Anomalous lattice parameter of magnetic semiconductor alloys

The addition of transition metals to III-V semiconductors radically changes their electronic, magnetic, and structural properties. We show by ab initio calculations that in contrast to the conventional semiconductor alloys, the lattice parameter in magnetic semiconductor alloys, including those with diluted concentration, strongly deviates from Vegard's law. We find a direct correlation between the magnetic moment and the anion-transition metal bond lengths and derive a simple and general formula that determines the lattice parameter of a particular magnetic semiconductor by considering both the composition and magnetic moment. This dependence can explain some experimentally observed anomalies and stimulate other kind of investigations.

Zero-phonon emission and magnetic polaron parameters in EuTe

A phonon structure in the photoluminescence of EuTe was discovered, with a well-defined zero-phonon emission line (ZPL). The ZPL redshifts linearly with the intensity of applied magnetic field, indicating spin relaxation of the photoexcited electron, and saturates at a lower magnetic field than the optical absorption bandgap, which is attributed to formation of magnetic polarons. From the difference in these saturation fields, the zero-field polaron binding energy and radius are estimated to be 43 meV and 3.2 (in units of the EuTe lattice parameter), respectively. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3634030]

Structural and optical properties of rare earth-doped (Ba(0.77)Ca(0.23))(1-x)(Sm, Nd, Pr, Yb)(x)TiO(3)

The structural, dielectric, and vibrational properties of pure and rare earth (RE)-doped Ba(0.77) Ca(0.23)TiO(3) (BCT23; RE = Nd, Sm, Pr, Yb) ceramics obtained via solid-state reaction were investigated. The pure and RE-doped BCT23 ceramics sintered at 1450 degrees C in air for 4 h showed a dense microstructure in all ceramics. The use of RE ions as dopants introduced lattice-parameter changes that manifested in the reduction of the volume of the unit cell. RE-doped BCT23 samples exhibit a more homogenous microstructure due to the absence of a Ti-rich phase in the grain boundaries as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy imaging. The incorporation of REs led to perturbations of the local symmetry of TiO(6) octahedra and the creation of a new Raman mode. The results of Raman scattering measurements indicated that the Curie temperature of the ferroelectric phase transition depends on the RE ion and ion content, with the Curie temperature shifting toward lower values as the RE content increases, with the exception of Yb(3+) doping, which did not affect the ferroelectric phase transition temperature. The phase transition behavior is explained using the standard soft mode model. Electronic paramagnetic resonance measurements showed the existence of Ti vacancies in the structure of RE-doped BCT23. Defects are created via charge compensation mechanisms due to the incorporation of elements with a different valence state relative to the ions of the pure BCT23 host. It is concluded that the Ti vacancies are responsible for the activation of the Raman mode at 840 cm(-1), which is in agreement with lattice dynamics calculations. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3594710]

Structure and properties of low temperature plasma carburized austenitic stainless steels

Austenitic stainless steels cannot be conventionally surface treated at temperatures close to 550 degrees C due to intense precipitation of nitrides or carbides. Plasma carburizing allows introducing carbon in the steel at temperatures below 500 degrees C without carbide precipitation. Plasma carburizing of AISI 316L was carried out at 480 degrees C and 400 degrees C, during 20 h, using CH(4) as carbon carrier gas. The results show that carbon expanded austenite (gamma(c)), 20 mu m in depth, was formed on the surface after the 480 degrees C treatment. Carbon expanded austenite (gamma(c)), 8 mu m in depth, was formed on the surface after the 400 degrees C treatment. DRX results showed that the austenitic FCC lattice parameter increases from 0.358 nm to 0.363 nm for the 400 degrees C treatment and to 0.369 nm for the 480 degrees C treatment, giving an estimation of circa 10 at.% carbon content for the latter. Lattice distortion, resulting from the expansion and the associated compressive residual stresses increases the surface hardness to 1040 HV(0.025). Micro-scale tensile tests were conducted on specimens prepared with the conditions selected above, which has indicated that the damage imposed to the expanded austenite layer was more easily related to each separated grain than to the overall macro-scale stresses imposed by the tensile test. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic evaluation of cubic ordered mesoporous iron-silicon oxides

Iron was successfully incorporated in FDU-1 type cubic ordered mesoporous silica by a simple direct synthesis route. The (Fe/FDU-1) samples were characterized by Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry (RBS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). N(2) sorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The resulting material presented an iron content of about 5%. Prepared at the usual acid pH of -0.3, the composite was mostly formed by amorphous silica and hematite with a quantity of Fe(2+) present in the structure. The samples prepared with adjusted pH values (2 and 3.5) were amorphous. The samples` average pore diameter was around 12.0 nm and BET specific surface area was of 680 m(2) g(-1). Although the iron-incorporated material presented larger lattice parameter, about 25 nm compared to pure FDU-1, the Fe/FDU-1 composite still maintained its cubic ordered fcc mesoporous structure before and after the template removal at 540 degrees C. The catalytic performance of Fe/FDU-1 was investigated in the catalytic oxidation of Black Remazol B dye using a catalytic ozonation process. The results indicated that Fe/FDU-1 prepared at the usual acid pH exhibited high catalytic activity in the mineralization of this pollutant when compared to the pure FDU-1. Fe(2)O(3) and Fe/FDU-1 prepared with higher pH of 2 and 3.5. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Direct Observation of Tetragonal Distortion in Epitaxial Structures through Secondary Peak Split in a Synchrotron Radiation Renninger Scan

This paper reports a direct observation of an interesting split of the (022)(022) four-beam secondary peak into two (022) and (022) three-beam peaks, in a synchrotron radiation Renninger scan (phi-scan), as an evidence of the layer tetragonal distortion in two InGaP/GaAs (001) epitaxial structures with different thicknesses. The thickness, composition, (a perpendicular to) perpendicular lattice parameter, and (01) in-plane lattice parameter of the two epitaxial ternary layers were obtained from rocking curves (omega-scan) as well as from the simulation of the (022)(022) split, and then, it allowed for the determination of the perpendicular and parallel (in-plane) strains. Furthermore, (022)(022) omega:phi mappings were measured in order to exhibit the multiple diffraction condition of this four-beam case with their split measurement.

Liquid crystalline cellulosic elastomers: free standing anisotropic films under stretching

The structure and local ordering of 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate-(acetoxypropy1) cellulose (HDI-APC) liquid crystalline elastomer thin films are investigated by using X-ray diffraction and scattering techniques. Optical microscopy and mechanical essays are performed to complement the investigation. The study is performed in films subjected or not to an uniaxial stress. Our results indicate that the film is constituted by a bundle of helicoidal fiber-like structure, where the cellobiose block spins around the axis of the fiber, like a string-structure in a smectic-like packing, with the pitch defined by a smectic-like layer. The fibers are in average perpendicular to the smectic-like planes. Without the stretch, these bundles are warped, only with a residual orientation along the casting direction. The stretch orients the bundles along it, increasing the smectic-like and the nematic-like ordering of the fibers. Under stress, the network of molecules which connects the cellobiose blocs and forms the cellulosic matrix tends to organize their links in a hexagonal-like structure with lattice parameter commensurate to the smectic-like structure.

Magnetic and structural properties of NiFe(2)O(4) ferrite nanopowder doped with Zn(2+)

This work involved an investigation to ascertain how the substitution of nickel ions for zinc ions affects the structural, morphological and magnetic properties of NiFe(2)O(4) ferrite samples. Ni(1-x)Zn(x)Fe(2)O(4) (x = 0.0, 0.3 0.5, 0.7) powders were prepared by combustion reaction and characterized structurally by X-ray diffraction. The specific surface area of the powders was determined by the nitrogen adsorption method (BET). Magnetization measurements were taken using an alternative gradient magnetometer (AGM), which revealed that the powders prepared by combustion reaction resulted in nanosized particles with a particle size of 18-27 nm. The crystallite size and lattice parameter increased as the concentration of Zn increased. Moreover, augmenting the Zn content in the NiFe(2)O(4) ferrite increased the saturation magnetization and coercive field. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth of EuTe islands on SnTe by molecular beam epitaxy

Semiconductor magnetic quantum dots are very promising structures, with novel properties that find multiple applications in spintronic devices. EuTe is a wide gap semiconductor with NaCl structure, and strong magnetic moments S=7/2 at the half filled 4f(7) electronic levels. On the other hand, SnTe is a narrow gap semiconductor with the same crystal structure and 4% lattice mismatch with EuTe. In this work, we investigate the molecular beam epitaxial growth of EuTe on SnTe after the critical thickness for island formation is surpassed, as a previous step to the growth of organized magnetic quantum dots. The topology and strain state of EuTe islands were studied as a function of growth temperature and EuTe nominal layer thickness. Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) was used in-situ to monitor surface morphology and strain state. RHEED results were complemented and enriched with atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements made at the XRD2 beamline of the Brazilian Synchrotron. EuTe islands of increasing height and diameter are obtained when the EuTe nominal thickness increases, with higher aspect ratio for the islands grown at lower temperatures. As the islands grow, a relaxation toward the EuTe bulk lattice parameter was observed. The relaxation process was partially reverted by the growth of the SnTe cap layer, vital to protect the EuTe islands from oxidation. A simple model is outlined to describe the distortions caused by the EuTe islands on the SnTe buffer and cap layers. The SnTe cap layers formed interesting plateau structures with easily controlled wall height, that could find applications as a template for future nanostructures growth. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Magnetoelastic and thermal effects in the BiMn(2)O(5) lattice: A high-resolution x-ray diffraction study

High-resolution synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements were performed on single crystalline and powder samples of BiMn(2)O(5). A linear temperature dependence of the unit cell volume was found between T(N)=38 and 100 K, suggesting that a low-energy lattice excitation may be responsible for the lattice expansion in this temperature range. Between T(*)similar to 65 K and T(N), all lattice parameters showed incipient magnetoelastic effects, due to short-range spin correlations. An anisotropic strain along the a direction was also observed below T(*). Below T(N), a relatively large contraction of the a parameter following the square of the average sublattice magnetization of Mn was found, indicating that a second-order spin Hamiltonian accounts for the magnetic interactions along this direction. On the other hand, the more complex behaviors found for b and c suggest additional magnetic transitions below T(N) and perhaps higher-order terms in the spin Hamiltonian. Polycrystalline samples grown by distinct routes and with nearly homogeneous crystal structure above T(N) presented structural phase coexistence below T(N), indicating a close competition amongst distinct magnetostructural states in this compound.

Covariant Gauge on the Lattice: A New Implementation

We derive a new implementation of linear covariant gauges on the lattice, based on a minimizing functional that can be interpreted as the Hamiltonian of a spin-glass model in a random external magnetic field. We show that our method solves most problems encountered in earlier implementations, mostly related to the no-go condition formulated by Giusti [Nucl. Phys. B498, 331 (1997)]. We carry out tests in the SU(2) case in four space-time dimensions. We also present preliminary results for the transverse gluon propagator at different values of the gauge parameter xi.

Chaotic synchronization in 2D lattice for scene segmentation

Synchronization and chaos play important roles in neural activities and have been applied in oscillatory correlation modeling for scene and data analysis. Although it is an extensively studied topic, there are still few results regarding synchrony in locally coupled systems. In this paper we give a rigorous proof to show that large numbers of coupled chaotic oscillators with parameter mismatch in a 2D lattice can be synchronized by providing a sufficiently large coupling strength. We demonstrate how the obtained result can be applied to construct an oscillatory network for scene segmentation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CRITICAL BEHAVIOR AND THRESHOLD OF COEXISTENCE OF A PREDATOR-PREY STOCHASTIC MODEL IN A 2D LATTICE

We investigate the critical behavior of a stochastic lattice model describing a predator-prey system. By means of Monte Carlo procedure we simulate the model defined on a regular square lattice and determine the threshold of species coexistence, that is, the critical phase boundaries related to the transition between an active state, where both species coexist and an absorbing state where one of the species is extinct. A finite size scaling analysis is employed to determine the order parameter, order parameter fluctuations, correlation length and the critical exponents. Our numerical results for the critical exponents agree with those of the directed percolation universality class. We also check the validity of the hyperscaling relation and present the data collapse curves.

An application of lattice basis reduction to polynomial identities for algebraic structures

The authors` recent classification of trilinear operations includes, among other cases, a fourth family of operations with parameter q epsilon Q boolean OR {infinity}, and weakly commutative and weakly anticommutative operations. These operations satisfy polynomial identities in degree 3 and further identities in degree 5. For each operation, using the row canonical form of the expansion matrix E to find the identities in degree 5 gives extremely complicated results. We use lattice basis reduction to simplify these identities: we compute the Hermite normal form H of E(t), obtain a basis of the nullspace lattice from the last rows of a matrix U for which UE(t) = H, and then use the LLL algorithm to reduce the basis. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Reaction-diffusion stochastic lattice model for a predator-prey system

We have the purpose of analyzing the effect of explicit diffusion processes in a predator-prey stochastic lattice model. More precisely we wish to investigate the possible effects due to diffusion upon the thresholds of coexistence of species, i. e., the possible changes in the transition between the active state and the absorbing state devoid of predators. To accomplish this task we have performed time dependent simulations and dynamic mean-field approximations. Our results indicate that the diffusive process can enhance the species coexistence.