Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements at Ultra-low Temperatures

We report the design and operation of a device for ac magnetic susceptibility measurements that can operate down to 1 mK. The device, a modification of the standard mutual inductance bridge, is designed with detailed consideration of the thermalization and optimization of each element. First, in order to reduce local heating, the primary coil is made with superconducting wire. Second, a low-temperature transformer which is thermally anchored to the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator, is used to match the output of the secondary coil to a high-sensitivity bridge detector. The careful thermal anchoring of the secondary coil and the matching transformer is required to reduce the overall noise temperature and maximize sensitivity. The sample is immersed in liquid (3)He to minimize the Kapitza thermal resistance. The magnetic susceptibility of several magnetic compounds, such as the well-known spin gap compound NiCl(2)-4SC(NH(2))(2) and other powdered samples, have been successfully measured to temperatures well below 10 mK.

The effect of ultra-low proton concentration on the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate over platinum

The electrocatalytic reduction of NO3- (aq) over platinum has been investigated in sulfuric acid solutions with proton concentrations between 1 mM and 50 mM. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that for [H+] < 10 mM, NO3- (aq) is reduced in two distinct regions of potential: one reduction peak occurs at approximately 0.1 V vs. RHE and one occurs at -0.13 V vs. RHE. This second reduction peak has never before been observed, and is not present for proton concentrations >10 mM, where hydrogen electroreduction prevails below 0.0 V vs. RHE. Chronoamperometry shows that the kinetics of the two reduction peaks are distinct, suggesting that the two reduction peaks may correspond to the evolution of different products. Results are discussed in the context of tuning the product selectivity of the electrocatalytic reduction of NO3- (aq). (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The extreme physical properties of the CoRoT-7b super-Earth

The search for rocky exoplanets plays an important role in our quest for extra-terrestrial life. Here, we discuss the extreme physical properties possible for the first characterised rocky super-Earth, CoRoT-7b (R(pl) = 1.58 +/- 0.10 R(Earth), M(pl) = 6.9 +/- 1.2 M(Earth)). It is extremely close to its star (a = 0.0171 AU = 4.48 R(st)), with its spin and orbital rotation likely synchronised. The comparison of its location in the (M(pl), R(pl)) plane with the predictions of planetary models for different compositions points to an Earth-like composition, even if the error bars of the measured quantities and the partial degeneracy of the models prevent a definitive conclusion. The proximity to its star provides an additional constraint on the model. It implies a high extreme-UV flux and particle wind, and the corresponding efficient erosion of the planetary atmosphere especially for volatile species including water. Consequently, we make the working hypothesis that the planet is rocky with no volatiles in its atmosphere, and derive the physical properties that result. As a consequence, the atmosphere is made of rocky vapours with a very low pressure (P <= 1.5 Pa), no cloud can be sustained, and no thermalisation of the planet is expected. The dayside is very hot (2474 +/- 71 K at the sub-stellar point) while the nightside is very cold (50-75 K). The sub-stellar point is as hot as the tungsten filament of an incandescent bulb, resulting in the melting and distillation of silicate rocks and the formation of a lava ocean. These possible features of CoRoT-7b could be common to many small and hot planets, including the recently discovered Kepler-10b. They define a new class of objects that we propose to name ""Lava-ocean planets"". (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced activity of horseradish peroxidase in Langmuir-Blodgett films of phospholipids

The immobilization of enzymes in nanostructured films has potential applications, e.g. in biosensing, for which the activity may not only be preserved, but also enhanced if optimized conditions are identified. Optimization is not straightforward because several requirements must be fulfilled, including a suitable matrix and film-forming technique. In this study, we show that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has its activity enhanced when immobilized in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, in conjunction with dipalmitoylphosphaticlylglycerol (DPPG). Incorporation of HRP into a DPPG monolayer at the air-water interface was demonstrated with compression isotherms, and Polarization-Modulation Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). From the PM-IRRAS data, we inferred that HRP was not denatured when adsorbed on a pre-formed, low pressure DPPG monolayer. A change in orientation was induced by the phospholipid matrix, with the amide C=O and NH groups from HRP being oriented perpendicular to the surface, parallel to the DPPG acyl chains, i.e. the alpha-helix was inserted into the monolayer. The mixed DPPG-HRP monolayer could be transferred onto solid supports, to which HRP activity was ca. 23% higher than in solution. The control of molecular architecture and choice of a suitable phospholipid matrix allowed HRP-containing LB films to be used in sensing peroxide. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tectonothermal evolution and exhumation history of the Paleozoic Proto-Andean Gondwana margin crust: The Famatinian Belt in NW Argentina

We studied the P-T-t evolution of a mid-crustal igneous-metamorphic segment of the Famatinian Belt in the eastern sector of the Sierra de Velasco during its exhumation to the upper crust. Thermobarometric and geochronological methods combined with field observations permit us to distinguish three tectonic levels. The deepest Level I is represented by metasedimentary xenoliths and characterized by prograde isobaric heating at 20-25 km depth. Early/Middle Ordovician granites that contain xenoliths of Level I intruded in the shallower Level II. The latter is characterized by migmatization coeval with granitic intrusions and a retrograde isobaric cooling P-T path at 14-18 km depth. Level II was exhumed to the shallowest supracrustal Level III, where it was intruded by cordierite-bearing granites during the Middle/Late Ordovician and its host-rock was locally affected by high temperature-low pressure HT/LP metamorphism at 8-10 km depth. Level III was eventually intruded by Early Carboniferous granites after long-term slow exhumation to 6-7 km depth. Early/Middle Ordovician exhumation of Level II to Level III (Exhumation Period I,0.25-0.78 mm/yr) was faster than exhumation of Level III from the Middle/Late Ordovician to the Lower Carboniferous (Exhumation Period II, 0.01-0.09 mm/yr). Slow exhumation rates and the lack of regional evidence of tectonic exhumation suggest that erosion was the main exhumation mechanism of the Famatinian Belt. Widespread slow exhumation associated with crustal thickening under a HT regime suggests that the Famatinian Belt represents the middle crust of an ancient Altiplano-Puna-like orogen. This thermally weakened over-thickened Famatinian crust was slowly exhumed mainly by erosion during similar to 180 Myr. (C) 2010 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kinetics of autocatalytic acid hydrolysis of cellulose with crystalline and amorphous fractions

The acid hydrolysis of cellulose with crystalline and amorphous fractions is analyzed on the basis of autocatalytic model with a positive feedback of acid production from the degraded biopolymer. In the condition of low acid rate production compared with hydrolysis rate, both fraction of cellulose decrease exponentially with linear and cubic time dependence, and the normalized number of scissions per cellulose chain follows a sigmoid behavior with reaction time. The model predicts that self generated acidic compounds from cellulose accelerate the degradation of the biopolymer. However, if the acidic compounds produced are volatile species, then their release under low pressure will reduce the global rate of degradation of cellulose toward its intrinsic rate value determined by the residual acid catalyst present in the starting material.