Negligência e abandono de crianças e adolescentes: análises dos casos notificados em município do Paraná, Brasil

A negligência e abandono constituem-se uma das formas mais frequentes de maus tratos. No entanto, seu conhecimento ainda está em processo de construção. Objetivo: analisar as características da negligência/abandono contra menores de 15 anos residentes em Londrina, PR, cujo evento foi notificado aos Conselhos Tutelares e serviços de atendimento, em 2006. Método: Estudo transversal e descritivo, cujos dados foram processados pelo programa EPI Info. Resultados: Foram obtidos 308 casos, cuja notificação se deu, principalmente, por profissionais de saúde (67,2 por cento). As vítimas do sexo feminino predominaram (72,7 por cento) e maiores coeficientes foram aos 4 anos (13,8 e 5,0 por 1.000 no sexo feminino e masculino, respectivamente). Os agressores foram mãe (69,5 por cento) e madrasta (22,2 por cento). As quesões da maternidade, ou seja, presença de filho não natural (32,8 por cento) e a pouca idade da mãe (20,8 por cento) foram as características mais associadas. As vítimas sofreram o abuso por 1 a 2 anos antes da notificação (62,7 por cento). Conclusões: O estudo contribui para ampliar o conhecimento acerca da negligência e abandono praticada contra menores. É preciso que os órgãos competentes trabalhem para a detecção precoce, a fim de possibilitar tratamento e acompanhamento adequados que possam reduzir as importantes sequelas decorrentes

Grupos de catadores autônomos na coleta seletiva do município de São Paulo

Pesquisa na cidade de Sâo Paulo identificou dificuldades que grupos de catadores autônomos de recicláveis enfrentam para se inserirrem no Programa de Coleta Seletiva oficial. A cidade gera diariamente 16 mil toneladas de resíduos, apenas 1% destinados à coleta seletiva. Entretanto, grupos de catadores coletam informalmente sem ser incluídos nas estatístias. Foram levantados bibliografia, legislação sobre resíduos, grupos atuantes na coleta seletiva; e aplicados formulários em 13 grupos. Dados indicaram organizaçãoDados indicaram organização e gestão dos grupos, dificuldades, gerenciamento e divisão dos recursos, participantes e interesse de participarem da coleta seletiva oficial. Das dificuldades que os grupos apontaram estão: falta de espaço adequado para guardar, separar e enfardar material coletado; falta de recursos para seu desenvolvimento; e falta de apoio do governo

Cuidado à saúde de crianças Kaiowá e Guarani: notas de observação de campo

Inicia-se uma discussão sobre as práticas de saúde e cuidado utilizadas pelos Kaiowá e Guarani da Terra Indígena de Caarapó no enfrentamento das doenças diarréicas na infância. Utilizou-se de uma contribuição etnográfica, através do uso da técnica da observação participante e de entrevistas aberta com moradores da comunidade. Em se tratando de uma sociedade que vivencia permanentes transformações de ordem social advindas das relações interétnicas e da sucessiva presença dos serviços de saúde, observa-se que o significado de diarréia infantil, assim como as decisões relativas à prevenção e ao seu tratamento, refletem comportamentos diferenciados e complexos. A diarréia, também conhecida como chiri, é definida através de sinais que, de certa forma, são semelhantes aos biomédicos. No entanto, nem sempre as explicações de causalidade e as formas de tratamento seguem, unicamente, a abordagem biomédica. A variedade de causas da doença diarréica entre as crianças indígenas implica na escolha do processo terapêutico, que pode ser desde a procura por um especialista tradicional, realização de chás e infusões e, ainda, procura pelos serviços de saúde. Tais explicações e formas de tratamento pressupõem a existência de um processo de negociação entre pessoas de uma mesma cultura e de culturas distintas. Neste sentido, os serviços de saúde ao tratar a criança com diarréia, devem considerar não apenas a perspectiva biomédica, mas também dialogar com a percepção e as práticas indígenas na identificação da causalidade, na definição do diagnóstico e do tratamento, sobretudo, pela coexistência destas práticas no contexto local

Interleukin-22 forms dimers that are recognized by two interleukin-22R1 receptor chains

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a class 2 cytokine whose primary structure is similar to that of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). IL-22 induction during acute phase immune response indicates its involvement in mechanisms of inflammation. Structurally different from IL-10 and a number of other members of IL-10 family, which form intertwined inseparable V-shaped dimers of two identical polypeptide chains, a single polypeptide chain of IL-22 folds on itself in a relatively globular structure. Here we present evidence, based on native gel electrophoresis, glutaraldehyde cross-linking, dynamic light scattering, and small angle x-ray scattering experiments, that human IL-22 forms dimers and tetramers in solution under protein concentrations assessable by these experiments. Unexpectedly, low-resolution molecular shape of IL-22 dimers is strikingly similar to that of IL-10 and other intertwined cytokine dimeric forms. Furthermore, we determine an ab initio molecular shape of the IL-22/IL-22R1 complex which reveals the V-shaped IL-22 dimer interacting with two cognate IL-22R1 molecules. Based on this collective evidence, we argue that dimerization might be a common mechanism of all class 2 cytokines for the molecular recognition with their respective membrane receptor. We also speculate that the IL-22 tetramer formation could represent a way to store the cytokine in nonactive form at high concentrations that could be readily converted into functionally active monomers and dimers upon interaction with the cognate cellular receptors.

Transition to complete synchronization in phase-coupled oscillators with nearest neighbor coupling

We investigate synchronization in a Kuramoto-like model with nearest neighbor coupling. Upon analyzing the behavior of individual oscillators at the onset of complete synchronization, we show that the time interval between bursts in the time dependence of the frequencies of the oscillators exhibits universal scaling and blows up at the critical coupling strength. We also bring out a key mechanism that leads to phase locking. Finally, we deduce forms for the phases and frequencies at the onset of complete synchronization.

Efficacy of sweet solutions for analgesia in infants between 1 and 12 months of age: a systematic review

Objective To compare the efficacy of oral sweet solutions to water or no treatment in infants aged 1-12 months during immunisation. Methods Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved through internet searches or manual searches of reference lists. Search terms included newborn, infant, pain, sucrose and alternative names for sweet solutions. Summary estimates with 95% CIs were calculated and included relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB) for dichotomous outcomes, and weighted mean differences (WMD) for continuous outcomes. Where pooling of results was not possible, a narrative summary of study results is presented. Results Of the 695 studies identified, 14 RCTs with 1674 injections met the inclusion criteria. Sucrose or glucose, compared to water or no treatment decreased crying during or following immunisation in 13 of the 14 studies. Infants receiving 30% glucose (three trials, 243 infants) had a decreased RR in crying incidence following immunisation (typical RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93; RD -0.17, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.05; NNTB 6, 95% CI 3 to 20). With sucrose or glucose, there was a 10% WMD reduction in proportion of crying time (95% CI - 18 to - 2) and a 12 s reduction in crying duration (95% CI - 23 to -0.7 s). An optimal dose of sucrose or glucose could not be ascertained due to the varied volumes and concentrations used. Conclusion Infants aged 1-12 months administered sucrose or glucose before immunisation had moderately reduced incidence and duration of crying. Healthcare professionals should consider using sucrose or glucose before and during immunisation.

A simple procedure for reliability assessment of thin composite plates against buckling

In some circumstances ice floes may be modeled as beams. In general this modeling supposes constant thickness, which contradicts field observations. Action of currents, wind and the sequence of contacts, causes thickness to vary. Here this effect is taken into consideration on the modeling of the behavior of ice hitting inclined walls of offshore platforms. For this purpose, the boundary value problem is first equated. The set of equations so obtained is then transformed into a system of equations, that is then solved numerically. For this sake an implicit solution is developed, using a shooting method, with the accompanying Jacobian. In-plane coupling and the dependency of the boundary terms on deformation, make the problem non-linear and the development particular. Deformation and internal resultants are then computed for harmonic forms of beam profile. Forms of giving some additional generality to the problem are discussed.

Precision of distances and ordering of microsatellite markers in consensus linkage maps of chromosomes 1, 3 and 4 from two reciprocal chicken populations using bootstrap sampling

Some factors complicate comparisons between linkage maps from different studies. This problem can be resolved if measures of precision, such as confidence intervals and frequency distributions, are associated with markers. We examined the precision of distances and ordering of microsatellite markers in the consensus linkage maps of chromosomes 1, 3 and 4 from two F 2 reciprocal Brazilian chicken populations, using bootstrap sampling. Single and consensus maps were constructed. The consensus map was compared with the International Consensus Linkage Map and with the whole genome sequence. Some loci showed segregation distortion and missing data, but this did not affect the analyses negatively. Several inversions and position shifts were detected, based on 95% confidence intervals and frequency distributions of loci. Some discrepancies in distances between loci and in ordering were due to chance, whereas others could be attributed to other effects, including reciprocal crosses, sampling error of the founder animals from the two populations, F(2) population structure, number of and distance between microsatellite markers, number of informative meioses, loci segregation patterns, and sex. In the Brazilian consensus GGA1, locus LEI1038 was in a position closer to the true genome sequence than in the International Consensus Map, whereas for GGA3 and GGA4, no such differences were found. Extending these analyses to the remaining chromosomes should facilitate comparisons and the integration of several available genetic maps, allowing meta-analyses for map construction and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. The precision of the estimates of QTL positions and their effects would be increased with such information.

Identification of a Highly Antigenic Linear B Cell Epitope within Plasmodium vivax Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1)

Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) is considered to be a major candidate antigen for a malaria vaccine. Previous immunoepidemiological studies of naturally acquired immunity to Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1) have shown a higher prevalence of specific antibodies to domain II (DII) of AMA-1. In the present study, we confirmed that specific antibody responses from naturally infected individuals were highly reactive to both full-length AMA-1 and DII. Also, we demonstrated a strong association between AMA-1 and DII IgG and IgG subclass responses. We analyzed the primary sequence of PvAMA-1 for B cell linear epitopes co-occurring with intrinsically unstructured/ disordered regions (IURs). The B cell epitope comprising the amino acid sequence 290-307 of PvAMA-1 (SASDQPTQYEEEMTDYQK), with the highest prediction scores, was identified in domain II and further selected for chemical synthesis and immunological testing. The antigenicity of the synthetic peptide was identified by serological analysis using sera from P. vivax-infected individuals who were knowingly reactive to the PvAMA-1 ectodomain only, domain II only, or reactive to both antigens. Although the synthetic peptide was recognized by all serum samples specific to domain II, serum with reactivity only to the full-length protein presented 58.3% positivity. Moreover, IgG reactivity against PvAMA-1 and domain II after depletion of specific synthetic peptide antibodies was reduced by 18% and 33% (P = 0.0001 for both), respectively. These results suggest that the linear epitope SASDQPTQYEEEMTDYQK is highly antigenic during natural human infections and is an important antigenic region of the domain II of PvAMA-1, suggesting its possible future use in pre-clinical studies.

Potassium trifluoro[(Z)-3-methoxyprop-1-enyl]borate

In the title salt, K(+)center dot C(4)H(7)BF(3)O(-), the K atom is surrounded by six anions making close contacts through seven F [K center dot center dot center dot F = 2.779 (1)-3.048 (1) angstrom] and two O [K center dot center dot center dot O = 2.953 (2) and 3.127 (2) angstrom] atoms in a trivacant fac-vIC-9 icosahedral coordination geometry.

Synthesis and total H-1- and C-13-NMR assignment of cephem derivatives for use in ADEPT approaches

We report the synthesis and total NMR characterization of 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[[[(4''-nitrophenoxy)carbonyl]oxy]-methyl]-8-oxo-7[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]-diphenylmethyl ester-5-dioxide (5), a new cephalosporin derivative. This compound can be used as the carrier of a wide range of drugs containing an amino group. The preparation of the intermediate product, 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[methyl-4-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino) pentylcarbamate]-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]-diphenylmethyl ester-5-dioxide (6), as well as the synthesis of the antimalarial primaquine prodrug 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[methyl-4-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino) pentylcarbamate]-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]-5-dioxide (7) are also described, together with their total H-1- and C-13-NMR assignments.

1-[(Z)-1-Bromo-2-(butyldichloro-lambda(4)tellanyl)ethenyl]cyclohex-1-ene

The Te(IV) atom in the title compound, [Te(C(4)H(9))(C(8)H(10)Br)Cl(2)] or C(12)H(19)BrCl(2)Te, is in a distorted psi-trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, with the lone pair of electrons projected to occupy a position in the equatorial plane, and with the Cl atoms being mutually trans [172.48 (4)degrees]. Close intramolecular [Te center dot center dot center dot Br = 3.3444 (18) angstrom] and intermolecular [Te center dot center dot center dot Cl = 3.675 (3) angstrom] interactions are observed. The latter lead to centrosymmetric dimers which assemble into layers in the bc plane. The primary connections between layers are of the type C-H center dot center dot center dot Cl.

1-Benzyl-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine-3,4-diyl diacetate

The pyrrolidine-2,5-dione ring in the title compound, C(15)H(15)NO(6), is in a twisted conformation with the acetyl C atoms projecting to opposite sides of the ring. The acetyl groups lie to opposite sides of the five-membered ring. The benzene ring is roughly perpendicular to the heterocyclic ring, forming a dihedral angle of 76.57 (14)degrees with it. In the crystal, molecules are connected through a network of C-H center dot center dot center dot O and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions.

3-(1-Hydroxy-2-phenylprop-2-en-1-yl)phenol

Two independent pseudo-enantiomeric molecules comprise the asymmetric unit in the title compound, C(15)H(14)O(2). While the central O-C-C-C residue approaches planarity [torsion angles = -15.8 (3) (molecule a) and 15.4 (3)degrees (molecule b)], the benzene rings are approximately orthogonal [the dihedral angles formed between the benzene rings are 62.89 (12) (molecule a) and 80.15 (12)degrees (molecule b)]. Two-dimensional arrays in the ab plane sustained by O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonding are found in the crystal structure.