Dietary copper absorption and excretion in three semi-terrestrial grapsoid crabs with different levels of terrestrial adaptation

Three species of phylogenetically related semi-terrestrial crabs (Superfamily Grapsoidea - Sesarma rectum, Goniopsis cruentata and Neohelice granulata (formerly: Chasmagnathus granulatus) with different degrees of terrestriality were studied to quantify the accumulation of copper (Cu) in hemolymph, gills, hepatopancreas and antennal gland, and its excretion through the faeces. These crabs were fed for 15 days practical diets containing 0 (A), 0.5 (B), 1.0 (C), and 1.5% (D) of added CuCl2 (corresponding to 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7% of Cu2+, respectively). The amount of food ingested was directly proportional to the degree of terrestriality: S. rectum, the most terrestrial species, ate around 2-3 times more than the other crabs, whereas G. cruentata ate 1.5-2 times more than N. granulata, the least terrestrial. The amount of Cu excreted in the feces was proportional to Cu ingestion, and was 76.8% and 64.2% higher for Sesarma fed diet D compared to G. cruentata and N. granulata, respectively. Sesarma also displayed higher Cu concentration in the haemolymph, gills and antennal glands, but not in the hepatopancreas. A detoxifying mechanism followed by elimination was probably present at this last organ, preventing Cu accumulation. More terrestrial crabs, such as Sesarma, may accumulate more Cu in hemolymph and tissues, showing a correlation between metal accumulation and increased terrestriality. In this aspect, contaminated feed sources with Cu may have more impact in conservation of terrestrial crabs. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The importance of dietary calcium consumption in two species of semi-terrestrial grapsoid crabs

Calcium (Ca) is essential for crustaceans, due to calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) deposition in the new exoskeleton to harden it. The purpose of this work was to study short term Ca balance in terms of dietary Ca ingestion in two phylogenetically related crabs (Superfamily Grapsoidea) showing different degrees of terrestrial adaptations: Sesarma rectum Randall, 1840 and Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851). Dietary Ca ingestion was studied using purified diets with different Ca concentrations (0, 2.2 and 6.66% Ca), together with measurements of Ca excretion and Ca hemolymph levels. The results showed that both crabs had the same response to foods containing different levels of Ca, with both species eating more of the high Ca diet. However, S. rectum consumed more per mg body mass at all Ca concentrations (6 mg.g(-1) for S. rectum against 3 mg.g(-1) for N. granulata). Both species excreted/egested Ca differently: S. rectum excreted Ca proportionally to ingestion, whereas N. granulata maintained constant faecal Ca output at all dietary Ca levels. Moreover, Ca hemolymph levels for crabs fed the different diets were independent of dietary Ca. In conclusion, both S. rectum and N. granulata seem to regulate the consumption of diets containing more Ca, which suggests a fine balance for Ca intake.

Proteomics of the neurotoxic fraction from the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum venom: Novel peptides belonging to new classes of toxins

In contrast to the many studies on the venoms of scorpions, spiders, snakes and cone snails, tip to now there has been no report of the proteomic analysis of sea anemones venoms. In this work we report for the first time the peptide mass fingerprint and some novel peptides in the neurotoxic fraction (Fr III) of the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum venom. Fr III is neurotoxic to crabs and was purified by rp-HPLC in a C-18 column, yielding 41 fractions. By checking their molecular masses by ESI-Q-Tof and MALDI-Tof MS we found 81 components ranging from near 250 amu to approximately 6000 amu. Some of the peptidic molecules were partially sequenced through the automated Edman technique. Three of them are peptides with near 4500 amu belonging to the class of the BcIV, BDS-I, BDS-II, APETx1, APETx2 and Am-II toxins. Another three peptides represent a novel group of toxins (similar to 3200 amu). A further three molecules (similar to similar to 4900 amu) belong to the group of type 1 sodium channel neurotoxins. When assayed over the crab leg nerve compound action potentials, one of the BcIV- and APETx-like peptides exhibits an action similar to the type 1 sodium channel toxins in this preparation, suggesting the same target in this assay. On the other hand one of the novel peptides, with 3176 amu, displayed an action similar to potassium channel blockage in this experiment. In summary, the proteomic analysis and mass fingerprint of fractions from sea anemone venoms through MS are valuable tools, allowing us to rapidly predict the occurrence of different groups of toxins and facilitating the search and characterization of novel molecules without the need of full characterization of individual components by broader assays and bioassay-guided purifications. It also shows that sea anemones employ dozens of components for prey capture and defense. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ATP pulse and calcium homeostasis in cells from hepatopancreas of Dilocarcinus pagei, a freshwater crab

Calcium (Ca) is critical for crustaceans due to their molting cycle and its presence in the carapace as calcium carbonate, apart from the usual functions of Ca, such as cell signalling. Ca transport in Dilocarcinus pagei, a freshwater crab, was studied in isolated cells from hepatopancreas to further characterize Ca transport mechanisms in these crabs. Cells were isolated and loaded with Fluo-3, a calcium fluorescent dye. Three different cell treatments were performed: Group 1 cells were Ca free during cell dissociation, and calcium was present (at 1mM) for fluorescence cell loading and transport experiments (FC); Group 2 cells were calcium free during cell dissociation and for transport experiments, but not during cell loading (LC); and Group 3 cells were Ca free during cell dissociation, cell loading and transport experiments (WC). Intracellular Ca was recorded through time after ATP was added to the cells and ATP caused an increase in Ca efflux within 30s in all cells. WC cells showed the smallest Ca efflux compared to the other cells, probably because it was intracellularly Ca ""depleted"". Vanadate and amiloride decreased the Ca efflux when ATP was added to the cells, while verapamil did not cause any effect in Ca efflux, confirming the presence of a Ca(2+)-ATPase sensitive to vanadate in hepatopancreas of D. pagei. In a different set of experiments, cells were also exposed to a Ca pulse of 1 and 10mM during 180s. 10mM Ca increased intracellular Ca compared to 1mM, and the increase was not recovered during the experimental time. Additionally, Ca influx was reduced by verapamil and amiloride, but not completely. The results suggest that Ca influx probably occurs through an undefined exchanger, apart from Ca channels (verapamil sensitive) and electrogenic 1Na(+)(1H(+))/1 Ca(2+) exchanger (amiloride-sensitive). Similarities between freshwater and seawater crabs, lobsters and crayfish in relation to plasma membrane Ca transporters, although the environment where they live is quite diverse, suggest that universal mechanisms for Ca homeostasis are widespread among crustaceans. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Linear covariant gauges on the lattice

Linear covariant gauges, such as Feynman gauge, are very useful in perturbative calculations. Their non-perturbative formulation is, however, highly non-trivial. In particular, it is a challenge to define linear covariant gauges on a lattice. We consider a class of gauges in lattice gauge theory that coincides with the perturbative definition of linear covariant gauges in the formal continuum limit. The corresponding gauge-fixing procedure is described and analyzed in detail, with an application to the pure SU(2) case. In addition, results for the gluon propagator in the two-dimensional case are given. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.