Neuroartropatia de Charcot do pé diabético: identificação, tratamento conservador e prevenção das suas complicações

Mestrado em Gestão e Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde

Direct Power Control of Matrix Converter Based Unified Power Flow Controllers

This paper presents the Direct Power Control of Three-Phase Matrix Converters (DPC-MC) operating as Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC). Since matrix converters allow direct AC/AC power conversion without intermediate energy storage link, the resulting UPFC has reduced volume and cost, together with higher reliability. Theoretical principles of DPC-MC method are established based on an UPFC model, together with a new direct power control approach based on sliding mode control techniques. As a result, active and reactive power can be directly controlled by selection of an appropriate switching state of matrix converter. This new direct power control approach associated to matrix converters technology guarantees decoupled active and reactive power control, zero error tracking, fast response times and timely control actions. Simulation results show good performance of the proposed system.

Predictive Optimal Matrix Converter Control for a Dynamic Voltage Restorer with Flywheel Energy Storage

This paper presents a predictive optimal matrix converter controller for a flywheel energy storage system used as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The flywheel energy storage device is based on a steel seamless tube mounted as a vertical axis flywheel to store kinetic energy. The motor/generator is a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine driven by the AC-AC Matrix Converter. The matrix control method uses a discrete-time model of the converter system to predict the expected values of the input and output currents for all the 27 possible vectors generated by the matrix converter. An optimal controller minimizes control errors using a weighted cost functional. The flywheel and control process was tested as a DVR to mitigate voltage sags and swells. Simulation results show that the DVR is able to compensate the critical load voltage without delays, voltage undershoots or overshoots, overcoming the input/output coupling of matrix converters.

Modeling, control and simulation of full-power converter wind turbines equipped with permanent magnet synchronous generator

In this paper, two wind turbines equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and respectively with a two-level or a multilevel converter are simulated in order to access the malfunction transient performance. Three different drive train mass models, respectively, one, two and three mass models, are considered in order to model the bending flexibility of the blades. Moreover, a fractional-order control strategy is studied comparatively to a classical integer-order control strategy. Computer simulations are carried out, and conclusions about the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the electric current injected into the electric grid are in favor of the fractional-order control strategy.

Power converter topologies for wind energy conversion systems: Integrated modeling, control strategy and performance simulation

This paper presents new integrated model for variable-speed wind energy conversion systems, considering a more accurate dynamic of the wind turbine, rotor, generator, power converter and filter. Pulse width modulation by space vector modulation associated with sliding mode is used for controlling the power converters. Also, power factor control is introduced at the output of the power converters. Comprehensive performance simulation studies are carried out with matrix, two-level and multilevel power converter topologies in order to adequately assert the system performance. Conclusions are duly drawn.

A Pitch Control Malfunction Analysis for Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Full-power Converters: Proportional Integral Versus Fractional-order Controllers

A transient analysis for two full-power converter wind turbines equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator is studied in this article, taking into consideration, as a new contribution to earlier studies, a pitch control malfunction. The two full-power converters considered are, respectively, a two-level and a multi-level converter. Moreover, a novel control strategy based on fractional-order controllers for wind turbines is studied. Simulation results are presented; conclusions are in favor of the novel control strategy, improving the quality of the energy injected into the electric grid.

WPAC: wireless payment and access control: dispositivos móveis no pagamento de serviços e controlo de acessos

A rápida evolução dos dispositivos móveis e das tecnologias de comunicação sem fios transformou o telemóvel num poderoso dispositivo de computação móvel. A necessidade de estar sempre contactável, comum à civilização moderna, tem aumentado a dependência deste dispositivo, sendo transportado pela maioria das pessoas num ambiente urbano e assumindo um papel talvez mais importante que a própria carteira. A ubiquidade e capacidade de computação dos telemóveis aumentam o interesse no desenvolvimento de serviços móveis, além de tradicionais serviços de voz. Um telemóvel pode em breve tornar-se um elemento activo nas nossas tarefas diárias, servindo como um instrumento de pagamento e controlo de acessos, proporcionando assim novas interfaces para serviços existentes. A unificação de vários serviços num único dispositivo é um desafio que pode simplificar a nossa rotina diária e aumentar o conforto, no limite deixaremos de necessitar de dinheiro físico, cartões de crédito ou débito, chaves de residência e de veículos automóveis, ou inclusive documentos de identificação como bilhetes de identidade ou passaportes. O interesse demonstrado pelos intervenientes, desde os fabricantes de telemóveis e operadores de rede móvel até às instituições financeiras, levaram ao aparecimento de múltiplas soluções de serviços móveis. Porém estas soluções respondem geralmente a problemas específicos, apenas contemplando um fornecedor de serviços ou uma determinada operação de pagamento, como seja a compra de bilhetes ou pagamento de estacionamento. Estas soluções emergentes consistem também tipicamente em especificações fechadas e protocolos proprietários. A definição de uma arquitectura genérica, aberta interoperável e extensível é necessária para que os serviços móveis possam ser adoptados de uma forma generalizada por diferentes fornecedores de serviços e para diversos tipos de pagamento. A maior parte das soluções actuais de pagamento móvel depende de comunicações através da rede móvel, algumas utilizam o telemóvel apenas como uma interface de acesso à internet enquanto outras possibilitam o envio de um SMS (Short Message Service) para autorizar uma transacção, o que implica custos de comunicação em todas as operações de pagamento. Este custo de operação torna essas soluções inadequadas para a realização de micropagamentos e podem por isso ter uma aceitação limitada por parte dos clientes. As soluções existentes focam-se maioritariamente em pagamentos à distância, não tirando partido das características do pagamento presencial e não oferecendo por isso uma verdadeira alternativa ao modelo actual de pagamento com cartões de crédito/débito. As capacidades computacionais dos telemóveis e suporte de diversos protocolos de comunicação sem fio local não têm sido aproveitadas, vendo o telemóvel apenas como um terminal GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) e não oferecendo serviços adicionais como seja a avaliação dinâmica de risco ou controlo de despesas. Esta dissertação propõe e valida, através de um demonstrador, uma aquitectua aberta para o pagamento e controlo de acesso baseado em dispositivos móveis, intitulada WPAC (Wireless Payment and Access Control). Para chegar à solução apresentada foram estudadas outras soluções de pagamento, desde o aparecimento dos cartões de débito até a era de pagamentos electrónicos móveis, passando pelas soluções de pagamento através da internet. As capacidades dos dispositivos móveis, designadamente os telemóveis, e tecnologias de comunicação sem fios foram também analisadas a fim de determinar o estado tecnológico actual. A arquitectura WPAC utiliza padrões de desenho utilizados pela indústria em soluções de sucesso, a utilização de padrões testados e a reutilização de soluções com provas dadas permite aumentar a confiança nesta solução, um destes exemplos é a utilização de uma infra-estrutura de chave pública para o estabelecimento de um canal de comunicação seguro. Esta especificação é uma arquitectura orientada aos serviços que utiliza os Web Services para a definição do contracto do serviço de pagamento. A viabilidade da solução na orquestração de um conjunto de tecnologias e a prova de conceito de novas abordagens é alcançada com a construção de um protótipo e a realização de testes. A arquitectura WPAC possibilita a realização de pagamentos móveis presenciais, isto é, junto do fornecedor de bens ou serviços, seguindo o modelo de pagamento com cartões de crédito/débito no que diz respeito aos intervenientes e relações entre eles. Esta especificação inclui como aspecto inovador a avaliação dinâmica de risco, que utiliza o valor do pagamento, a existência de pagamentos frequentes num período curto de tempo, e a data, hora e local do pagamento como factores de risco; solicitando ao cliente o conjunto de credenciais adequado ao risco avaliado, desde códigos pessoais a dados biométricos. É também apresentada uma alternativa ao processo normal de pagamento, que apesar de menos cómoda permite efectuar pagamentos quando não é possível estabelecer um canal de comunicação sem fios, aumentando assim a tolerância a falhas. Esta solução não implica custos de operação para o cliente na comunicação com o ponto de venda do comerciante, que é realizada através de tecnologias de comunicação local sem fios, pode ser necessária a comunicação através da rede móvel com o emissor do agente de pagamento para a actualização do agente de software ou de dados de segurança, mas essas transmissões são ocasionais. O modelo de segurança recorre a certificados para autenticação dos intervenientes e a uma infra-estrutura de chave pública para cifra e assinatura de mensagens. Os dados de segurança incluídos no agente de software móvel, para desabilitar a cópia ou corrupção da aplicação mas também para a comparação com as credenciais inseridas pelo cliente, devem igualmente ser encriptados e assinados de forma a garantir a sua confidencialidade e integridade. A arquitectura de pagamento utiliza o standard de Web Services, que é amplamente conhecido, aberto e interoperável, para definição do serviço de pagamento. Existem extensões à especificação de Web Services relativas à segurança que permitem trocar itens de segurança e definem o modo de cifra e assinatura de mensagens, possibilitando assim a sua utilização em aplicações que necessitem de segurança como é o caso de serviços de pagamento e controlo de acesso. O contracto de um Web Service define o modo de invocação dos serviços, transmissão de informação e representação de dados, sendo normalmente utilizado o protocolo SOAP que na prática não é mais que um protocolo de troca de mansagens XML (eXtensible Markup Language). O envio e recepção de mensagens XML; ou seja, a transmissão de simples sequências de caracteres, é suportado pela maioria dos protocolos de comunicação, sendo portanto uma solução abrangente que permite a adopção de diversas tecnologias de comunicação sem fios. O protótipo inclui um agente de software móvel, implementado sobre a forma de uma MIDlet, aplicação Java para dispositivos móveis, que implementa o protocolo de pagamento comunicando sobre uma ligação Bluetooth com o ponto de venda do comerciante, simulado por uma aplicação desenvolvida sobre a plataforma .NET e que por isso faz prova da heterogeneidade da solução. A comunicação entre o comerciante e o seu banco para autorização do pagamento e transferência monetária utiliza o protocolo existente para a autorização de pagamentos, com base em cartões de crédito/débito. A definição desta especificação aberta e genérica em conjunto com o forte interesse demonstrado pelos intervenientes, proporciona uma boa perspectiva em termos de adopção da solução, o que pode impulsionar a implementação de serviços móveis e dessa forma simplificar as rotinas diárias das pessoas. Soluções móveis de pagamento reduzem a necessidade de transportar vários cartões de crédito/débito na nossa carteira. A avaliação dinâmica de risco permite aumentar a segurança dos pagamentos, com a solicitação de mais credenciais ao cliente para pagamentos com um maior risco associado, sendo um ponto importante quer para os clientes quer para as instituições financeiras pois diminui o risco de fraude e aumenta a confiança no sistema. Esta solução de pagamento electrónico pode também facilitar a consulta de pagamentos efectuados e saldos, mantendo um histórico dos movimentos, o que não é possível nos cartões de crédito/débito sem uma visita a uma ATM (Automated Teller Machine) ou utilização de homebanking.

Fractional-order control and simulation of wind energy systems with PMSG/full-power converter topology

This paper presents a new integrated model for the simulation of wind energy systems. The proposed model is more realistic and accurate, considering a variable-speed wind turbine, two-mass rotor, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), different power converter topologies, and filters. Additionally, a new control strategy is proposed for the variable-speed operation of wind turbines with PMSG/full-power converter topology, based on fractional-order controllers. Comprehensive simulation studies are carried out with matrix and multilevel power converter topologies, in order to adequately assert the system performance in what regards the quality of the energy injected into the electric grid. Finally, conclusions are duly drawn.

RFID together with multi-agent systems to control global value chains

Nowadays, the cooperative intelligent transport systems are part of a largest system. Transportations are modal operations integrated in logistics and, logistics is the main process of the supply chain management. The supply chain strategic management as a simultaneous local and global value chain is a collaborative/cooperative organization of stakeholders, many times in co-opetition, to perform a service to the customers respecting the time, place, price and quality levels. The transportation, like other logistics operations must add value, which is achieved in this case through compression lead times and order fulfillments. The complex supplier's network and the distribution channels must be efficient and the integral visibility (monitoring and tracing) of supply chain is a significant source of competitive advantage. Nowadays, the competition is not discussed between companies but among supply chains. This paper aims to evidence the current and emerging manufacturing and logistics system challenges as a new field of opportunities for the automation and control systems research community. Furthermore, the paper forecasts the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies integrated into an information and communication technologies (ICT) framework based on distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) supported by a multi-agent system (MAS), as the most value advantage of supply chain management (SCM) in a cooperative intelligent logistics systems. Logistical platforms (production or distribution) as nodes of added value of supplying and distribution networks are proposed as critical points of the visibility of the inventory, where these technological needs are more evident.

Power Electronics Didactic Modules for Direct Current Machine Control

Several didactic modules for an electric machinery laboratory are presented. The modules are dedicated for DC machinery control and get their characteristic curves. The didactic modules have a front panel with power and signal connectors and can be configurable for any DC motor type. The three-phase bridge inverter proposed is one of the most popular topologies and is commercially available in power package modules. The control techniques and power drives were designed to satisfy static and dynamic performance of DC machines. Each power section is internally self-protected against misconnections and short-circuits. Isolated output signals of current and voltage measurements are also provided, adding versatility for use either in didactic or research applications. The implementation of such modules allowed experimental confirmation of the expected performance.

The impact of family control on firm's return

Family firm is a field of growing interest. The aim of this article is to understand whether CEOs identity impacts family firm’s stock returns. From a sample of Portuguese and Spanish family firms findings show that who manages the firms result in significantly different risk exposure. Moreover, we find that the abnormal return found by Fahlenbrach (2009) to founder-controlled firms disappear when we use valueweighted portfolios and include two new factors: market aggregate illiquidity and debt intensity to the four-factor Carhart model. Finally, our results explain why the majority of family firm is controlled by its founder.

More than maternal sensitivity shapes attachment : infant coping and temperament

The aim of this longitudinal studywas to investigate the effect of a set of factors from multiple levels of influence: infant temperament, infant regulatory behavior, and maternal sensitivity on infant’s attachment. Our sample consisted of 48 infants born prematurely and their mothers. At 1 and 3 months of age, mothers described their infants’behavior using the Escala de Temperamento do Beb´e. At 3 months of age, infants’ capacity to regulate stress was evaluated during Tronick’s Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm. At 9 months of age, mothers’ sensitivity was evaluated during free play using the CARE-Index. At 12 months of age, infants’ attachment security was assessed during Ainsworth’s Strange Situation. A total of 16 infants were classified as securely attached, 17 as insecure-avoidant, and 15 as insecure-resistant. Mothers of securely attached infantswere more likely than mothers of insecure infants to describe their infants as less difficult and to be more sensitive to their infants in free play. In turn, secure infants exhibited more positive responses during the Still-Face. Infants classified as insecureavoidant were more likely to self-comfort during the Still-Face and had mothers who were more controlling during free play. Insecure-resistant exhibited higher levels of negative arousal during the Still-Face and had mothers who were more unresponsive in free play. These findings show that attachment quality is influenced bymultiple factors, including infant temperament, coping behavior, and maternal sensitivity.

Epidemiology of malaria, schistosomiasis, geohelminths, anemia and malnutrition in the context of a demographic surveillance system in Northern Angola

Background: Malaria, schistosomiasis and geohelminth infection are linked to maternal and child morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowing the prevalence levels of these infections is vital to guide governments towards the implementation of successful and cost-effective disease control initiatives. Methodology/Principal Findings: A cross-sectional study of 1,237 preschool children (0–5 year olds), 1,142 school-aged children (6–15 year olds) and 960 women (.15 year olds) was conducted to understand the distribution of malnutrition, anemia, malaria, schistosomiasis (intestinal and urinary) and geohelminths in a north-western province of Angola. We used a recent demographic surveillance system (DSS) database to select and recruit suitable households. Malnutrition was common among children (23.3% under-weight, 9.9% wasting and 32.2% stunting), and anemia was found to be a severe public health problem (i.e., .40%). Malaria prevalence was highest among preschool children reaching 20.2%. Microhematuria prevalence levels reached 10.0% of preschool children, 16.6% of school-aged children and 21.7% of mothers. Geohelminth infections were common, affecting 22.3% of preschool children, 31.6% of school-aged children and 28.0% of mothers. Conclusions: Here we report prevalence levels of malaria, schistosomiasis and geohelminths; all endemic in this poorly described area where a DSS has been recently established. Furthermore we found evidence that the studied infections are associated with the observed levels of anemia and malnutrition, which can justify the implementation of integrated interventions for the control of these diseases and morbidities.

Developmental and evolutionary assumptions in a study about the impact of premature birth and low income on mother–infant interaction

In order to study the impact of premature birth and low income on mother–infant interaction, four Portuguese samples were gathered: full-term, middle-class (n=99); premature, middle-class (n=63); full-term, low income (n=22); and premature, low income (n=21). Infants were filmed in a free play situation with their mothers, and the results were scored using the CARE Index. By means of multinomial regression analysis, social economic status (SES) was found to be the best predictor of maternal sensitivity and infant cooperative behavior within a set of medical and social factors. Contrary to the expectations of the cumulative risk perspective, two factors of risk (premature birth together with low SES) were as negative for mother–infant interaction as low SES solely. In this study, as previous studies have shown, maternal sensitivity and infant cooperative behavior were highly correlated, as was maternal control with infant compliance. Our results further indicate that, when maternal lack of responsiveness is high, the infant displays passive behavior, whereas when the maternal lack of responsiveness is medium, the infant displays difficult behavior. Indeed, our findings suggest that, in these cases, the link between types of maternal and infant interactive behavior is more dependent on the degree of maternal lack of responsiveness than it is on birth status or SES. The results will be discussed under a developmental and evolutionary reasoning

A new control strategy with saturation effect compensation for an autonomous induction generator drivenby wide speed range turbines

This paper presents a variable speed autonomous squirrel cage generator excited by a current-controlled voltage source inverter to be used in stand-alone micro-hydro power plants. The paper proposes a system control strategy aiming to properly excite the machine as well as to achieve the load voltage control. A feed-forward control sets the appropriate generator flux by taking into account the actual speed and the desired load voltage. A load voltage control loop is used to adjust the generated active power in order to sustain the load voltage at a reference value. The control system is based on a rotor flux oriented vector control technique which takes into account the machine saturation effect. The proposed control strategy and the adopted system models were validated both by numerical simulation and by experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype. Results covering the prototype start-up, as well as its steady-state and dynamical behavior are presented. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.