Brazilian foreign policy: Old and new paths as regards institutional aspects, multilateralism and foreign policy towards the South

This paper emphasizes the important changes in Brazilian foreign policy after Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva took tip the power in 2002. The paper defends the idea that it is not possible to argue that there were deep changes in comparison to Cardoso's administration. However, evidence shows that new things are happening as regards the design of a more active and clear foreign action line which led to institutional changes and to more incisive multilateral paths. This results both from the political profile of the direct operators of foreign policy and the aims of lite presidential diplomacy, The hypothesis dealt with on this paper consists on the fact that Lula's administration has not fully broken with the old administration practices, however the aims of global and regional integration are being plotted more clearly and with a higher degree of activism. This becomes clear in three aspects of the Brazilian foreign policy: the institutional framework, the practice of multilateralism and the foreign policy towards the South, the three topics analyzed in this paper.

O Brasil diante da questão espanhola na ONU (1946-1950)

This article analyzes the Brazilian procedures regarding the ""Spanish Question"" at the UN, whose debates deal about the international situation of the General Franco's regime. We intend to demonstrate how the international interests, especially regarding the relationships with the USA, determined the position of the Brazilian government concerning the Spanish Question.

O programa de incentivo à instalação de cozinhas comunitárias: avaliação de uma política pública brasileira

O trabalho tem como objetivo descrever e avaliar as Cozinhas Comunitárias (CC) apoiadas pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social (MDS) em funcionamento no Brasil em 2006. Trata-se de estudo transversal que investigou as CC, com projetos contemplados nos editais do MDS realizados entre os anos de 2003 a 2005. Inicialmente foram identificadas as CC em funcionamento e estas CC foram visitadas para a coleta de dados relativos ao atendimento prestado, avaliação da estrutura física e das refeições oferecidas. A estrutura física foi avaliada por meio de um check-list, baseado nas exigências da legislação sanitária, e a oferta de refeições foi caracterizada pelos alimentos e preparações oferecidas pelas CC para determinar o valor nutricional das refeições. A maioria das cozinhas financiadas (60%) estava em fase de implementação no momento da entrevista, entre as cozinhas em funcionamento, a maioria estava localizada nos Estados de Santa Catarina e Paraná. Observou-se também que cerca de 20% das cozinhas não ofereciam refeições regularmente. Ao realizar a avaliação nutricional das refeições, foi observada uma grande heterogeneidade na oferta de alimentos. Ao avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias, quase a totalidade das CC foram classificadas como deficientes ou regulares, indicando inadequação na produção de refeições. O Programa das Cozinhas Comunitárias pode exercer importante papel nas políticas de segurança alimentar e nutricional do país, no entanto, devem ser realizados esforços no sentido de garantir a implantação em comunidades situadas nos Estados menos desenvolvidos, com fixação de números mínimos para atendimento, de parâmetros nutricionais e garantia de fornecimento seguro de alimentos

Influências metodológicas na mensuração de impacto: o caso das Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e sua "qualificação"

In recent years, the availabity of citation indexes for evaluation of Brazilian scientific production has increased. The comparison between the results of the methodologies used to estimate indicators in the citation reports of SciELO database and in Journal Citation Reports (ISI-Thomson Scientific) made it possible to evaluate implications associated to the Brazilian scientific policy (Qualis), regarding some specific criteria. A period of 10 years was considered, taking into account two bibliometric indicators (the total of citations in a year and the Impact Factor) of the journal Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, which is indexed in both indexes. The correction of the indicators associated to this journal showed that the differences in the citation indexed were more expressive in 2001, having decreased in the last years. This reduction gives credibility to both databases, validating their systems for the production of bibliometric indicators.

Política externa chilena e espectro ideológico político-partidário: um estudo sobre a Câmara dos Deputados (2002-2006)

The influence of political parties on decisions made by members of Congress is a hotly debated issue in political science. In foreign policy, which is usually considered nonpartisan, the matter is even more inconclusive. The current study analyzes all the roll-call votes taken on foreign policy issues in the 2002-2006 legislature of the Chilean Chamber of Deputies. After tracing a spatial map of foreign policy preferences among Chilean Deputies using the Nominate statistical package, we concluded that the ideology of the legislator's political party is a predictive factor for his or her foreign policy behavior. Our findings indicate that the way Chilean legislators structure their preferences on foreign policy issues does not differ significantly from the way they shape their domestic policy preferences.

Identification of nurses` competencies in primary health care through a Delphi study in southern Brazil

Objective: This investigation aimed to identify and analyze the general and specific competencies of nurses in the primary health care practice of Brazil. Design: The Delphi Technique was used as the method of study. Sample: 2 groups of participants were selected: One contained primary health care nurses (n=52) and the other specialists (n=57), including public health nurses and public or community health faculty. Measurements: 3 questionnaires were developed for the study. The first asked participants to indicate general and specific competencies, which were compiled into a list for each group. A Likert scale of 1-5 was added to these 2 lists in the second and third questionnaires. A consensus criterion of 75% for score 4 or 5 was adopted. Results: In the nurses` group, 17 general and 8 specific competencies reached the consensus criterion; 19 general and 9 specific competencies reached the criterion in the specialists` group. These competencies were classified into 10 domains: professional values, communication, teamwork, management, community-oriented, health promotion, problem solving, health care, and education and basic public health sciences. Conclusions: These competencies reflect Brazilian health policy and constitute a reference for health professional practice and education.

A Model for comparing reduced impact logging with conventional logging for an Eastern Amazonian Forest

Using data from a logging experiment in the eastern Brazilian Amazon region, we develop a matrix growth and yield model that captures the dynamic effects of harvest system choice on forest structure and composition. Multinomial logistic regression is used to estimate the growth transition parameters for a 10-year time step, while a Poisson regression model is used to estimate recruitment parameters. The model is designed to be easily integrated with an economic model of decisionmaking to perform tropical forest policy analysis. The model is used to compare the long-run structure and composition of a stand arising from the choice of implementing either conventional logging techniques or more carefully planned and executed reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques, contrasted against a baseline projection of an unlogged forest. Results from log and leave scenarios show that a stand logged according to Brazilian management requirements will require well over 120 years to recover its initial commercial volume, regardless of logging technique employed. Implementing RIL, however, accelerates this recovery. Scenarios imposing a 40-year cutting cycle raise the possibility of sustainable harvest volumes, although at significantly lower levels than is implied by current regulations. Meeting current Brazilian forest policy goals may require an increase in the planned total area of permanent production forest or the widespread adoption of silvicultural practices that increase stand recovery and volume accumulation rates after RIL harvests. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Response to AIDS in Brazil: contributions of social movements and the sanitary reform

This paper briefly outlines how the political scenario and the mobilization of different actors have contributed to the construction of a public health policy in response to the AIDS epidemics in Brazil. Three factors are presented and discussed: the political context of the 1980s, characterized by redemocratization, growth of social movements, and consolidation of the Brazilian health care reform; the socio-cultural context of the 1970s and 1980s, characterized by achievement of individual freedom, which was key to the organization of the AIDS movement; and finally the actions carried out in the international scenario to support the sustainability of the Brazilian domestic policy and the reinforcement of a global response to face the epidemics in lower-middle income economies.