Surgical correction of scoliosis: Numerical analysis and optimization of the procedure

A previously developed model is used to numerically simulate real clinical cases of the surgical correction of scoliosis. This model consists of one-dimensional finite elements with spatial deformation in which (i) the column is represented by its axis; (ii) the vertebrae are assumed to be rigid; and (iii) the deformability of the column is concentrated in springs that connect the successive rigid elements. The metallic rods used for the surgical correction are modeled by beam elements with linear elastic behavior. To obtain the forces at the connections between the metallic rods and the vertebrae geometrically, non-linear finite element analyses are performed. The tightening sequence determines the magnitude of the forces applied to the patient column, and it is desirable to keep those forces as small as possible. In this study, a Genetic Algorithm optimization is applied to this model in order to determine the sequence that minimizes the corrective forces applied during the surgery. This amounts to find the optimal permutation of integers 1, ... , n, n being the number of vertebrae involved. As such, we are faced with a combinatorial optimization problem isomorph to the Traveling Salesman Problem. The fitness evaluation requires one computing intensive Finite Element Analysis per candidate solution and, thus, a parallel implementation of the Genetic Algorithm is developed.

Predictive Optimal Matrix Converter Control for a Dynamic Voltage Restorer with Flywheel Energy Storage

This paper presents a predictive optimal matrix converter controller for a flywheel energy storage system used as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The flywheel energy storage device is based on a steel seamless tube mounted as a vertical axis flywheel to store kinetic energy. The motor/generator is a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine driven by the AC-AC Matrix Converter. The matrix control method uses a discrete-time model of the converter system to predict the expected values of the input and output currents for all the 27 possible vectors generated by the matrix converter. An optimal controller minimizes control errors using a weighted cost functional. The flywheel and control process was tested as a DVR to mitigate voltage sags and swells. Simulation results show that the DVR is able to compensate the critical load voltage without delays, voltage undershoots or overshoots, overcoming the input/output coupling of matrix converters.

Consumo energético e eficiência da marcha com dois modelos de joelhos protésicos: estudo de caso

Introdução – Os componentes protésicos têm um papel fundamental na eficiência energética da marcha dos indivíduos amputados. Esta é uma área de conhecimento ainda em desenvolvimento, onde a investigação desempenha um papel central. Objectivos – Comparar e analisar o efeito de dois joelhos protésicos, 3R34, monocêntrico modular, de fricção constante, com auxiliar de extensão incorporado (A) e 3R92, monocêntrico modular, com travão de fricção e controlo pneumático da fase de balanço (B) no consumo energético e eficiência da marcha. Metodologia – Um indivíduo do sexo masculino de 27 anos, com amputação transfemural longa, foi sujeito a um protocolo submáximo de avaliação da resposta ao exercício em passadeira rolante (H/P/Cosmos(R) Mercury), através de um sistema de análise de gases breath‑by‑breath (Cosmed Quark PFT Ergo). Foi efetuado o mesmo protocolo com intervalo de dois dias, primeiro utilizando o joelho A e depois o B. As variáveis analisadas foram o consumo de O2 (VO2), o equivalente metabólico (MET) e a eficiência energética da marcha (Quociente de VO2 esperado de um individuo saudável e o VO2 do individuo em estudo). O esforço percecionado foi medido com a escala RPE de Borg. Resultados – O consumo energético com o joelho A (24,2 ml O2/kg/min; 6,9 MET) foi inferior ao obtido com o joelho B (28,68 ml O2/kg/min; 8,2 MET). A eficiência energética da marcha foi mais elevada para o joelho A (43%) do que para o joelho B (39%). Conclusão – A utilização do joelho A na prótese do indivíduo em estudo resulta numa marcha de menor consumo energético e maior eficiência. No entanto, este valor poderá estar influenciado pelo curto período de adaptação ao joelho B, sendo necessários mais estudos para confirmar os resultados do estudo e a influência deste fator. ABSTRACT - Background – Prosthetic components have a crucial role in the energy efficiency of amputee’s gait. This is an area of knowledge still in development, where research plays a central role. Objective – The purpose of this case study is to compare the impact in energy consumption of two prosthetic knees, titanium single‑axis constant friction knee joint with internal extension assist, 3R34 (A) and a single‑axis pneumatic swing phase control, 3R92 (B). Methodology – The participant was a transtibial amputee, male, with 27 years old, with no other clinical or functional impairments. To measure the energy expenditure a submaximal treadmill (H/P/Cosmos(R) Mercury) exercise stress test combined with a breath‑by‑breath analysis system (Cosmed Quark PFT Ergo) was used. The same test was applied to both knees, separated by two days. The analyzed variables were O2 consumption (VO2), metabolic equivalent (MET) and gait efficiency (VO2 ratio expected from a healthy individual and the studied individual). A rate of perceived exertion (Borg’s Scale) was used. Results – The results were favorable to knee A (24.2 ml O2/kg/min; 6.9 MET, 43% efficiency) compared with knee B (28.68 ml O2/kg/min; 8.2 MET, 39% efficiency). Conclusion – In this case, a less energy consumption gait corresponds to the prosthesis with knee A. These values may be influenced by the short adaptation period with knee B, so it’s necessary to perform more studies to confirm the previous results and to understand the truly impact of correct adaptation factor to the best prosthetics components for different patients.

Concepção de uma pequena turbina eólica destinada ao segmento doméstico (simplificação e análise aerodinâmica das pás)

O trabalho que se apresenta incide sobre o estudo aerodinâmico das pás de uma turbina eólica de pequeno porte, com vista à simplificação geométrica, de forma a que estas sejam baratas e de fácil concepção. A teoria da quantidade de movimento do elemento de pá (BEMT), que é o modelo de referência para o projecto e análise aerodinâmica das pás das turbinas eólicas, foi utilizada neste trabalho de forma a projectar e analisar aerodinamicamente as pás da turbina. Sendo assim, desenvolveu-se um programa computacional em MATLAB, denominado de “Turbina”, de forma a implementar a teoria BEM. Introduzindo os dados dos parâmetros de projecto no programa (potência requerida, o número de pás, velocidade do vento, a TSR e o tipo de perfil alar), obtêm-se os parâmetros geométricos das pás (distribuição da corda ao longo da envergadura, o raio da pá e a distribuição da torção da pá), os parâmetros aerodinâmicos e de desempenho. Uma pá ideal foi calculada e de seguida foi modificada de forma a obter-se uma pá simples e menos carregada aerodinamicamente. Introduzidas as modificações na geometria da pá ideal, obtiveram-se duas configurações distintas. Uma configuração linear, onde a distribuição da corda e do ângulo de torção se tornam lineares, e outra configuração bi-linear, onde a distribuição da corda continua linear mas o ângulo de torção se torna bi-linear, isto é, a pá é composta por dois troços onde cada troço apresenta uma distribuição linear do ângulo de torção geométrica. As conclusões demonstram que a configuração bi-linear é uma boa alternativa a configuração ideal, apresentando uma redução do desempenho do rotor de 2.8% para um aumento do raio da pá em 1.41%, para se obter a mesma potência da configuração ideal. A análise aos perfis alares, utilizados neste trabalho, foi efectuada a partir dos programas comerciais ICEM e FLUENT. De forma a automatizar a análise de CFD, três programas foram desenvolvidos utilizando a linguagem de programação “C”. Os programas são denominados de “Malha2D”, “Calcula_Coeficientes” e “Plot_Graficos”. Finalmente, um estudo paramétrico foi feito de forma a avaliar a influências das variáveis de projecto no desempenho geral da turbina.

Multi-stage evolution of a sub-aerial volcanic ridge over the last 1.3 Myr: S. Jorge Island, Azores Triple Junction

New K/Ar dating and geochemical analyses have been carried out on the WNW-ESE elongated oceanic island of S. Jorge to reconstruct the volcanic evolution of a linear ridge developed close to the Azores triple junction. We show that S. Jorge sub-aerial construction encompasses the last 1.3 Myr, a time interval far much longer than previously reported. The early development of the ridge involved a sub-aerial building phase exposed in the southeast end of the island and now constrained between 1.32 +/- 0.02 and 1.21 +/- 0.02 Ma. Basic lavas from this older stage are alkaline and enriched in incompatible elements, reflecting partial melting of an enriched mantle source. At least three differentiation cycles from alkaline basalts to mugearites are documented within this stage. The successive episodes of magma rising, storage and evolution suggest an intermittent reopening of the magma feeding system, possibly due to recurrent tensional or trans-tensional tectonic events. Present data show a gap in sub-aerial volcanism before a second main ongoing building phase starting at about 750 ka. Sub-aerial construction of the S. Jorge ridge migrated progressively towards the west, but involved several overlapping volcanic episodes constrained along the main WNW-ESE structural axis of the island. Malic magmas erupted during the second phase have been also generated by partial melting of an enriched mantle source. Trace element data suggest, however, variable and lower degrees of partial melting of a shallower mantle domain, which is interpreted as an increasing control of lithospheric deformation on the genesis and extraction of primitive melts during the last 750 kyr. The multi-stage development of the S. Jorge volcanic ridge over the last 1.3 Myr has most likely been greatly influenced by regional tectonics, controlled by deformation along the diffuse boundary between the Nubian and the Eurasian plates, and the increasing effect of sea-floor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Preliminary results of a study of magnetic properties in the Foum-Zguid dyke (Morocco)

This work focuses on the study of flow and propagation of magma using rock magnetic analyses along sections across the thick Jurassic dyke of Foum-Zguid (Southern Morocco). Thermomagnetic data show that Ti-poor titanomagnetite is the main magnetic carrier. Petrographic analysis shows that the main Ti phase (ilmenite) occurs either as lamellae within spinel (center of the dyke) or as isolated grains (dyke margin). Bulk magnetic properties display distinct behavior according to the distance to the dyke margin; grain size of the main magnetic carrier decreases towards the center of the dyke, while the natural remanent magnetization and the bulk magnetic susceptibility increase. Only the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid close to the dyke margin corresponds to that usually found in thin dykes, with the magnetic foliation sub parallel to dyke margins. Maximum principal axis is in most cases either parallel or perpendicular to the intersection between the planes of magnetic foliation and dyke wall. Moreover, when this axis is perpendicular to the intersection it is associated with a more oblate magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid shape, indicating the presence of complex magnetic fabrics. The studied magnetic properties show that, in this 100 m wide thick dyke, flow structures related with dyke propagation are only preserved close to the quickly cooled dyke margins.

Thick dyke emplacement and internal flow: A structural and magnetic fabric study of the deep-seated dolerite dyke of Foum Zguid (southern Morocco)

Knowledge on forced magma injection and magma flow in dykes is crucial for the understanding of how magmas migrate through the crust to the Earth's surface. Because many questions still persist, we used the long, thick, and deep-seated Foum Zguid dyke (Morocco) to investigate dyke emplacement and internal flow by means of magnetic methods, structural analysis, petrography, and scanning electron microscopy. We also investigated how the host rocks accommodated the intrusion. Regarding internal flow: 1. Important variations of the rock magnetic properties and magnetic fabric occur with distance from dyke wall; 2. anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization reveals that anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results mainly from the superposition of subfabrics with distinct coercivities and that the imbrication between magnetic foliation and dyke plane is more reliable to deduce flow than the orientation of the AMS maximum principal axis; and 3. a dominant upward flow near the margins can be inferred. The magnetic fabric closest to the dyke wall likely records magma flow best due to fast cooling, whereas in the core the magnetic properties have been affected by high-temperature exsolution and metasomatic effects due to slow cooling. Regarding dyke emplacement, this study shows that the thick forceful intrusion induced deformation by homogeneous flattening and/or folding of the host sedimentary strata. Dewatering related to heat, as recorded by thick quartz veins bordering the dyke in some localities, may have also helped accommodating dyke intrusion. The spatial arrangement of quartz veins and their geometrical relationship with the dyke indicate a preintrusive to synintrusive sinistral component of strike slip.

Viability of Two New Mixture Design Methodologies for Self-Consolidating Concrete

This paper presents the results from an experimental study of the technical viability of two mixture designs for self-consolidating concrete (SCC) proposed by two Portuguese researchers in a previous work. The objective was to find the best method to provide the required characteristics of SCC in fresh and hardened states without having to experiment with a large number of mixtures. Five SCC mixtures, each with a volume of 25 L (6.61 gal.) were prepared using a forced mixer with a vertical axis for each of three compressive strength targets: 40, 55, and 70 MPa (5.80, 7.98, and 10.15 ksi). The mixtures' fresh state properties of fluidity, segregation resistance ability, and bleeding and blockage tendency, and their hardened state property of compressive strength were compared. For this study, the following tests were performed. slump-flow, V-funnel, L-box, box, and compressive strength. The results of this study made it possible to identify the most influential factors in the design of the SCC mixtures.

Impacto da infecção do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana na deformação miocárdica: projecto de investigação

Mestrado em Tecnologia de Diagnóstico e Intervenção Cardiovascular. Área de especialização: Ultrassonografia Cardiovascular.

CVD of CrO(2): Towards a lower temperature deposition process

The deposition of highly oriented a-axis CrO(2) films onto Al(2)O(3)(0001) by atmospheric pressure (AP)CVD at temperatures as low as 330 C is reported. Deposition rates strongly depend on the substrate temperature, whereas for film surface microstructures the dependence is mainly on film thickness. For the experimental conditions used in this work, CrO(2) growth kinetics are dominated by a surface reaction mechanism with an apparent activation energy of (121.0 +/- 4.3) kJ mol(-1). The magnitude and temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization, up to room temperature, is consistent with bulk measurements.

Influence of growth temperature and carrier flux on the structure and transport properties of highly oriented CrO2 on Al2O3 (0001)

In this work we report on the structure and magnetic and electrical transport properties of CrO2 films deposited onto (0001) sapphire by atmospheric pressure (AP)CVD from a CrO3 precursor. Films are grown within a broad range of deposition temperatures, from 320 to 410 degrees C, and oxygen carrier gas flow rates of 50-500 seem, showing that it is viable to grow highly oriented a-axis CrO2 films at temperatures as low as 330 degrees C i.e., 60-70 degrees C lower than is reported in published data for the same chemical system. Depending on the experimental conditions, growth kinetic regimes dominated either by surface reaction or by mass-transport mechanisms are identified. The growth of a Cr2O3 interfacial layer as an intrinsic feature of the deposition process is studied and discussed. Films synthesized at 330 degrees C keep the same high quality magnetic and transport properties as those deposited at higher temperatures.

Cyclic deformation of bidisperse two-dimensional foams

In-plane deformation of foams was studied experimentally by subjecting bidisperse foams to cycles of traction and compression at a prescribed rate. Each foam contained bubbles of two sizes with given area ratio and one of three initial arrangements: sorted perpendicular to the axis of deformation (iso-strain), sorted parallel to the axis of deformation (iso-stress), or randomly mixed. Image analysis was used to measure the characteristics of the foams, including the number of edges separating small from large bubbles N-sl, the perimeter (surface energy), the distribution of the number of sides of the bubbles, and the topological disorder mu(2)(N). Foams that were initially mixed were found to remain mixed after the deformation. The response of sorted foams, however, depended on the initial geometry, including the area fraction of small bubbles and the total number of bubbles. For a given experiment we found that (i) the perimeter of a sorted foam varied little; (ii) each foam tended towards a mixed state, measured through the saturation of N-sl; and (iii) the topological disorder mu(2)(N) increased up to an "equilibrium" value. The results of different experiments showed that (i) the change in disorder, Delta mu(2)(N), decreased with the area fraction of small bubbles under iso-strain, but was independent of it under iso-stress; and (ii) Delta mu(2)(N) increased with Delta N-sl under iso-strain, but was again independent of it under iso-stress. We offer explanations for these effects in terms of elementary topological processes induced by the deformations that occur at the bubble scale.

Mob1: defining cell polarity for proper cell division

Mob1 is a component of both the mitotic exit network and Hippo pathway, being required for cytokinesis, control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell division accuracy is crucial in maintaining cell ploidy and genomic stability and relies on the correct establishment of the cell division axis, which is under the control of the cell's environment and its intrinsic polarity. The ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila possesses a permanent anterior-posterior axis, left-right asymmetry and divides symmetrically. These unique features of Tetrahymena prompted us to investigate the role of Tetrahymena Mob1. Unexpectedly, we found that Mob1 accumulated in basal bodies at the posterior pole of the cell, and is the first molecular polarity marker so far described in Tetrahymena. In addition, Mob1 depletion caused the abnormal establishment of the cell division plane, providing clear evidence that Mob1 is important for its definition. Furthermore, cytokinesis was arrested and ciliogenesis delayed in Tetrahymena cells depleted of Mob1. This is the first evidence for an involvement of Mob1 in cilia biology. In conclusion, we show that Mob1 is an important cell polarity marker that is crucial for correct division plane placement, for cytokinesis completion and for normal cilia growth rates.

Monte Carlo modeling and simulations of the High Definition (HD120) micro MLC and validation against measurements for a 6 MV beam

Purpose: The most recent Varian® micro multileaf collimator(MLC), the High Definition (HD120) MLC, was modeled using the BEAMNRCMonte Carlo code. This model was incorporated into a Varian medical linear accelerator, for a 6 MV beam, in static and dynamic mode. The model was validated by comparing simulated profiles with measurements. Methods: The Varian® Trilogy® (2300C/D) accelerator model was accurately implemented using the state-of-the-art Monte Carlo simulation program BEAMNRC and validated against off-axis and depth dose profiles measured using ionization chambers, by adjusting the energy and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the initial electron beam. The HD120 MLC was modeled by developing a new BEAMNRC component module (CM), designated HDMLC, adapting the available DYNVMLC CM and incorporating the specific characteristics of this new micro MLC. The leaf dimensions were provided by the manufacturer. The geometry was visualized by tracing particles through the CM and recording their position when a leaf boundary is crossed. The leaf material density and abutting air gap between leaves were adjusted in order to obtain a good agreement between the simulated leakage profiles and EBT2 film measurements performed in a solid water phantom. To validate the HDMLC implementation, additional MLC static patterns were also simulated and compared to additional measurements. Furthermore, the ability to simulate dynamic MLC fields was implemented in the HDMLC CM. The simulation results of these fields were compared with EBT2 film measurements performed in a solid water phantom. Results: Overall, the discrepancies, with and without MLC, between the opened field simulations and the measurements using ionization chambers in a water phantom, for the off-axis profiles are below 2% and in depth-dose profiles are below 2% after the maximum dose depth and below 4% in the build-up region. On the conditions of these simulations, this tungsten-based MLC has a density of 18.7 g cm− 3 and an overall leakage of about 1.1 ± 0.03%. The discrepancies between the film measured and simulated closed and blocked fields are below 2% and 8%, respectively. Other measurements were performed for alternated leaf patterns and the agreement is satisfactory (to within 4%). The dynamic mode for this MLC was implemented and the discrepancies between film measurements and simulations are within 4%. Conclusions: The Varian® Trilogy® (2300 C/D) linear accelerator including the HD120 MLC was successfully modeled and simulated using the Monte CarloBEAMNRC code by developing an independent CM, the HDMLC CM, either in static and dynamic modes.

Magnetic and plagioclase linear fabric discrepancy in dykes: a new way to define the flow vector using magnetic foliation

In basaltic dykes the magnetic lineation K1 (maximum magnetic susceptibility axis) is generally taken to indicate the flow direction during solidification of the magma. This assumption was tested in Tertiary basaltic dykes from Greenland displaying independent evidence of subhorizontal flow. The digital processing of microphotographs from thin sections cut in (K1, K2) planes yields the preferred linear orientation of plagioclase, which apparently marks the magma flow lineation. In up to 60% of cases, the angular separation between K1 and the assumed flow direction is greater than 45degrees. This suggests that the uncorroborated use of magnetic lineations in dykes is risky. A simple geometrical method is proposed to infer the flow vector from AMS in dykes based solely on magnetic foliations.