Characterization of soluble and bound EPS obtained from 2 submerged membrane bioreactors by 3D-EEM and HPSEC

This research study deals with the quantification and characterization of the EPS obtained from two 25 L bench scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) with micro-(MF-MBR) and ultrafiltration (UF-MBR) submerged membranes. Both reactors were fed with synthetic water and operated for 168 days without sludge extraction, increasing their mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentration during the experimentation time. The characterization of soluble EPS (EPSs) was achieved by the centrifugation of mixed liquor and bound EPS (EPSb) by extraction using a cationic resin exchange (CER). EPS characterization was carried out by applying the 3-dimensional excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) and high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with the aim of obtaining structural and functional information thereof. With regard to the 3D-EEM analysis, fluorescence spectra of EPSb and EPSs showed 2 peaks in both MBRs at all the MLSS concentrations studied. The peaks obtained for EPSb were associated to soluble microbial by-product-like (predominantly protein-derived compounds) and to aromatic protein. For EPSs, the peaks were associated with humic and fulvic acids. In both MBRs, the fluorescence intensity (FI) of the peaks increased as MLSS and protein concentrations increased. The FI of the EPSs peaks was much lower than for EPSb. It was verified that the evolution of the FI clearly depends on the concentration of protein and humic acids for EPSb and EPSs, respectively. Chromatographic analysis showed that the intensity of the EPSb peak increased while the concentrations of MLSS did. Additionally, the mean MW calculated was always higher the higher the MLSS concentrations in the reactors. MW was higher for the MF-MBR than for the UF-MBR for the same MLSS concentrations demonstrating that the filtration carried out with a UF membrane lead to retentions of lower MW particles.

Evolution of extracellular polymeric substances produced in two submerged membrane bioreactors working at high sludge age

This research paper deals with the evolution of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced in the mixed liquor of two 25 L bench-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs), with micro (MF-MBR) and ultrafiltration (UF-MBR) submerged membranes. The conclusion focuses on the relationship between the operation and how EPS respond, demonstrating that significant changes in EPS concentration were commonly observed when abrupt changes in the operational conditions took place. Bound EPS (EPSb) showed moderate positive statistical correlations with sludge age and MLSS for the two MBRs. Soluble EPS (EPSs), on the other hand, showed a moderate negative statistical correlation between EPSs with the two parameters analyzed for MF-MBR and no correlation with the UF-MBR was found. With respect to the composition of EPS, EPSb were mostly made up of proteins (44–46%) whereas in EPSs, the three components (proteins, carbohydrates, and humic substances) appeared in approximately the same proportion. The statistical analysis exhibited strong positive correlations between EPSb and their constituents, however for EPSs, the correlation was strong only with carbohydrates and moderate with humic substances.

Restauración del medio marino en la reserva marina de Tabarca (Alicante, España): estructura y variaciones temporales de la ictiofauna asociada al arrecife artificial

El arrecife artificial de Tabarca se diseñó e instaló principalmente con el objetivo de impedir la pesca de arrastre ilegal sobre las praderas de Posidonia oceanica. Además se diseñó un arrecife alveolar experimental para estudiar sus efectos sobre la ictiofauna litoral y sus posibilidades como lugar de pesca alternativo a la flota artesanal de Tabarca. La ictiofauna asociada al arrecife artificial de Tabarca se estudió mediante censos visuales durante tres años consecutivos entre 1990 y 1992, con una frecuencia estacional. Los resultados muestran una estructura de la comunidad condicionada por el diseño y emplazamiento de los módulos. La dinámica temporal manifiesta una clara diferencia según consideremos el poblamiento total o sólo el residente: el primero refleja una pauta muy fluctuante, poco predecible; el poblamiento residente muestra una tendencia hacia la estructuración, con un aumento progresivo de especies sedentarias predadoras, y un incremento significativo de la biomasa. Estos resultados refuerzan las interpretaciones que dan un papel condicionante al tamaño del arrecife artificial y a su localización.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges region (China) constrained by radar interferometry

The Huangtupo landslide is one of the largest in the Three Gorges region, China. The county-seat town of Badong, located on the south shore between the Xiling and Wu gorges of the Yangtze River, was moved to this unstable slope prior to the construction of the Three Gorges Project, since the new Three Gorges reservoir completely submerged the location of the old city. The instability of the slope is affecting the new town by causing residential safety problems. The Huangtupo landslide provides scientists an opportunity to understand landslide response to fluctuating river water level and heavy rainfall episodes, which is essential to decide upon appropriate remediation measures. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) techniques provide a very useful tool for the study of superficial and spatially variable displacement phenomena. In this paper, three sets of radar data have been processed to investigate the Huangtupo landslide. Results show that maximum displacements are affecting the northwest zone of the slope corresponding to Riverside slumping mass I#. The other main landslide bodies (i.e. Riverside slumping mass II#, Substation landslide and Garden Spot landslide) exhibit a stable behaviour in agreement with in situ data, although some active areas have been recognized in the foot of the Substation landslide and Garden Spot landslide. InSAR has allowed us to study the kinematic behaviour of the landslide and to identify its active boundaries. Furthermore, the analysis of the InSAR displacement time-series has helped recognize the different displacement patterns on the slope and their relationships with various triggering factors. For those persistent scatterers, which exhibit long-term displacements, they can be decomposed into a creep model (controlled by geological conditions) and a superimposed recoverable term (dependent on external factors), which appears closely correlated with reservoir water level changes close to the river's edge. These results, combined with in situ data, provide a comprehensive analysis of the Huangtupo landslide, which is essential for its management.

Tratamiento de lixiviados de residuos de origen urbano mediante MBR

Se ha utilizado una planta de tratamiento a escala laboratorio consiste en un biorreactor de membrana (MBR). Esta planta está compuesta por un reactor biológico de 25 L de capacidad. Se utilizó una membrana plana de micro filtración marca Kubota de polietileno clorado, tamaño de poro 0,1 μm y área de filtración 0.116 m2. Se utilizaron como condiciones de operación: tiempo de residencia hidráulico 3 días, caudal de permeado 0.35 L/h y LMH 3 L/m2h. Se ha podido comprobar que es posible adaptar una población microbiológica a las particulares características químicas del lixiviado procedente de la planta y tratar estos lixiviados en un reactor biológico de membrana sumergida operando en condiciones habituales de sólidos en suspensión en el reactor entre 8-12 g/L durante un periodo de 6 meses. El proceso utilizado permite reducir la materia orgánica (97% DBO5 y 40% DQO) presente en estas corrientes residuales, agotando prácticamente toda la materia biodegradable. Respecto a los contenidos de nutrientes, el tratamiento MBR ensayado permite reducir de 35-40% el nitrógeno total, 45-50% el nitrógeno amoniacal y un 65-70% el fósforo total. Los sólidos en suspensión se han reducido en el efluente tratado en más de un 99%.

Influence of sludge retention time on filtration performance and biomass characteristics in a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor

In this study, the filtration process and the biomass characteristics in a laboratory-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) equipped with a hollow fiber (HF) microfiltration membrane were studied at different solid retention times (SRT). The MBR was fed by synthetic wastewater and the organic loading rate (OLR) was 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, and 0.08 kg COD kg VSS−1 d−1 for 10, 30, 60, and 90 days of SRT, respectively. The hydraulic retention time was 8.4 h and the permeate flux was 6 L m−2 h−1(LMH). Data analysis confirmed that at all the studied SRTs, the HF-MBR operated very good obtaining of high quality permeates. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiencies were higher than 95%. The best filtration performance was reached at SRT of 30 d. On the other hand, the respirometric analysis showed that biomass was more active and there was more biomass production at low SRTs. The concentration of soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) decreased with increasing SRT. A decrease of soluble EPS caused a decrease of membrane fouling rate, decreasing the frequency of chemical cleanings. The floc size decreased with SRT increasing. At high SRTs, there was more friction among particles due to the increase of the cellular density and the flocs broke decreasing their size.