A survey on clinical presentation and nutritional status of infants with suspected cow' milk allergy

Background: Cow's milk is the most common food allergen in infants and the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy is difficult, even with the use of several diagnostic tests. Therefore, elimination diets and challenge tests are essential for the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. The aim of this study is to report the clinical presentation and nutritional status of children evaluated by pediatric gastroenterologists for the assessment of symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was performed among 9,478 patients evaluated by 30 pediatric gastroenterologists for 40 days in 5 different geographical regions in Brazil. Clinical data were collected from patients with symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy. The nutritional status of infants (age <= 24 months) seen for the first time was evaluated according to z-scores for weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age. Epi-Info (CDC-NCHS, 2000) software was used to calculate z-scores. Results: The prevalence of suspected cow's milk allergy in the study population was 5.4% (513/9,478), and the incidence was 2.2% (211/9,478). Among 159 infants seen at first evaluation, 15.1% presented with a low weight-for-age z score (< -2.0 standard deviation - SD), 8.7% with a low weight-for-height z score (< -2.0 SD), and 23.9% with a low height-for-age z score (< -2.0 SD). Conclusion: The high prevalence of nutritional deficits among infants with symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy indicates that effective elimination diets should be prescribed to control allergy symptoms and to prevent or treat malnutrition.

Lipid Treatment Assessment Project 2 A Multinational Survey to Evaluate the Proportion of Patients Achieving Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Goals

Background-Information about physicians` adherence to cholesterol management guidelines remains scant. The present survey updates our knowledge of lipid management worldwide. Methods and Results-Lipid levels were determined at enrollment in dyslipidemic adult patients on stable lipid-lowering therapy in 9 countries. The primary end point was the success rate, defined as the proportion of patients achieving appropriate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals for their given risk. The mean age of the 9955 evaluable patients was 62 +/- 12 years; 54% were male. Coronary disease and diabetes mellitus had been diagnosed in 30% and 31%, respectively, and 14% were current smokers. Current treatment consisted of a statin in 75%. The proportion of patients achieving LDL-C goals according to relevant national guidelines ranged from 47% to 84% across countries. In low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, mean LDL-C was 119, 109, and 91 mg/dL and mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 62, 49, and 50 mg/dL, respectively. The success rate for LDL-C goal achievement was 86% in low-, 74% in moderate-, and 67% in high-risk patients (73% overall). However, among coronary heart disease patients with >= 2 risk factors, only 30% attained the optional LDL-C goal of < 70 mg/dL. In the entire cohort, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was < 40 mg/dL in 19%, 40 to 60 mg/dL in 55%, and > 60 mg/dL in 26% of patients. Conclusions-Although there is room for improvement, particularly in very-high-risk patients, these results indicate that lipid-lowering therapy is being applied much more successfully than it was a decade ago. (Circulation. 2009; 120: 28-34.)

Food energy content influences food portion size estimation by nutrition students

Background: Food portion size estimation involves a complex mental process that may influence food consumption evaluation. Knowing the variables that influence this process can improve the accuracy of dietary assessment. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of nutrition students to estimate food portions in usual meals and relate food energy content with errors in food portion size estimation. Methods: Seventy-eight nutrition students, who had already studied food energy content, participated in this cross-sectional study on the estimation of food portions, organised into four meals. The participants estimated the quantity of each food, in grams or millilitres, with the food in view. Estimation errors were quantified, and their magnitude were evaluated. Estimated quantities (EQ) lower than 90% and higher than 110% of the weighed quantity (WQ) were considered to represent underestimation and overestimation, respectively. Correlation between food energy content and error on estimation was analysed by the Spearman correlation, and comparison between the mean EQ and WQ was accomplished by means of the Wilcoxon signed rank test (P < 0.05). Results: A low percentage of estimates (18.5%) were considered accurate (+/- 10% of the actual weight). The most frequently underestimated food items were cauliflower, lettuce, apple and papaya; the most often overestimated items were milk, margarine and sugar. A significant positive correlation between food energy density and estimation was found (r = 0.8166; P = 0.0002). Conclusions: The results obtained in the present study revealed a low percentage of acceptable estimations of food portion size by nutrition students, with trends toward overestimation of high-energy food items and underestimation of low-energy items.

Population-Based Multicentric Survey of Hepatitis B Infection and Risk Factor Differences among Three Regions in Brazil

This multicentric population-based study in Brazil is the first national effort to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and risk factors in the capital cities of the Northeast. Central-West, and Federal Districts (2004-2005). Random multistage cluster sampling was used to select persons 13-69 years of age. Markers for HBV were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HBV genotypes were determined by sequencing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Multivariate analyses and simple catalytic model were performed. Overall. 7,881 persons were inculded < 70% were not vaccinated. Positivity for HBsAg was less than 1% among non-vaccinated persons and genotypes A, D, and F co-circulated. The incidence of infection increased with age with similar force of infection in all regions. Males and persons having initiated sexual activity were associated with HBV infection in the two settings: healthcare jobs and prior hospitalization were risk factors in the Federal District. Our survey classified these regions as areas with HBV endemicity and highlighted the risk factors differences among the settings.

Socio-economic variables influence the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake in Brazilian adolescents: results from a population-based survey

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake among adolescents and the association between socio-economic variables and nutritional status. Design: Cross-sectional study with a population-based sample. Settings: The usual nutrient intake distribution was estimated using the Iowa State University method. The Estimated Average Requirement cut-off point method was used to determine the proportion of adolescents with inadequate intake for each nutrient, according to sex, income, parental educational level and nutritional status. Subjects: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were applied in 525 male and female Brazilian adolescents aged 14-18 years. Results: The highest prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake was observed for vitamin E (99% in both sexes). For male and female adolescents, the prevalence of inadequate intake was: Mg, 89% and 84%; vitamin A, 78% and 71 %; vitamin C, 79% and 53%; and vitamin B(6), 21% and 33%, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate intake for niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, Se, Cu and vitamin B(12) was <15 %. Individuals in the lower income and lower parental educational level strata had the highest risk of having inadequate intake for P, riboflavin and vitamins A, B(6) and B(12). Compared with non-overweight individuals, overweight individuals had a higher risk of inadequate intake for Mg, vitamin A, P, thiamin and riboflavin. Conclusions: The present study found a high prevalence of inadequate intake of nutrients that are recognised as being protective against chronic diseases. Adolescents in the lower income and lower parental educational level strata were less likely to have their nutrient intake requirements met.

Patterns of food acquisition in Brazilian households and associated factors: a population-based survey

Objective: To identify food acquisition patterns in Brazil and relate them to the sociodemographic characteristics of the household. Design: A cross-sectional national Household Budget Survey (HBS). Principal component factor analysis was used to derive food patterns (factors) on the basis of the acquisition of food classified into thirty-two food groups. Setting: The source of data originates from the 2002-2003 HBS carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics between June 2002 and July 2003 using a representative sample of all Brazilian households. Subject: A total of 48 470 households allocated into 443 strata of households that were geographically and socio-economically homogeneous as a study unit. Results: We identified two patterns of food acquisition. The first, named `dual`, was characterized by dairy, fruit, fruit juice, vegetables, processed meat, soft drinks, sweets, bread and margarine, and by inverse correlations with Brazilian staple foods. In contrast, the second pattern, named `traditional`, was characterized by rice, beans, manioc, flour, milk and sugar. The `dual` pattern was associated with higher household educational level, income and the average age of adults on the strata, whereas the `traditional` presented higher loadings in less-educated households and in the rural setting. Conclusions: Dietary patterns described here suggest that policies and programmes to promote healthy eating need to consider that healthy and non-healthy foods may be integral in the same pattern.

Methodology of a nationwide cross-sectional survey of prevalence and epidemiological patterns of hepatitis A, B and C infection in Brazil

Um inquérito de base populacional foi conduzido na população urbana de todas as capitais e do Distrito Federal no Brasil para fornecer informações sobre a prevalência de hepatites virais e fatores de risco, entre 2005 e 2009. Este artigo descreve o delineamento e a metodologia do estudo que envolveu a população com idade entre 5 e 19 anos para hepatite A e 10 a 69 anos para hepatite B e C. As entrevistas e amostras de sangue foram obtidas através de visitas domiciliares e a amostra selecionada a partir de uma amostragem estratificada em múltiplos estágios (por conglomerado) com igual probabilidade para cada domínio de estudo (região e faixa etária). Nacionalmente, 19.280 residências e ~31.000 indivíduos foram selecionados. O tamanho da amostra foi suficiente para detectar uma prevalência em torno de 0,1% e para avaliar os fatores de risco por região. A metodologia apresentou-se viável para distinguir entre diferentes padrões epidemiológicos da hepatite A, B e C. Estes dados serão de valia para a avaliação das políticas de vacinação e para o desenho de estratégias de controle.

Fatores associados à qualidade da dieta de adultos residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, 2002

Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores demográficos, sócio-econômicos e de estilo de vida associados à qualidade da dieta de adultos residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Estudo transversal, por meio de inquérito domiciliar, de base populacional, foi realizado no Distrito do Butantã e nos municípios de Itapecerica da Serra, Embu e Taboão da Serra. Utilizaram-se dados de um questionário e um recordatório de 24 horas de 1.840 adultos de 20 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, incluídos em um inquérito de saúde (ISA-SP). A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada através do índice de qualidade da dieta (IQD) adaptado para a realidade local. Utilizou-se análise de regressão linear para avaliar a associação entre o IQD e as demais variáveis. A maioria da população (75%) apresentou dieta que necessita de melhora. Observaram-se médias baixas para os componentes: frutas, verduras e legumes, leite e derivados. Número de bens de consumo duráveis, escolaridade do chefe da família e ter 60 anos ou mais se associaram ao IQD em homens. Para as mulheres, a faixa etária se associou ao IQD. Em ambos os modelos, o consumo de calorias se manteve como variável de ajuste.

Introdução de alimentos complementares nos primeiros dois anos de vida de crianças de escolas particulares no município de São Paulo

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a idade de introdução de alimentos complementares nos primeiros dois anos de vida e sua relação com variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas de crianças matriculadas em pré-escolas particulares do município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com informações demográficas e socioeconômicas de 566 crianças, sendo verificada a idade em meses de introdução dos alimentos complementares. Foi considerada como variável dependente a idade em meses da introdução dos alimentos complementares e, como variáveis independentes ou explanatórias, a idade e escolaridade maternas, a condição de trabalho materno e a renda familiar. Para análise da relação entre as variáveis, utilizou-se a técnica de regressão múltipla de Cox. RESULTADOS: 50% das crianças eram do sexo masculino e 61% maiores de 4 anos. A maior proporção das mães tinha nível superior de escolaridade e trabalhava fora. A renda familiar mostrou uma população de alto nível socioeconômico. A água e/ou chá, frutas e leite não-materno foram introduzidos antes do sexto mês de vida. A variável 'idade da mãe' mostrou associação com introdução de três grupos de alimentos: cereais, carne e guloseimas. CONCLUSÃO: Alimentos complementares foram introduzidos precocemente nessa população de nível socioeconômico elevado e a única variável que se associou à introdução desses alimentos foi a idade materna.

A new classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing

This paper describes a new food classification which assigns foodstuffs according to the extent and purpose of the industrial processing applied to them. Three main groups are defined: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (group 1), processed culinary and food industry ingredients (group 2), and ultra-processed food products (group 3). The use of this classification is illustrated by applying it to data collected in the Brazilian Household Budget Survey which was conducted in 2002/2003 through a probabilistic sample of 48,470 Brazilian households. The average daily food availability was 1,792 kcal/person being 42.5% from group 1 (mostly rice and beans and meat and milk), 37.5% from group 2 (mostly vegetable oils, sugar, and flours), and 20% from group 3 (mostly breads, biscuits, sweets, soft drinks, and sausages). The share of group 3 foods increased with income, and represented almost one third of all calories in higher income households. The impact of the replacement of group 1 foods and group 2 ingredients by group 3 products on the overall quality of the diet, eating patterns and health is discussed.

Estimativas de insegurança alimentar grave nos municípios Brasileiros

Prevalence of severe food insecurity was estimated for Brazilian municipalities based on the 2004 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). First, a logistic regression model was developed and tested with this database. The model was then applied to the 2000 census data, generating severe food insecurity estimates for the Brazilian municipalities, which were subsequently analyzed according to the proportion of families exposed to severe food insecurity. Severe food insecurity was mainly concentrated in the North and Northeast regions, where 46.1% and 65.3% of municipalities showed high prevalence of severe food insecurity, respectively. Most municipalities in the Central West region showed intermediate prevalence of severe food insecurity. There was wide intra-regional variation in severe food insecurity, while the South of Brazil showed the most uniform distribution. In conclusion, Brazil displays wide inter and intra-regional variations in the occurrence of severe food insecurity. Such variations should be identified and analyzed in order to plan appropriate public policies.

Porcionamento dos principais alimentos e preparações consumidos por adultos e idosos residentes no município de São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Identificar o tamanho das porções dos alimentos e das preparações mais consumidas ou que mais contribuem com o valor energético total da dieta de adultos e idosos. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se inquérito domiciliar de base populacional em 2003, com amostra representativa de 1 477 indivíduos acima de 20 anos residentes no município de São Paulo. O consumo alimentar foi verificado pelo recordatório de 24 horas, digitado no programa Nutrition Data System. Os alimentos e as preparações selecionados para averiguação da porção foram os consumidos por, no mínimo, 10% da população de estudo ou que contribuíram com até 80% do valor energético total. As porções médias, obtidas pelo percentil 50, foram comparadas segundo sexo e estado nutricional, por meio do teste de Kruskal Wallis. RESULTADOS: Arroz e feijão foram os alimentos mais consumidos e que mais contribuíram para o valor energético da dieta. Os homens consumiram maior porção destes alimentos, quando são comparados às mulheres. Observou-se que a porção de leite está abaixo do estipulado pelo Guia Alimentar Brasileiro, porém a maior diferença encontrada foi em relação à alface e ao tomate. Verificou-se que indivíduos com excesso de peso consomem maiores porções de peito de frango. CONCLUSÃO: O tamanho das porções de alguns alimentos é maior entre homens, porém, na prática, não há como diferenciar, em medidas caseiras, valores tão próximos como os encontrados na maioria dos alimentos. As porções dos principais alimentos dos grupos de verduras e legumes e leite e derivados são menores que o proposto pelo Guia Alimentar.

Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado para população brasileira

O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado é um indicador de qualidade da dieta desenvolvido consoante com as recomendações nutricionais vigentes. Os dados dietéticos foram provenientes do estudo de base-populacional, Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA)-Capital-2003. O Índice contém 12 componentes, sendo nove fundamentados nos grupos de alimentos do Guia Alimentar Brasileiro de 2006, cujas porções diárias são expressas em densidade energética; dois nutrientes (sódio e gordura saturada); e Gord_AA (calorias provenientes de gordura sólida, álcool e açúcar de adição). O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado propicia mensurar variados fatores de riscos dietéticos para doenças crônicas, permitindo, simultaneamente, avaliar e monitorar a dieta em nível individual ou populacional.

Variância intrapessoal para ajuste da distribuição de nutrientes em estudos epidemiológicos

O objetivo do estudo foi apresentar a fração da variância intrapessoal para ajuste da distribuição de nutrientes de adultos e idosos. Utilizaram-se dados de inquérito populacional com amostra representativa (n = 511) de indivíduos com 19 anos ou mais do município de São Paulo, SP, em 2007. A fração da variância intrapessoal foi obtida pelo método proposto pela Iowa State University. Observaram-se diferenças nas frações das variâncias intrapessoais de nutrientes segundo sexo. Esses valores devem ser utilizados para ajustar a distribuição da ingestão de nutrientes, pois sua não utilização pode resultar em viés na análise e interpretação de dados.