128 resultados para Seven Years’ War

em Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual da Universidade de São Paulo (BDPI/USP)


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Para a Psicologia Evolucionista as diferenças de gênero existentes nas brincadeiras resultam de influências culturais que interagem com uma pré-disposição selecionada na espécie. Objetivou-se investigar se tais diferenças seriam compatíveis com dimorfismo sexual descrito na literatura da área. Setenta e três alunos entre seis e sete anos de uma escola particular foram filmados em quatro sessões de 30 minutos de recreio. Contabilizou-se a freqüência dos comportamentos e os pares com que ocorriam. Posteriormente, 21 crianças foram entrevistadas sobre suas brincadeiras prediletas e suas classificações de brincadeiras segundo o gênero. Pôde-se observar que ambos os sexos participam de atividades similares, mas em interações intra-sexuais. Além disso, observaram-se diferenças topográficas na forma de brincar, de acordo com o sexo. Nas entrevistas, como previa a literatura, foram registradas diferenças entre o relatado e o observado, indicando maior influência cultural sobre o conteúdo relatado.

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The growth parameters and the mortality rates of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) were studied based on monthly data of frequency of fork length classes obtained from commercial landings off the Peruvian coast from 1996 to 1998. The asymptotic body length and growth rate values obtained by the ELEFAN I (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) ranged from 40.20 cm to 42.20 cm and from 0.38 to 0.39, respectively. The oscillation amplitude was 0.60; the Winter point values varied from 0.50 to 0.60 and the performance index from 2.79 to 2.84. The total mortality rate of the Chub mackerel obtained by the linearized catch curve oscillated between 1.68 and 3.35. The rate of fishing mortality varied from 1.16 to 2.78 and the exploitation rate from 0.68 to 0.84. The annual rate of natural mortality estimated by the Pauly's method ranged from 0.52 to 0.53. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the longevity of the Chub mackerel was slightly over seven years.

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OBJETIVO: Em 2007, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) propôs um referencial de crescimento de cinco a 19 anos, a ser utilizado em continuidade ao referencial de menores de cinco anos (de 2006), que, entre outras características, aos cinco anos de idade mostra um bom ajuste com a curva de 2006. Este estudo visa comparar os referenciais da OMS com o crescimento observado em pré-escolares brasileiros. MÉTODOS: A partir dos dados antropométricos de 2.830 crianças com idade entre três e seis anos de duas amostras das cidades de Taubaté e Santo André, em São Paulo, foram calculados os valores dos percentis (P) 5, 50 e 95 de peso, estatura e índice de massa corpórea (IMC). Os valores dos novos referenciais da OMS foram comparados a esses resultados de acordo com o sexo e a faixa etária. RESULTADOS: Nos percentis de estatura, o referencial apresentou valores próximos ou pouco superiores aos dos pré-escolares até os cinco anos. Nessa idade, a tendência se inverte, obtendo-se valores progressivamente inferiores até os sete anos. Para peso e IMC, em todas as idades consideradas, o P5 e 50 dos referenciais são pouco menores que os das crianças, mas o P95 indica uma tendência de crescimento progressivamente menor, fazendo com que, próximo aos sete anos, o P95 de IMC dos pré-escolares da amostra seja cerca de 4kg/m² maior. CONCLUSÕES: Os referenciais da OMS apontam uma prevalência menor de magreza (desnutrição) e baixa estatura entre cinco e sete anos e, ao mesmo tempo, uma elevação importante da prevalência de obesidade entre três e sete anos de idade.

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OBJETIVOS: avaliar a prevalência de obesidade global e obesidade abdominal, em mulheres pós-menopausa, segundo o grau de instrução, nível de atividade física, uso de terapia hormonal na menopausa (THM) e paridade. MÉTODOS: foram entrevistadas 157 mulheres na pós-menopausa, atendidas em dois ambulatórios públicos da cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. A obesidade foi determinada segundo o índice de massa corporal (IMC > 30,0) e segundo o percentual de gordura corporal (%GC > 37%). A obesidade abdominal foi determinada pela relação cintura-quadril (RCQ > 0,85). RESULTADOS: a prevalência de obesidade global foi 34,4% (segundo o IMC) e de 40,1% (segundo o %GC). A prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi de 73,8%. Grande parte das entrevistadas referiu até sete anos de instrução formal (47,8%), foi considerada sedentária ou insuficientemente ativa (52,3%) e nunca tinha utilizado THM oral ou tinha utilizado por menos de 12 meses (72,0%). Foi constatada maior prevalência de obesidade global no grupo de mulheres sedentárias ou insuficientemente ativas e no grupo de não usuárias de THM (p<0,05). Quanto à obesidade abdominal, fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), apenas o grau de instrução mostrou-se associado à RCQ (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: mulheres após a menopausa, fisicamente ativas e usuárias de THM exibiram menor prevalência de obesidade global, porém a prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi alta e ainda maior nas mulheres com menor grau de instrução

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The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) population that uses Abrolhos Bank, off the east coast of Brazil as a breeding ground is increasing. To describe temporal changes in the relative abundance of humpback whales around Abrolhos, seven years (1998-2004) of whale count data were collected during July through to November. During one-hour-scans, observers determined group size within 9.3 km (5 n.m.) of a land-based observing station. A total Of 930 scans, comprising 7996 sightings of adults and 2044 calves were analysed using generalized linear models that included variables for time of day, day of the season, years and two-way interactions as possible predictors. The pattern observed was the gradual build-up and decline in whale counts within seasons. Patterns and peaks of adult and calf counts varied among years. Although fluctuation was observed, there was generally an increasing trend in adult counts among years. Calf counts increased only in 2004. These fluctuations may have been caused by some environmental conditions in humpback whales` summering grounds and also by changes in spatial-temporal concentrations in Abrolhos Bank. The general pattern observed within the study area mirrored what was observed in the whole Abrolhos Bank. Knowledge of the consistency with which humpback whales use this important nursing area should prove beneficial for designing future monitoring programmes especially related to whale watching activities around Abrolhos Archipelago.

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The objective of this study is to describe preliminary results from the cross-cultural adaptation of the Quality of Life Assessment Questionnaire, used to measure health related quality of life (HRQL) in Brazilian children aged between 5 and 11 with HIV/AIDS. The cross-cultural model evaluated the Concept, Item, Semantic and Measurement Equivalences (internal consistency and intra-observer reliability). Evaluation of the conceptual, item, semantic equivalences showed that the Portuguese version is pertinent for the Brazilian context. Four of seven domains showed internal consistency above 0.70 (α: 0.76-0.90) and five of seven revealed intra-observer reliability (ricc: 0.41-0.70). This first Portuguese version of the HRQL questionnaire can be understood as a valuable tool for assessing children's HRQL, but further studies with large samples and more robust analyses are recommended before use in the Brazilian context.

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In 1997 we examined the prevalence of dementia among the Japanese elderly immigrants living in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area (n = 166). Herein, we followed up on these subjects for causes of death and dementia incidence. We were able to contact 108 subjects: 54 were already dead. The most common cause of death was cardiac disease. For dementia, 31.6% of the dead subjects were found to have developed dementia before they died, and 20.8% of the living subjects were demented. As for the baseline the clinical dementia rating (CDR), 20.8% of CDR 0 and 50.0% of CDR 0.5 subjects developed dementia in the dead group; whereas in the living group, 23.9% of CDR 0 and 52.6% of CDR 0.5 developed dementia. As a whole, the incidence was 34.2% per 1000 person-years. Cardiac disease as the most common cause of death was probably due to the higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Compared with the previous study, the lower incidence of dementia from the CDR 0.5 group may have been due to a higher mortality rate. This is the first study on the incidence of dementia in elderly Japanese immigrants in Brazil. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Candidemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality resulting in significant increases in the length of patients` hospitalization and in healthcare costs. Critically ill patients are at particular risk for candidemia because of their debilitated condition and frequent need for invasive procedures. The aim of this study was to characterize the incidence and epidemiology of candidemia over a seven-year period in intensive care units (ICUs) and the use of fluconazole and caspofungin in a large university-affiliated hospital. All cases of candidemia were identified by surveillance, using the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention criteria. Demographic variables, use of antifungal (fluconazole and caspofungin) and patient outcomes were evaluated. The 2 test for linear trend was employed to evaluate the distribution of Candida spp. and the use of fluconazole and caspofungin by defined daily dose (DDD) per 1,000 patients-days during the study period. One hundred and eight episodes of candidemia were identified. The overall incidence of candidemia (P=0.20) and incidence of non-Candida albicans Candida infections (P=0.32) remained stable over the study period and ranged from 0.3-0.9 episodes per 1,000 catheter-days and 0.39-0.83 episodes per 1,000 patients-days. However, the use of fluconazole and caspofungin increased significantly (P0.001). While there were no reports of the use of fluconazole for prophylaxis in 1999, its use for this purpose increased from 3% in 2000 to 7.0% (P=0.07) in 2006. C. albicans was the most frequent specie isolated and burns and cancer were the most frequent underlying conditions. The overall mortality was 76%. There was no difference between C. albicans and non-C. albicans Candida infections when the crude and 14-day mortality rates were compared. Our data demonstrated that C. albicans is still the most frequent species causing candidemia in our intensive care units. Our rates of candidemia are lower than those reported from the region and similar to American and European hospitals. Although the incidence of blood stream infections (BSI) and candidemia remained stable, the use of fluconazole and caspofungin increased significantly over the years included in this study but had no impact on the incidence of infections caused by non-C. albicans Candida species.

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The 16q21 -> qter duplication is a chromosomal abnormality rarely found in liveborn infants, with only four published cases. We report here on the 7-year follow-up of a female patient with trisomy 16q21 -> qter due to a maternal balanced translocation t(4;16)(q35.2;q21). The patient shows severe mental retardation, congenital heart malformations, nephropathy, and other congenital anomalies. The derivative chromosome was characterized by GTG banding, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with different BAG probes and the array technique, in order to map the breakpoints. The patient has a 16q21 -> qter duplication, with a 4q35 -> qter monosomy, which we assume does not contribute to the abnormal phenotype. This is the first reported case of postnatal survival to the age of 7 years, an unusually long time in this chromosomal syndrome. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Congenital sternal cleft is a rare disease, and primary repair in the neonatal period is its best management. In 1998 we presented three surgical techniques for sternal cleft correction, but since 1999 we have elected one of them as our procedure of choice. Our latest results are now presented. It is a review of 15 patients operated from October 1979 to December 2007. Surgical repair consisted of 3 sliding chondrotomies, 10 reconstructions basec on a `posterior sternal wall`, 1 reconstruction combined to Ravitch operation for pectus excavatum and 1 associated with total repair of Cantrell`s pentalogy. Data concerning epidemiological features, surgical reconstruction, aesthetic results, postoperative major complications, mortality and hospital stay, were collected from hospital charts. Follow-up ranged from 4 months to 27 years. All patients submitted to surgical, correction had a good aesthetic and functional result. Neither postoperative mortality nor major complication was observed. Two patients had subcutaneous fluid collection that prolonged the drainage duration. The mean hospital stay was 6 days. In conclusion, reconstructing sterna. cleft with a `posterior periosteal flap from sternal bars and chondral graft` is an effective option with good aesthetic and long-term functional results. (C) 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognized as the leading cause of nosocomial respiratory infection among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. RSV is easily transmitted by contact with contaminated surfaces, and in HSCT units, more than 50% of RSV infections have been characterized as of nosocomial origin. From April 2001 to October 2002, RSV was identified by direct immunofluorescent assay in 42 symptomatic HSCT recipients. Seven RSV strains from 2001 and 12 RSV strains from 2002 were sequenced. RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers complementary to RSV genes G and F were pet-formed. PCR products were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing of the C-terminal region of gene G for typing (in group A or B). Of the 7 strains analyzed in 2001, only 2 belonged to group B; the other 5 belonged to group A. Of these 7 strains, 3 were identical and were from recipients receiving outpatient care. In 2002, of the 12 strains analyzed, 3 belonged to group A and the other 9 belonged to group B. Of these 9 strains, 7 were genetically identical and were also from recipients receiving outpatient care. Therefore, multiple strains of RSV cocirculated in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant units (ward and outpatient units) between 2001 and 2002. Nosocomial transmission was more likely to occur at the HSCT outpatient unit than in the HSCT ward. Infection control practices should also be implemented in the outpatient setting.

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Objective: To study the growth of children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) from birth to 2 years of age and to construct specific UCLP growth curves. Design: Physical growth was a secondary outcome measure of a National Institutes of Health-sponsored longitudinal, prospective clinical trial involving the University of Florida (United States) and the University of Sao Paulo (Brazil). Patients: Six hundred twenty-seven children with UCLP, nonsyndromic, both genders. Methods: Length, weight, and head circumference were prospectively measured for a group of children enrolled in a clinical trial. Median growth curves for the three parameters (length, weight, head circumference) were performed and compared with the median for the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) curves. The median values for length, weight, and head circumference at birth and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age were plotted against NCHS median values and statistically compared at birth and 24 months. Setting: Hospital de Reabilitacao de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (HRAC-USP). Results: At birth, children of both genders with UCLP presented with smaller body dimensions in relation to NCHS median values, but the results suggest a catch-up growth for length, weight, and head circumference for girls and for weight (to some degree) and head circumference for boys. Conclusions: Weight was the most compromised parameter for both genders, followed by length and then head circumference. There was no evidence of short stature. This study established growth curves for children with UCLP.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate children's respiratory patterns in the mixed dentition, by means of acoustic rhinometry, and its relation to the upper arch width development. Fifty patients were examined, 25 females and 25 males with mean age of eight years and seven months. All of them were submitted to acoustic rhinometry and upper and lower arch impressions to obtain plaster models. The upper arch analysis was accomplished by measuring the interdental transverse distance of the upper teeth, deciduous canines (measurement 1), deciduous first molars (measurement 2), deciduous second molars (measurement 3) and the first molars (measurement 4). The results showed that an increased left nasal cavity area in females means an increased interdental distance of the deciduous first molars and deciduous second molars and an increased interdental distance of the deciduous canines, deciduous first and second molars in males. It was concluded that there is a correlation between the nasal cavity area and the upper arch transverse distance in the anterior and mid maxillary regions for both genders.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as implicações da surdez adquirida em adultos, na vida familiar, social e no trabalho, com uma abordagem qualitativa. Foram selecionadas 27 pessoas residentes em Bauru-SP, com diagnóstico de perda auditiva de manifestação súbita na faixa etária de 18 a 60 anos, matriculados no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais (HRAC/USP) entre janeiro de 2000 e fevereiro de 2005, sendo entrevistados 16. Utilizaram-se a entrevista e a análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se: a perda auditiva ocorreu entre os 40 e 44 anos, 37,5%; 62,5% dos que perderam a audição eram do sexo masculino, 62,5% não tinham o ensino fundamental; 62,5% eram da classe Baixa Superior; 75% apresentaram perda auditiva bilateral, 18,75% de grau moderado/profundo. Dos 13 que estavam trabalhando quando perderam a audição, 30,77% pararam de trabalhar e 15,38% mudaram de profissão. Foram relatadas situações como: afastamento do trabalho, demissão a pedido e demissão pelo empregador, dificuldade de aceitação, cobranças, falta de esclarecimentos e desconhecimento dos próprios profissionais de saúde. Os dados sugerem a necessidade dos recursos de reabilitação, de apoio terapêutico, respeito e alternativas de conhecimentos.