Enantioselective analysis of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol by CE with application to biotransformation studies employing endophytic fungi

A CE method is described for the enantioselective analysis of propranolol (Prop) and 4-hydroxypropranolol (4-OH-Prop) in liquid Czapek medium with application in the study of the enantioselective biotransformation of Prop by endophytic fungi. The electrophoretic conditions previously optimized were as follows: an uncoated fused-silica capillary, 4%w/v carboxymethyl-beta-CD in 25 mmol/L triethylamine/phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)) buffer at pH 9 as running electrolyte and 17 kV of voltage. UV detection was carried out at 208 nm. Liquid-liquid extraction using diethyl ether: ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v) as extractor solvent was employed for sample preparation. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.25-10.0 mu g/mL for each 4-OH-Prop enantiomer and 0.10-10.0 mu g/mL for each Prop enantiomer (r >= 0.995). Within-day and between-day relative standard deviations and relative errors for precision and accuracy were lower than 15% for all the enantiomers. Finally, the validated method was used to evaluate Prop biotransformation in its mammalian metabolite 4-OH-Prop by some selected endophytic fungi. The screening of five strains of endophytic fungi was performed and all of them could biotransform Prop to some extent. Specifically, Glomerella cingulata (VA1) biotransformed 47.8% of (-)-(S)-Prop to (-)-(S)-4-OH-Prop with no formation of (+)-(R)4-OH-Prop in 72 h of incubation.

Box-Behnken design for the optimization of an enantioselective method for the simultaneous analysis of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol by CE

An experimental design optimization (Box-Behnken design, BBD) was used to develop a CE method for the simultaneous resolution of propranolol (Prop) and 4-hydroxypropranolol enantiomers and acetaminophen (internal standard). The method was optimized using an uncoated fused silica capillary, carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) as chiral selector and triethylamine/phosphoric acid buffer in alkaline conditions. A BBD for four factors was selected to observe the effects of buffer electrolyte concentration, pH, CM-beta-CD concentration and voltage on separation responses. Each factor was studied at three levels: high, central and low, and three center points were added. The buffer electrolyte concentration ranged from 25 to 75 mM, the pH ranged from 8 to 9, the CM-beta-CD concentration ranged from 3.5 to 4.5%w/v, and the applied run voltage ranged from 14 to 20 W. The responses evaluated were resolution and migration time for the last peak. The obtained responses were processed by Minitab (R) to evaluate the significance of the effects and to find the optimum analysis conditions. The best results were obtained using 4%w/v CM-beta-CD in 25 mM triethylamine/H(3)PO(4) buffer at pH 9 as running electrolyte and 17 kV of voltage. Resolution values of 1.98 and 1.95 were obtained for Prop and 4-hydroxypropranolol enantiomers, respectively. The total analysis time was around of 15 min. The BBD showed to be an adequate design for the development of a CE method, resulting in a rapid and efficient optimization of the pH and concentration of the buffer, cyclodextrin concentration and applied voltage.

Antioxidant treatment reduces matrix metalloproteinase-2-induced vascular changes in renovascular hypertension

Mounting evidence indicates that structural and functional vascular changes associated with two-kidney, one-clip (2K-1C) hypertension result, at least in part, from altered activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Because MMPs are upregulated by increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we hypothesized that antioxidant approaches could attenuate the increases in MMP-2 expression/activity and the vascular dysfunction and remodeling associated with 2K-1C hypertension. Sham-operated or 2K-1C hypertensive rats were treated with tempol 18 mg/kg/day or apocyanin 25 mg/kg/day (or vehicle). Systolic blood pressure was monitored weekly. After 8 weeks of treatment, aortic rings were isolated to assess endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation. Quantitative morphometry of structural changes in the aortic wall was studied in hematoxylin/eosin sections. Aortic and systemic ROS levels were measured using dihydroethidine and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, respectively. Aortic MMP-2 levels and activity were determined by gelatin and in situ zymography, fluorimetry, and immunohistochemistry. Tempol and apocyanin attenuated 2K-1C hypertension (181 +/- 20.8 and 192 +/- 17.6 mm Hg, respectively, versus 213 +/- 18 mm Hg in hypertensive controls; both p<0.05) and prevented the reduction in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation found in 2K-1C rats. Tempol, but not apocyanin (p>0.05), prevented the vascular remodeling found in 2K-1C rats (all p<0.01). Tempol was more effective than apocyanin in attenuating hypertension-induced increases in oxidative stress (both p<0.05), MMP-2 levels, and MMP-2 activity in hypertensive rats (all p<0.05). Our results suggest that antioxidant approaches decrease MMP-2 upregulation and attenuate the vascular dysfunction and remodeling during 2K-1C hypertension. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Purification and characterization of Ts15, the first member of a new alpha-KTX subfamily from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus

Voltage-gated potassium channel toxins (KTxs) are basic short chain peptides comprising 23-43 amino acid residues that can be cross-linked by 3 or 4 disulfide bridges. KTxs are classified into four large families: alpha-, beta-, gamma- and kappa-KTx. These peptides display varying selectivity and affinity for K(v) channel subtypes. In this work, a novel toxin from the Tityus serrulatus venom was isolated, characterized and submitted to a wide electrophysiological screening on 5 different subtypes of Nay channels (Na(V)1.4; Na(V)1.5; Na(V)1.6; Na(V)1.8 and DmNa(V)1) and 12 different subtypes of Kv channels (K(V)1.1 - K(V)1.6; K(V)2.1; K(V)3.1; K(V)4.2; K(V)4.3; Shaker IR and ERG). This novel peptide, named Ts15, has 36 amino acids, is crosslinked by 3 disulfide bridges, has a molecular mass of 3956 Da and pI around 9. Electrophysiological experiments using patch clamp and the two-electrode voltage clamp techniques show that Ts15 preferentially blocks K(V)1.2 and K(V)1.3 channels with an IC(50) value of 196 +/- 25 and 508 +/- 67 nM, respectively. No effect on Na(V) channels was observed, at all tested concentrations. Since Ts15 shows low amino acid identity with other known KTxs, it was considered a bona fide novel type of scorpion toxin. Ts15 is the unique member of the new alpha-Ktx21 subfamily and therefore was classified as alpha-Ktx21.1. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preparation and characterization of chitosan-treated alginate microparticles incorporating all-trans retinoic acid

Chitosan treated alginate microparticles were prepared with the purpose of incorporating all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) using an inexpensive, simple and fast method, enhancing dermal localization and sustaining the release of ATRA into the skin. Microparticles characterization, drug-polymer interaction, release profile and in vitro skin retention were investigated. Microparticles presented spherical shape and drug loading capacity of 47%. The drug content of these microparticles was affected by ATRA concentration and by the solvent used and it was more weakly affected by chitosan concentration. The release of ATRA was also affected by chitosan concentration. Microparticles prepared with 0.4% chitosan (w/w) resulted in drug release with a more sustained profile. The results of in vitro retention studies showed that chitosan treated alginate microparticles decreased the drug retention in the stratum corneum (SC), where occur the skin irritation, but maintained the ATRA concentration in the deeper skin layers, where occur the pathologies treated with ATRA. Then, the microparticles developed in this work can be a good candidate to improve the topical therapy with retinoid.

A Validated Reverse-phase HPLC Analytical Method for the Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Baccharis dracunculifolia

Introduction - Baccharis dracunculifolia, which has great potential for the development of new phytotherapeutic medicines, is the most important botanical source of the southeastern Brazilian propolis, known as green propolis on account of its color. Objective - To develop a reliable reverse-phase HPLC chromatographic method for the analysis of phenolic compounds in both B. dracunculifolia raw material and its hydroalcoholic extracts. Methodology - The method utilised a C(18) CLC-ODS (M) (4.6 x 250 mm) column with nonlinear gradient elution and UV detection at 280 nm. A procedure for the extraction of phenolic compounds using aqueous ethanol 90%, with the addition of veratraldehyde as the internal standard, was developed allowing the quantification of 10 compounds: caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, aromadendrin-4`-methyl ether, isosakuranetin, drupanin, artepillin C, baccharin and 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran acid. Results - The developed method gave a good detection response with linearity in the range 20.83-800 mu g/mL and recovery in the range 81.25-93.20%, allowing the quantification of the analysed standards. Conclusion - The method presented good results for the following parameters: selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, as well as limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Therefore, this method could be considered as an analytical tool for the quality control of B. dracunculifolia raw material and its products in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evaluation of ent-Kaurenoic Acid Derivatives for their Anticariogenic Activity

Ent-kaur-16(17)-en-19-oic acid (kaurenoic acid, KA) is a tetracyclic diterpene prototype for natural anticaries agents. Six KA derivatives were prepared and their antimicrobial activity against the main microorganisms involved in the caries process evaluated. The sodium salt of KA (KA-Na) was the most active, displaying very promising MIC values for most pathogens. Time-kill assays against the primary causative agent of caries (Streptococcus mutans) indicated that KA and KA-Na only inhibited growth in the first 12 h, suggesting a bacteriostatic effect. After this period (12-24 h), their bactericidal effect was clearly noted. KA and KA-Na showed no synergy when combined with the gold standard anticariogenic (chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, CHD) in the checkerboard assays against S. mutans.

Farnesol induces the transcriptional accumulation of the Aspergillus nidulans Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF)-like mitochondrial oxidoreductase

Farnesol (FOH) is a non-sterol isoprenoid produced by dephosphorylation of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a catabolite of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. These isoprenoids inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. It has been shown previously that FOH triggers morphological features characteristic of apoptosis in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Here, we investigate which pathways are influenced through FOH by examining the transcriptional profile of A. nidulans exposed to this isoprenoid. We observed decreased mRNA abundance of several genes involved in RNA processing and modification, transcription, translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, amino acid transport and metabolism, and ergosterol biosynthesis. We also observed increased mRNA expression of genes encoding a number of mitochondrial proteins and characterized in detail one of them, the aifA, encoding the Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF)-like mitochondrial oxidoreductase. The Delta aifA mutant is more sensitive to FOH (about 8.0% and 0% survival when exposed to 10 and 100 mu M FOH respectively) than the wild type (about 97% and 3% survival when exposed to 10 and 100 mu M FOH respectively). These results suggest that AifA is possibly important for decreasing the effects of FOH and reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we showed an involvement of autophagy and protein kinase C in A. nidulans FOH-induced apoptosis.

In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo efficacy of topical formulations containing vitamin C and its derivatives studied by non-invasive methods

Background/purpose: Vitamins C and its derivatives, mainly due to their antioxidant properties, are being used in cosmetic products to protect and to reduce the signs of ageing. However, there are no studies comparing the effects of vitamin C [ascorbic acid (AA)] and its derivatives, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) and ascorbyl tetra-isopalmitate (ATIP), when vehiculated in topical formulations, mainly using objective measurements, which are an important tool in clinical efficacy studies. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of AA and its derivatives, MAP and ATIP, as well as their in vivo efficacy on human skin, when vehiculated in topical formulations. Methods: The study of antioxidant activity in vitro was performed with an aqueous and a lipid system. The in vivo methodology consisted of the application of these formulations on human volunteers` forearm skin and the analysis of the skin conditions after 4-week period daily applications in terms of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum moisture content and viscoelasticity using a Tewameter (R), Corneometer (R) and Cutometer (R), respectively. Results: In vitro experiments demonstrated that in an aqueous system, AA had the best antioxidant potential, and MAP was more effective than ATIP, whereas in the lipid system ATIP was more effective than MAP. In in vivo studies, all formulations enhanced stratum corneum moisture content after a 4-week period daily applications when compared with baseline values; however, only the formulation containing AA caused alterations in TEWL values. The formulations containing MAP caused alterations in the viscoelastic-to-elastic ratio, which suggested its action in the deeper layers of the skin. Conclusion: AA and its derivates presented an in vitro antioxidant activity but AA had the best antioxidant effect. In in vivo efficacy studies, only the formulation containing AA caused alterations in TEWL values and the formulation containing MAP caused alterations in the viscoelastic-to-elastic ratio. This way, vitamin C derivatives did not present the same effects of AA on human skin; however, MAP showed other significant effect-improving skin hydration, which is very important for the normal cutaneous metabolism and also to prevent skin alterations and early ageing.

Antimicrobial activity of the extract and isolated compounds from Baccharis dracunculifolia D. C. (Asteraceae)

Baccharis dracunculifolia D. C. (Asteraceae) is the most important plant source of the Brazilian green propolis. Since propolis is known for its antimicrobial activity, the aim of this work was to evaluate the showed that the leaves extract of B. dracunculifolia (BdE) presents antifungal and antibacterial activities, especially against Candida krusei and Cryptococcus neoformans, for which the BdE showed IC50 values of 65 mu g mL(-1) and 40 mu g mL(-1), respectively In comparison to the BdE, it was observed that the green propolis extract (GPE) showed better antimicrobial activity, displaying an IC50 value of 9 mu g mL(-1) against C krusei. Also, a phytochemical study of the BdE was carried out, affording the isolation of ursolic acid (1), 2 alpha-hydroxy-ursolic acid (2), isosakuranetin (3), aromadendrin-4`-methylether (4), baccharin (5), viscidone (6), hautriwaic acid lactone (7), and the clerodane diterpene 8. This is the first time that the presence of compounds 1, 2, and 8 in B. dracunculifolia has been reported. Among the isolated compounds, 1 and 2 showed antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, displaying IC50 values of 65 mu g mL(-1) and 40 mu g mL(-1), respectively. 3 was active against C neoformans, showing an IC50 value of 15 mu g mL(-1) and a MIC value of 40 mu g mL(-1), while compounds 4-8 were inactive against all tested microorganisms. The results showed that the BdE, similar to the GPE, displays antimicrobial activity, which may be related to the effect of several compounds present in the crude extract.

Microparticles as a Strategy for Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Delivery

The aims of this work were preparation and physical-chemical characterization of a microparticulate release system for delivery of enoxaparin sodium (ENX), a low-molecular-weight heparin, as a potential vehicle for optimization of deep venous thrombosis therapy. Microparticles (MPs) containing ENX were prepared from polylactide-co-glycolic acid [PLGA; (50: 50)] by a double emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The preparation parameters, such as proportion ENX/PLGA, surfactant concentration, type, time, and speed of stirring, were evaluated. The encapsulation efficiency and yield process were determined and optimized, and the in vitro release profile was analysed at 35 days. The MPs showed a spherical shape with smooth and regular surfaces. The size distribution showed a unimodal profile with an average size of 2.0 +/- 0.9 mu m. The low encapsulation efficiency (< 30%), characteristic of hydrophilic macromolecules was improved, reaching 50.2% with a procedure yield of 71.3%. The in vitro profile of ENX release from the MPs was evaluated and showed pseudo-zero-order kinetics. This indicated that diffusion was the main drug release mechanism. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100:1783-1792, 2011

Antimicrobial Activity of Terpenoids from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Against Cariogenic Bacteria

In the present work, the anticariogenic activities of nine labdane type-diterpenes and four sesquiterpenes were investigated. Among these metabolites, (-)-copalic acid (CA) was the most active compound displaying MIC values very promising (ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 mu g/mL) against the main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: Streptococcus salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis and Lactobacillus casei. Time kill assays performed with CA against the primary causative agent (S. mutans) revealed that, in the first 12 h, this compound only inhibits the growth of the inoculum (bacteriostatic effect). However, its bactericidal effect is clearly noted thereafter (between 12 and 24 h). Also, CA did not show a synergistic effect when combined with the anticariogenic gold standard (chlorhexidine, CHD) in the checkerboard assays against S. mutans. In conclusion, the results points out CA as an important metabolite in the search for new effective anticariogenic agents. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Iontophoretic transport of zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid as a tool to improve drug topical delivery

Phthalocyanines have been used as systemic photosensitizers because of their high affinity towards tumour tissue, and the high rates of reactive oxygen species produced when they are irradiated during photodynamic therapy. However, the topical administration of these compounds is limited by their large size, poor hydrosolubility and ionic character. This study aimed to investigate the iontophoretic delivery of charged zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (ZnPcS(4)) from a hydrophilic gel to different skin layers by means of in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Six hours of passive administration was insufficient for ZnPcS(4) to cross the stratum corneum (SC) and to reach the epidermis and dermis. No positive effect was reached when anodal iontophoresis was performed, showing that the drug-electrode attraction effect was higher than the electro-osmosis contribution at a pH of 5.5. Cathodal iontophoresis, however, was able to transport significant amounts of the drug to the viable epidermis. In addition, the absence of NaCl in the formulation significantly increased (by five-fold) the amount of ZnPcS(4) that crossed the SC and accumulated in the epidermis and dermis. It was possible to visualize the drug accumulation in the follicle openings and in the epidermis, even after SC removal. In-vivo experiments in rat skin showed that these results were maintained in an in-vivo model, even with only 15 min of iontophoresis. In addition, confocal analysis of the treated skin showed a homogeneous distribution of ZnPcS(4) in the viable epidermis after this short period of cathodal iontophoresis. Anti-Cancer Drugs 22:783-793 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

In vitro antileishmanial, antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of phenolics and triterpenoids from Baccharis dracunculifolia D. C. (Asteraceae)

Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae), the most important plant source of the Brazilian green propolis (GPE), displayed in vitro activity against Leishmania donovani. with an IC(50) value of 45 mu g/mL. while GPE presented an IC(50) value of 49 mu g/mL Among the isolated compounds of B. dracunculifolia, ursolic acid, and hautriwaic acid lactone showed IC(50) values of 3.7 mu g/mL and 7.0 mu g/mL, respectively. Uvaol, acacetin, and ermanin displayed moderate antileishmanial activity. Regarding the antiplasmodial assay against Plasmodium falciparum, BdE and GPE gave similar IC(50) values (about 20 mu g/mL), while Hautriwaic acid lactone led to an IC(50) value of 0.8 mu g/mL (D6 clone). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rheological, mechanical and mucoadhesive properties of thermoresponsive, bioadhesive binary mixtures composed of poloxamer 407 and carbopol 974P designed as platforms for implantable drug delivery systems for use in the oral cavity

This study described the formulation and characterisation of the viscoelastic, mechanical and mucoadhesive properties of thermoresponsive, binary polymeric systems composed of poloxamer (P407) and poly(acrylic acid, C974P) that were designed for use as a drug delivery platform within the oral cavity. Monopolymeric and binary polymeric formulations were prepared containing 10, 15 and 20% (w/w) poloxamer (407) and 0.10-0.25% (w/w) poly(acrylic acid, 934P). The flow theological and viscoelastic properties of the formulations were determined using controlled stress and oscillatory rheometry, respectively, the latter as a function of temperature. The mechanical and mucoadhesive properties (namely the force required to break the bond between the formulation and a pre-hydrated mucin disc) were determined using compression and tensile analysis, respectively. Binary systems composed of 10% (w/w) P407 and C934P were elastoviscous, were easily deformed under stress and did not exhibit mucoadhesion. Formulations containing 15 or 20% (w/w) Pluronic P407 and C934P exhibited a sol-gel temperature T(sol/gel), were viscoelastic and offered high elasticity and resistance to deformation at 37 degrees C. Conversely these formulations were elastoviscous and easily deformed at temperatures below the sol-gel transition temperature. The sol-gel transition temperatures of systems containing 15% (w/w) P407 were unaffected by the presence of C934P; however, increasing the concentration of C934P decreased the T(sol/gel) in formulations containing 20%(w/w) P407. Rheological synergy between P407 and C934P at 37 degrees C was observed and was accredited to secondary interactions between these polymers, in addition to hydrophobic interactions between P407 micelles. Importantly, formulations composed of 20% (w/w) P407 and C934P exhibited pronounced mucoadhesive properties. The ease of administration (below the T(sol/gel)) in conjunction with the viscoelastic (notably high elasticity) and mucoadhesive properties (at body temperature) render the formulations composed of 20% (w/w) P407 and C934P as potentially useful platforms for mucoadhesive, controlled topical drug delivery within the oral cavity. (c) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.