilo e sereno. É esta a problemática que serve de base ao objeto de estudo desta dissertação, pretendendo-se mais precisamente, centrar a nossa pesquisa no percurso profissional de seis professores diplomados pela Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa há dois anos. O objetivo geral do estudo é, assim, descrever e compreender o desenvolvimento profissional desses professores, identificar as dimensões mais relevantes, os fatores que o condicionam e os contextos que o limitam ou facilitam. Tendo em conta o objeto de estudo identificaram-se as seguintes questões: 1) Quais as implicações da formação inicial no desempenho da profissão? 2) Quais as principais dificuldades / problemas com que se defrontaram os novos professores na inserção na profissão?; 3) Como atuam os professores principiantes?; O que mudam nas suas práticas, o que perdura?; 4) Como se incrementa o sentimento de pertença ao novo grupo profissional?; 5) Quais as particularidades dos contextos de trabalho em que estes professores se encontram integrados que se revelam facilitadoras e/ou constrangedoras da sua inserção profissional? Para o efeito recorremos a uma metodologia qualitativa, e privilegiámos como técnica de recolha de dados a entrevista semiestruturada. Para o tratamento dos dados sustentámo-nos na análise de conteúdo seguindo os passos recomendados para a análise de conteúdo (Bardin, 2009). Os resultados do estudo permitiram identificar os constrangimentos experimentados por estes professores à entrada da profissão, assim como os modos como os ultrapassaram. Destes, destacam-se dificuldades relacionadas com a falta de autonomia, com aspetos de natureza metodológica, ao nível da organização e desenvolvimento curricular e de relacionamento com os elementos da direção das instituições nos contextos de trabalho.Abstract The issue of employability of new teachers has been widely studied from various perspectives. Research has revealed the sort of problems faced by new teachers at the beginning of their career. It confirms that frequently it is not a peaceful and serene start. We highlight the following difficulties: the link between integration and professional identity (Alen y Sardi, 2009; Krichesky y Merodo, 2009), the development of ethical competence in new teachers (y Portelance Martineau, 2005), and the professional path (St. Vincent 2011). This is the hypothesis explored in this thesis. Specifically, we focus our research on the career of six graduate teachers by the Lisbon School of Education. The main objective is to describe and understand the professional development of these teachers. For that we identify the most relevant dimensions, the factors that constrain and contexts that limit or facilitate their development. A qualitative methodology was used throughout the study. Semi structured interviews were the main data collection process. Data treatment followed the recommended framework for content analysis (Bardin, 2009). The following research questions were put forward: 1) What are the impacts of base level of knowledge in the professional performance? 2) What are the main difficulties / problems that new teachers face? 3) How do novice teachers perform? What changes in their methods, what endures? 4) What increases the feeling of belonging to the new professional group? 5) What are the peculiarities of work contexts that act as facilitators and/or barriers to professional acceptance? The results allowed identifying the constraints experienced by teachers at the beginning of their careers, and the ways to surpass them. We highlight the difficulties related to: lack of autonomy; methodologies; curricular organization and development; and the relationship with the directors at their workplace.

Os desafios da inclusão de alunos com síndrome de down

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação - Especialidade Educação especial

Pratiques d’enseignement en lecture-écriture et apprentissages des élèves au début du primaire

Esta investigação pretende contribuir para o desenvolvimento da investigação interessada nas questões relativas ao ensino/ aprendizagem do modo escrito nos primeiros anos do primeiro ciclo do ensino básico, particularmente tendo em conta as práticas mais propensas a apoiar a aprendizagem bem-sucedida da leitura e de escrita. Especificamente, esta investigação tem como objetivo descrever as práticas de ensino observadas nas áreas da leitura e da escrita com 22 professores, mas também para relacionar essas práticas observadas com o desempenho em leitura e escrita dos seus alunos do primeiro e do segundo ano. Globalmente, os resultados indicam que as práticas observadas, tanto do ponto de vista dos Dispositivos mobilizados como do conteúdo ensinado, são variadas e contribuem para uma visão complexa da entrada na escrita. As análises de correlação sugerem que determinadas práticas, que geralmente procuram a participação activa das crianças e as interações com os outros, estão relacionados com o progresso dos alunos durante o ano letivo.

Water quality issues in rivers, lakes and reservoirs in Asian countries: an approach to the problems and the methodologies

Water covers over 70% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life. But only 3% of the Earth's water is fresh water, and less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the atmosphere. However, rivers and lakes are an important part of fresh surface water, amounting to about 89%. In this Master Thesis dissertation, the focus is on three types of water bodies – rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and their water quality issues in Asian countries. The surface water quality in a region is largely determined both by the natural processes such as climate or geographic conditions, and the anthropogenic influences such as industrial and agricultural activities or land use conversion. The quality of the water can be affected by pollutants discharge from a specific point through a sewer pipe and also by extensive drainage from agriculture/urban areas and within basin. Hence, water pollutant sources can be divided into two categories: Point source pollution and Non-point source (NPS) pollution. Seasonal variations in precipitation and surface run-off have a strong effect on river discharge and the concentration of pollutants in water bodies. For example, in the rainy season, heavy and persistent rain wash off the ground, the runoff flow increases and may contain various kinds of pollutants and, eventually, enters the water bodies. In some cases, especially in confined water bodies, the quality may be positive related with rainfall in the wet season, because this confined type of fresh water systems allows high dilution of pollutants, decreasing their possible impacts. During the dry season, the quality of water is largely related to industrialization and urbanization pollution. The aim of this study is to identify the most common water quality problems in Asian countries and to enumerate and analyze the methodologies used for assessment of water quality conditions of both rivers and confined water bodies (lakes and reservoirs). Based on the evaluation of a sample of 57 papers, dated between 2000 and 2012, it was found that over the past decade, the water quality of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in developing countries is being degraded. Water pollution and destruction of aquatic ecosystems have caused massive damage to the functions and integrity of water resources. The most widespread NPS in Asian countries and those which have the greatest spatial impacts are urban runoff and agriculture. Locally, mine waste runoff and rice paddy are serious NPS problems. The most relevant point pollution sources are the effluents from factories, sewage treatment plant, and public or household facilities. It was found that the most used methodology was unquestionably the monitoring activity, used in 49 of analyzed studies, accounting for 86%. Sometimes, data from historical databases were used as well. It can be seen that taking samples from the water body and then carry on laboratory work (chemical analyses) is important because it can give an understanding of the water quality. 6 papers (11%) used a method that combined monitoring data and modeling. 6 papers (11%) just applied a model to estimate the quality of water. Modeling is a useful resource when there is limited budget since some models are of free download and use. In particular, several of used models come from the U.S.A, but they have their own purposes and features, meaning that a careful application of the models to other countries and a critical discussion of the results are crucial. 5 papers (9%) focus on a method combining monitoring data and statistical analysis. When there is a huge data matrix, the researchers need an efficient way of interpretation of the information which is provided by statistics. 3 papers (5%) used a method combining monitoring data, statistical analysis and modeling. These different methods are all valuable to evaluate the water quality. It was also found that the evaluation of water quality was made as well by using other types of sampling different than water itself, and they also provide useful information to understand the condition of the water body. These additional monitoring activities are: Air sampling, sediment sampling, phytoplankton sampling and aquatic animal tissues sampling. Despite considerable progress in developing and applying control regulations to point and NPS pollution, the pollution status of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in Asian countries is not improving. In fact, this reflects the slow pace of investment in new infrastructure for pollution control and growing population pressures. Water laws or regulations and public involvement in enforcement can play a constructive and indispensable role in environmental protection. In the near future, in order to protect water from further contamination, rapid action is highly needed to control the various kinds of effluents in one region. Environmental remediation and treatment of industrial effluent and municipal wastewaters is essential. It is also important to prevent the direct input of agricultural and mine site runoff. Finally, stricter environmental regulation for water quality is required to support protection and management strategies. It would have been possible to get further information based in the 57 sample of papers. For instance, it would have been interesting to compare the level of concentrations of some pollutants in the diferente Asian countries. However the limit of three months duration for this study prevented further work to take place. In spite of this, the study objectives were achieved: the work provided an overview of the most relevant water quality problems in rivers, lakes and reservoirs in Asian countries, and also listed and analyzed the most common methodologies.

Handgrip strength

The basic function of the human hand is the manipulation and grasping of various objects in all daily activities, including work activities. This is greatly influenced by strength and manual dexterity. However age, gender and other contexts such as work or leisure activities could influence strength. Handgrip strength, a measure of maximum voluntary force of the hand, has proved to be reliable and valid as an objective parameter to evaluate the functional integrity of the hand as part of the musculoskeletal system. It correlates highly with strength in other muscular groups and is therefore considered as a good indicator of overall muscular strength and functional stress and could be used as a predictor of physical disability. Handgrip strength assessment is simple and reliable and used commonly by several investigators and health professionals, in different contexts (medical, nutritional, rehabilitation, professional settings, engineering, etc.) and with different purposes (research, diagnostic, assessment, etc.). In clinical and rehabilitation settings is of vital importance in the determination of effectiveness of several interventions and for monitoring evolution of diseases. Various ways (methods, techniques and equipments) of collecting information on grip strength have been reported. This chapter will review basic concepts on handgrip function, methodologies of assessment, contexts of application and correlates, such as physical activity, health or nutritional status. Several populations and reference values as also the relationships between handgrip and clinical status, aging, risk of disability and diseases, will be discussed.

Conservação e manutenção nos pavimentos rodoviários e a sua importância

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Área de Especialização em Vias de Comunicação e Transportes