3 resultados para Blending
em Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa - Portugal
Resumo:
This article describes an experimental study on ash deposition during the co-firing of bituminous coal with pine sawdust and olive stones in a laboratory furnace. The main objective of this study was to relate the ash deposit rates with the type of biomass burned and its thermal percentage in the blend. The thermal percentage of biomass in the blend was varied between 10% and 50% for both sawdust and olive stones. For comparison purposes, tests have also been performed using only coal or only biomass. During the tests, deposits were collected with the aid of an air-cooled deposition probe placed far from the flame region, where the mean gas temperature was around 640 degrees C. A number of deposit samples were subsequently analyzed on a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray detector. Results indicate that blending sawdust with coal decreases the deposition rate as compared with the firing of unblended coal due to both the sawdust low ash content and its low alkalis content. The co-firing of coal and sawdust yields deposits with high levels of silicon and aluminium which indicates the presence of ashes with high fusion temperature and, thus, with less capacity to adhere to the surfaces. In contrast, in the co-firing of coal with olive stones the deposition rate increases as compared with the firing of unblended coal and the deposits produced present high levels of potassium, which tend to increase their stickiness.
Resumo:
Biodiesel production from semi-refined oils (SRO) and waste frying oils (WFO) was studied using commercial CaO as heterogeneous catalyst. The methanolysis tests were carried out in mild reaction conditions (62 A degrees C, atmospheric pressure). With such conditions, SRO (soybean and rapeseed) allowed to produce a biodiesel containing 97-98 % of methyl esters (FAME), whereas WFO only provided 86-87 % of FAME. The lower FAME yield for WFO oil is ascribable to the partial neutralization of the catalyst by free fatty acids. Also, soaps formation from the WFO oil reduced the weight yield of the oil phase (containing FAME) obtained and increased the MONG content of the glycerin phase. The catalysts stability tests showed high stability even when WFO oil was processed. Catalytic tests performed with blends of WFO/semi-refined oils showed blending as a good strategy to process low value raw oils with minor decay of the catalyst performance. Both WFO and semi-refined oils showed S-shape kinetics curves thus discarding significant differences of the reaction mechanisms.
Resumo:
Os limites inerentes à produção de sentido de modo cinematográfico nos discursos audiovisuais deriva dos conceitos não se deixarem filmar explicitamente Tese É possível produzir sentido conceptual através de modos não-verbais. Fundamentação Identificar e descrever como é que apesar das ideias não se deixarem filmar, existem formas de comunicação não-verbal que podem ser usadas no interior do discurso audiovisual e que permitem a produção de sentido conceptual complexo. Método 1º Identificar os limites da linguagem visual comparativamente à linguagem verbal 2º Apontar soluções no âmbito da linguagem corporal e o uso da roupa. A capacidade da narrativa ser portadora de significados implícitos para lá dos factos expostos recorrendo a Robert McKee e à noção de controlling idea e ao autor Robert Turner e a noção de parábola e projeção. Edição em continuidade e a representação do pensamento, e memórias dos personagens. Montagem e respetiva capacidade para criar metáforas, contrastes, negações e blending de conceitos. A montagem vertical e a capacidade do efeito Kuleshov também se aplicar á relação imagem / som. Relevância? Discursos audiovisuais que baseiam o respectivo significado na palavra não são necessariamente maus, mas são pobres no sentido que não usam as outras formas de produção de sentido próprias da linguagem cinematográfica.