Lighting conditions in assembling electrical industry

Proper lighting is a prerequisite for obtaining a good working environment. Good lighting includes quantity and quality requirements, and should necessarily be appropriate to the activity/task being carried out, bearing in mind the comfort and visual efficiency of the worker. Apart from the advantages in the health and welfare for the workers, good lighting also leads to better job performance (faster), less errors, better safety, fewer accidents and less absenteeism. The overall effect is: better productivity.

Validação da eficácia dos procedimentos de limpeza, no equipamento de fabrico e embalagem, na indústria farmacêutica

Na indústria farmacêutica, a limpeza dos equipamentos e superfícies é muito importante no processo de fabrico/embalagem dos produtos farmacêuticos. Possíveis resíduos contaminantes devem ser removidos dos equipamentos e das superfícies envolvidas no processo. De acordo com as Boas Práticas de Fabrico (GMP), os procedimentos de limpeza e os métodos analíticos usados para determinar as quantidades de resíduos devem ser validados. O método analítico combinado com o método de amostragem utilizado na colheita de amostras deve ser sujeito a um ensaio de “recovery”. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma estratégia inovadora para a validação de limpeza de formas farmacêuticas semi-sólidas. Propõe-se o uso de um método de amostragem que consiste na colheita direta de amostra após o seu fabrico, sendo a análise de resíduos feita directamente nesta amostra. Os produtos escolhidos para a avaliação da estratégia foram dois medicamentos dermatológicos, apresentados na forma de pomada e produzidos numa unidade de fabrico de vários produtos, pela Schering Plough Farma/ Merck Sharp & Dohme (Cacém, Portugal). Como métodos analíticos para a quantificação dos resíduos, utilizaram-se métodos validados por via espectrofotométrica (HPLC), usados na análise do produto acabado. A validação de limpeza foi avaliada através da análise de uma quantidade conhecida de pomada (produto B (*)), usando o método de análise da pomada fabricada anteriormente (produto A (*)), de modo a verificar-se a existência ou não de agente de limpeza e substâncias ativas deixadas após a limpeza do produto A, e vice-versa. As concentrações residuais das substâncias ativas e do agente de limpeza encontradas após a limpeza foram nulas, ou seja, inferiores ao limite de deteção (LOD), sendo que o critério de aceitação da limpeza utilizado foi de 6,4 x 10-4 mg/g para a substância ativa 1 (*); 1,0 x 10-2 mg/g para a substância ativa 2 (*); 1,0 x 10-3 mg/g para a substância ativa 3 (*) e de 10 ppm para o agente de limpeza. No ensaio de “recovery”, obtiveram-se resultados acima de 70% para todas as substâncias ativas e para o agente de limpeza nas duas pomadas. Antes de se proceder a este ensaio de “recovery”, houve a necessidade de ajustar as condições cromatográficas dos métodos analíticos de ambos os produtos e do agente de limpeza, por forma a obter-se valores da conformidade do sistema (fator de tailling e de resolução) de acordo com as especificações. A precisão dos resultados, reportada como desvio padrão relativo (RSD), deu abaixo de 2,0%, excepto nos ensaios que envolvem a substância ativa 3, cuja especificação é inferior a 10,0%. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os procedimentos de limpeza usados na unidade de fabrico em causa são eficazes, eliminando assim a existência de contaminação cruzada.

Nanofiltration of Cork Wastewaters and Their Possible Use in Leather Industry as Tanning Agents

Cork processing wastewater is a very complex mixture of vegetal extracts and has, among other natural compounds, a very high content of phenolic/tannic colloidal matter that is responsible for severe environmental problems. In the present work, the concentration of this wastewater by nanofiltration was investigated with the aim of producing a cork tannin concentrate to be utilized in tanning. Permeation results showed that the permeate fluxes are controlled by both osmotic pressure and fouling/gel layer phenomena, leading to a rapid decrease of permeate fluxes with the concentration factor. The rejection coefficients to organic matter were higher than 95%, indicating that nanofiltration has a very good ability to concentrate the tannins and produce a permeate stream depleted from organic matter. The cork tannin concentrate obtained by nanofiltration and evaporation had total solids concentration of 34.8 g/l. The skins tanned by this concentrate were effectively converted to leather with a shrinking temperature of 7 degrees C.

Cork industry wastewater partition by ultra/nanofiltration: A biodegradation and valorisation study

Wastewater from cork processing industry present high levels of organic and phenolic compounds, such as tannins, with a low biodegradability and a significant toxicity. These compounds are not readily removed by conventional municipal wastewater treatment, which is largely based on primary sedimentation followed by biological treatment. The purpose of this work is to study the biodegradability of different cork wastewater fractions, obtained through membrane separation, in order to assess its potential for biological treatment and having in view its valorisation through tannins recovery, which could be applied in other industries. Various ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes where used, with molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO) ranging from 0.125 to 91 kDa. The wastewater and the different permeated fractions were analyzed in terms of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Phenols (TP), Tannins, Color, pH and Conductivity. Results for the wastewater shown that it is characterized by a high organic content (670.5-1056.8 mg TOC/L, 2285-2604 mg COD/L, 1000-1225 mg BOD/L), a relatively low biodegradability (0.35-0.38 for BODs/COD and 0.44-0.47 for BOD20/COD) and a high content of phenols (360-410 mg tannic acid/L) and tannins (250-270 mg tannic acid/L). The results for the wastewater fractions shown a general decrease on the pollutant content of permeates, and an increase of its biodegradability, with the decrease of the membrane MWCO applied. Particularly, the permeated fraction from the membrane MWCO of 3.8 kDa, presented a favourable index of biodegradability (0.8) and a minimized phenols toxicity that enables it to undergo a biological treatment and so, to be treated in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Also, within the perspective of valorisation, the rejected fraction obtained through this membrane MWCO may have a significant potential for tannins recovery. Permeated fractions from membranes with MWCO lower than 3.8 kDa, presented a particularly significant decline of organic matter and phenols, enabling this permeates to be reused in the cork processing and so, representing an interesting perspective of zero discharge for the cork industry, with evident environmental and economic advantages. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cork industry wastewater characterization assessment of the biodegradability, reuse and of the relationship between BOD, COD and tannins with TOC

Cork processing involves a boiling step to make the cork softer, which consumes a high volume of water and generates a wastewater with a high organic content, rich in tannins. An assessment of the final wastewater characteristics and of the boiling water composition along the boiling process was performed. The parameters studied were pH, color, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical and biochemical oxygen demands (COD, BOD5, BOD20), total suspended solids (TSS), total phenols and tannins (TP, TT). It was observed that the water solutes extraction power is significantly reduced for higher quantities of cork processed. Valid relationships between parameters were established not only envisaging wastewater characterization but also to provide an important tool for wastewater monitoring and for process control/optimization. Boiling water biodegradability presented decreasing values with the increase of cork processed and for the final wastewater its value is always lower than 0.5, indicating that these wastewaters are very difficult to treat by biological processes. The biodegradability was associated with the increase of tannin content that can rise up to 0.7 g/L. These compounds can be used by other industries when concentrated and the clarified wastewater can be reused, which is a potential asset in this wastewater treatment.

Comparação de métodos de extração de DNA e deteção de organismos geneticamente modificados em alimentos processados derivados de milho

Diante dos avanços biotecnológicos o cultivo de plantas geneticamente modificadas, como, por exemplo, o milho (Zea mays), aumentou consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Embora esta tecnologia apresente comprovados benefícios em relação ao aumento da produtividade e durabilidade do alimento, a população ainda receia em consumir produtos geneticamente modificados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar dois protocolos baseados na utilização de CTAB e avaliar qual o melhor para extração de DNA em alimentos processados derivados de milho, bem como identificar dois dos resíduos transgênicos mais comuns em gêneros alimentícios derivados de milho: Cry1ab e Cry1F. Para isto, 14 amostras derivadas de milho foram avaliadas utilizando dois diferentes protocolos de extração de DNA e a deteção dos eventos transgênicos conduzida pela técnica de PCR qualitativa. Entre as amostras analisadas, 57% resultaram positivas para deteção de ambos os eventos de milho transgênico avaliados.

Tratamento de superfícies metálicas por nanotecnologia

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica

Potential poultry and meat products contamination by aflatoxin B1 due to fungal presence in Portuguese poultry units

The impact of mycotoxins on human and animal health is well recognized. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is by far the most prevalent and the most potent natural carcinogen and is usually the major aflatoxin produced by toxigenic fungal strains. Data available, points to an increasing frequency of poultry feed contamination by aflatoxins. Since aflatoxin residues may accumulate in body tissues, this represents a high risk to human health. Samples from commercial poultry birds have already presented detectable levels of aflatoxin in liver. A descriptive study was developed in order to assess fungal contamination by species from Aspergillus flavus complex in seven Portuguese poultry units. Air fungal contamination was studied by conventional and molecular methods. Air, litter and surfaces samples were collected. To apply molecular methods, air samples of 300L were collected using the Coriolis μ air sampler (Bertin Technologies), at 300 L/min airflow rate. For conventional methodologies, all the collected samples were incubated at 27ºC for five to seven days. Through conventional methods, Aspergillus flavus was the third fungal species (7%) most frequently found in 27 indoor air samples analysed and the most commonly isolated species (75%) in air samples containing only the Aspergillus genus...

A New Method to Determine the Density and Water Absorption of Fine Recycled Aggregates

The construction industry keeps on demanding huge quantities of natural resources, mainly minerals for mortars and concrete production. The depletion of many quarries and environmental concerns about reducing the dumping of construction and demolition waste in quarries have led to an increase in the procuring and use of recycled aggregates from this type of waste. If they are to be incorporated in concrete and mortars it is essential to know their properties to guarantee the adequate performance of the end products, in both mechanical and durability-related terms. Existing regulated tests were developed for natural aggregates, however, and several problems arise when they are applied to recycled aggregates, especially fine recycled aggregates (FRA). This paper describes the main problems encountered with these tests and proposes an alternative method to determine the density and water absorption of FRA that removes them. The use of sodium hexametaphosphate solutions in the water absorption test has proven to improve its efficiency, minimizing cohesion between particles and helping to release entrained air.

Fast growing fungi: a problem to be solved to achieve characterization of occupational exposure to fungi in cork industry

Chrysonilia sitophila is a common mould in cork industry and has been identified as a cause of IgE sensitization and occupational asthma. This fungal species have a fast growth rate that may inhibit others species’ growth causing underestimated data from characterization of occupational fungal exposure. Aiming to ascertain occupational exposure to fungi in cork industry, were analyzed papers from 2000 about the best air sampling method, to obtain quantification and identification of all airborne culturable fungi, besides the ones that have fast-growing rates. Impaction method don’t allows the collection of a representative air volume, because even with some media that restricts the growth of the colonies, in environments with higher fungal load, such as cork industry, the counting of the colonies is very difficult. Otherwise, impinger method permits the collection of a representative air volume, since we can make dilution of the collected volume. Besides culture methods that allows fungal identification trough macro- and micro-morphology, growth features, thermotolerance and ecological data, we can apply molecular biology with the impinger method, to detect the presence of non-viable particles and potential mycotoxin producers’ strains, and also to detect mycotoxins presence with ELISA or HPLC. Selection of the best air sampling method in each setting is crucial to achieve characterization of occupational exposure to fungi. Information about the prevalent fungal species in each setting and also the eventual fungal load it’s needed for a criterious selection.

Assessment of workers’ exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in a Portuguese waste industry

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered by different International Agencies as a genotoxic and potent hepatocarcinogen. However, despite the fact that the fungi producing this compound are detected in some work environments, AFB1 is rarely monitored in occupational settings. The aim of the present investigation was to assess exposure to AFB1 of workers from one Portuguese waste company located in the outskirt of Lisbon. Occupational exposure assessment to AFB1 was done with a biomarker of internal dose that measures AFB1 in the serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Forty-one workers from the waste company were enrolled in this study (26 from sorting; 9 from composting; 6 from incineration). A control group (n = 30) was also considered in order to know the AFB1 background levels for the Portuguese population. All the workers showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from 2.5ng ml−1 to 25.9ng ml−1 with a median value of 9.9±5.4ng ml−1. All of the controls showed values below the method’s detection limit. Results obtained showed much higher (8-fold higher) values when compared with other Portuguese settings already studied, such as poultry and swine production. Besides this mycotoxin, other mycotoxins are probably present in this occupational setting and this aspect should be taken into consideration for the risk assessment process due to possible synergistic reactions. The data obtained suggests that exposure to AFB1 occurs in a waste management setting and claims attention for the need of appliance of preventive and protective safety measures.

Potential pathogenic fungi assessment through molecular biology in cork industry

Portugal has been the world leader in the cork sector in terms of exports, employing ten thousands of workers. In this working activity, the permanent contact with cork may lead to the exposure to fungi, raising concerns as potential occupational hazards in cork industry. The application of molecular tools is crucial in this setting, since fungal species with faster growth rates may hide other species with clinical relevance, such as species belonging to P. glabrum and A. fumigatus complexes. A study was developed aiming at assessing fungal contamination due to Aspergillus fumigatus complex and Penicillium glabrum complex by molecular methods in three cork industries in the outskirt of Lisbon city.

Projeto de uma instalação frigorífica

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

A divulgação sobre instrumentos derivados : evidência empírica do setor da indústria português

Mestrado em Contabilidade

A criação de valor no sector da pasta, papel e cartão : caso Portucel Soporcel

Mestrado em Gestão e Empreendedorismo